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===Covert/overt examples===
===Covert/overt examples===
Somewhere between the extremes are numerous everyday examples of workplace [[rudeness]] and [[impropriety]] such as:<ref name=Johnson>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Pamela R. |last2=Indvik |first2=Julie |title=Slings and arrows of rudeness: incivility in the workplace |journal=Journal of Management Development |volume=20 |pages=705–14 |year=2001 |doi=10.1108/EUM0000000005829}}</ref>
Somewhere between the extremes are numerous everyday examples of workplace [[rudeness]] and [[impropriety]] such as:<ref name=Johnson>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Pamela R. |last2=Indvik |first2=Julie |title=Slings and arrows of rudeness: incivility in the workplace |journal=Journal of Management Development |volume=20 |pages=705–14 |year=2001 |doi=10.1108/EUM0000000005829}}</ref>
* sending a nasty and demeaning note ([[hate mail]])
* sending a nasty and demeaning note ([[hate mail]]).
* side conversations during formal business meetings.
⚫
* making accusations about [[professional]] competence
⚫
* talking about someone behind his or her back.
⚫
* [[social undermining|undermining]] [[credibility]] in front of others
* emotional put-downs, best to be avoided.
⚫
* overruling decisions without giving a reason
* Disrespecting workers by comments, gestures or proven behaviors (hostility) based on characteristics such as their race, religion, gender, etc. This is considered workplace [[discrimination]].
⚫
* disrupting meetings
⚫
* making accusations about [[professional]] competence.
⚫
* giving public [[reprimands]]
⚫
* [[social undermining|undermining]] [[credibility]] in front of others.
⚫
* talking about someone behind his or her back
⚫
* overruling decisions without giving a reason.
⚫
* giving the [[silent treatment]]
⚫
* disrupting meetings.
⚫
* not giving [[credit (creative arts)|credit]] where credit is due
⚫
* giving public [[reprimands]].
* giving dirty looks or other negative eye contact
⚫
* giving the [[silent treatment]].
⚫
* not giving [[credit (creative arts)|credit]] where credit is due.
* giving dirty looks or other negative eye contact (I.e. "Hawk eyes" considered to be threatening in the culture of the United States).
* [[insulting]] others.
* [[insulting]] others.


Revision as of 10:42, 30 December 2010

Workplace incivility has been defined as "low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target....Uncivil behaviors are characteristically rude and discourteous, displaying a lack of regard for others"[1] Incivility is distinct from violence. Examples of workplace incivility include insulting comments, denigration of the target's work, spreading false rumors, social isolation, etc.

Research findings

A summary of research conducted in Europe suggests that workplace incivility is common there.[2] In research on more than 1000 U. S. civil service workers, Cortina, Magley, Williams, and Langhout (2001) found that more than 70% of the sample experienced workplace incivility in the past five years.[2] Compared to men, women were more exposed to incivility; incivility was associated with psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction. The reduction of workplace incivility is a fertile area for further occupational health psychology research.

Subtle/covert examples

Examples at the more subtle end of the spectrum include:[1]

  • giving somebody a "dirty look"
  • asking for input and then ignoring it
  • "forgetting" to share credit for a collaborative work.
  • speaking with a condescending tone.
  • interrupting others
  • not listening
  • waiting impatiently over someones desk to gain their attention.

Covert/overt examples

Somewhere between the extremes are numerous everyday examples of workplace rudeness and impropriety such as:[3]

  • sending a nasty and demeaning note (hate mail).
  • side conversations during formal business meetings.
  • talking about someone behind his or her back.
  • emotional put-downs, best to be avoided.
  • Disrespecting workers by comments, gestures or proven behaviors (hostility) based on characteristics such as their race, religion, gender, etc. This is considered workplace discrimination.
  • making accusations about professional competence.
  • undermining credibility in front of others.
  • overruling decisions without giving a reason.
  • disrupting meetings.
  • giving public reprimands.
  • giving the silent treatment.
  • not giving credit where credit is due.
  • giving dirty looks or other negative eye contact (I.e. "Hawk eyes" considered to be threatening in the culture of the United States).
  • insulting others.

Overt examples

More overt forms of incivility might include emotional tirades and losing one's temper.[3]

Workplace incivility v workplace bullying

Workplace bullying overlaps to some degree with workplace incivility but tends to encompass more intense and typically repeated acts of disregard and rudeness. Negative spirals of increasing incivility between organizational members can result in bullying,[4] but isolated acts of incivility are not conceptually bullying despite the apparent similarity in their form and content. In case of bullying, the intent of harm is less ambiguous, an unequal balance of power (both formal and informal) is more salient, and the target of bullying feels threatened, vulnerable and unable to defend himself or herself against negative recurring actions.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Andersson, Lynne M.; Pearson, Christine M. (1999). "Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace". The Academy of Management Review. 24 (3): 452–71. doi:10.2307/259136. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Cortina, Lilia M.; Magley, Vicki J.; Williams, Jill Hunter; Langhout, Regina Day (2001). "Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 6 (1): 64–80. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64. PMID 11199258.
  3. ^ a b Johnson, Pamela R.; Indvik, Julie (2001). "Slings and arrows of rudeness: incivility in the workplace". Journal of Management Development. 20: 705–14. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000005829.
  4. ^ Beale, Diane (2001). "Monitoring bullying in the workplace". In Tehrani, Noreen (ed.). Building a culture of respect: managing bullying at work. London: Routledge. pp. 77–94. ISBN 978-0-415-24648-4. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Rayner, Charlotte; Hoel, Helge; Cooper, Cary L. (2002). Workplace bullying: what we know, who is to blame, and what can we do?. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24062-8.[page needed]
  6. ^ Peyton, Pauline Rennie (2003). Dignity at work: eliminate bullying and create a positive working environment. London: Brunner-Routledge. ISBN 978-1-58391-238-6.[page needed]

Further reading

Books

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  • Bunk JA The role of appraisals, emotions, and coping in understanding experiences of workplace incivility (2007)
  • Gallus JA Assertive coping with workplace incivility (2005)
  • Kelley S Dishonorable treatment: workplace incivility, cultures of honor (2007)
  • Kirk BA The role of emotional self-efficacy and emotional intelligence in workplace incivility and workplace satisfaction (2006)
  • Lee AYH Will workplace incivility result in work-family spillover?, Singapore Management University. School of Social Sciences (2008)
  • Liptrot G Experiences of workplace incivility: outcomes and moderating influences of coping style, social support and negative affect (2005)
  • Loi NM Sex differences in workplace incivility and sexual harassment: (2006)
  • Martin R Development and validation of the scale of workplace incivility (2004)
  • Milam AC Individual differences and perceptions of workplace incivility (2006)
  • Penney LM Workplace incivility and counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB): what is the relationship and does personality play a role? (2002)
  • Polson SC Examining who and why: testing a moderated mediational model of workplace incivility (2008)
  • Preston M Creating conflict: antecedents of workplace incivility (2007)
  • Riley RP Coping with workplace incivility: effects on retaliatory behaviors (2005)
  • Schmitt CM Examining the relationship between social allergens, counterproductive work behaviors, and workplace incivility (2006)
  • Settles RL Understanding the presence of workplace incivility in K-12 schools: perceptions and responses from teachers (2008)
  • Simmons DC Organizational culture, workplace incivility, and turnover: (2008)
  • Smith DJ Workplace incivility and emotional labor in hospital nurses (2007)
  • Windhorst SM Workplace incivility and the low-status target (2006)

Academic papers

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