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{{Merge from|Autonomous oblasts of Russia|discuss=Talk:Jewish Autonomous Oblast#Merger proposal|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox Russian federal subject
{{Infobox Russian federal subject
|en_name=Jewish Autonomous Oblast
|en_name=Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Revision as of 22:28, 7 December 2012

Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Autonomous oblast
Еврейская автономная область
Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Flag
Coat of arms of Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Coat of arms
CountryRussia
Federal districtFar Eastern[1]
Economic regionFar Eastern[2]
Administrative centerBirobidzhan
Government
 • BodyLegislative Assembly[3]
 • Governor[5]Alexander Vinnikov[4]
Area
[6]
 • Total36,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi)
 • Rank61st
Population
 (2010 census)[7]
 • Total176,558
 • Estimate 
(2018)[8]
162,014 (−8.2%)
 • Rank80th
 • Density4.9/km2 (13/sq mi)
 • Urban
67.6%
 • Rural
32.4%
Time zoneUTC+10 (MSK+7 Edit this on Wikidata[9])
ISO 3166 codeRU-YEV
License plates79
OKTMO ID99000000
Official languagesRussian[10]
Websitehttp://www.eao.ru/

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Russian: Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть, Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast; Yiddish: ייִדישע אווטאָנאָמע געגנט, yidishe avtonome gegnt[12]) is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous oblast) situated in the Russian Far East, bordering with Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast of Russia and Heilongjiang province of China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan. Population: 176,558 (2010 Census).[7]

Soviet authorities established the autonomous oblast in 1934. It was the result of Joseph Stalin's nationality policy, which provided the Jewish population of the Soviet Union with a large territory in which to pursue Yiddish cultural heritage. [13] According to the 1939 population census, 17,695 Jews lived in the region (16% of the total population). The Jewish population peaked in 1948 at around 30,000, about one-quarter of the region's population.[14] The census of 1959, taken six years after Stalin's death, revealed that the Jewish population of the JAO declined to 14,269 persons.[15] As of 2002, 2,327 Jews were living in the JAO (1.2% of the total population), while ethnic Russians made up 90% of the JAO population.

Climate

The territory has a monsoonal/anti-cyclonic climate, with warm, wet, humid summers due to the influence of the East Asian monsoon; and cold, dry, windy conditions prevailing in the winter months courtesy of the Siberian high-pressure system.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Demographics

See also: Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Population: 176,558 (2010 Russian census);[7] 190,915 (2002 Census);[16] 215,937 (1989 Soviet census).[17]

The 2010 Census reported the largest group to be the 160,185 ethnic Russians (92.7%), followed by 4,871 ethnic Ukrainians (2.8%), and 1,628 ethnic Jews (1%).[7] Additionally, 3,832 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[18]

Vital statistics for 2008:

  • Births: 2,582 (13.9 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 2,851 (15.4 per 1000)[19]

History

Military colonization and the advent of the Trans-Siberian Railway

In December 1858 the Russian government authorized formation of the Amur Cossacks to protect the southeast boundary of Siberia and communications on the Amur and Ussuri rivers. This military colonization included settlers from Transbaikalia. During the years 1858–82, sixty three settlements were founded, including, in 1857, Radde settlement; in 1858, Pashkovo, Pompeyevka, Puzino, Yekaterino-Nikolskoye, Mikhailo-Semyonovskoye, Voskresenovka, Petrovskoye, and Ventzelevo; in 1860, Storozhevoye, Soyuznoye, and Golovino; later in the decade, Babstovo, Bidzhan, and Bashurovo settlements. Expeditions of scientists — including such geographers, ethnographers, naturalists, and botanists as Venyukov, Schrenck, Maksimovich, Radde, and Komarov - promoted the development of the new territories. Their achievements produced the first detailed "map of the Amur land".

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast with the administrative center of Birobidzhan marked

Construction began in 1898 on the Trans-Siberian Railway connecting Chita and Vladivostok, starting at each end and meeting halfway. The project produced a large influx of new settlers and the foundation of new settlements. In 1908 Volochayevka, Obluchye, and Bira, Russia stations appeared; in 1910, Birakan, Londoko, and In stations; in 1912, Tikhonkaya station. The railway construction finished in October 1916 with the opening of the 2,590-meter (8,500 ft) Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur at Khabarovsk. In the pre-revolutionary period most local inhabitants were farmers. The only industrial enterprise was the Tungussky timber mill, although gold was mined in the Sutara River, and there were some small railway workshops. During the civil war, the territory of the future Jewish Autonomous Oblast was the scene of terrible battles[vague]. The economy declined, though it was recovering in 1926 and 1927.

Jewish settlement and development in the region

On March 28, 1928, the Presidium of the General Executive Committee of the USSR passed the decree "On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Far East for settlement of the working Jews." The decree meant "a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of the called region".[20]

On August 20, 1930 the General Executive Committee of RSFSR accepted the decree "On formation of the Birobidzhan national region in the structure of the Far Eastern Territory". The State Planning Committee considered the Birobidzhan national region as a separate economic unit. In 1932 the first scheduled figures of the region development were considered and authorized.[by whom?][20] The Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union, a Jewish Communist organization in North America, successfully encouraged the immigration of some US residents, such as the family of George Koval, which arrived in 1932.[21]

Statue of settlers on the railway station in Birobidzhan.

On May 7, 1934, the Presidium of the General Executive Committee accepted the decree on its transformation into the Jewish Autonomous Region within the Russian Federation. In 1938, with formation of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) was included in its structure.[20]

According to Joseph Stalin's national policy, each of the national groups that formed the Soviet Union would receive a territory in which to pursue cultural autonomy in a socialist framework. In that sense, it also responded to two supposed threats to the Soviet state:

  1. Judaism, which ran counter to official state policy of atheism
  2. Zionism — the advocacy of a Jewish national state in Palestine — which countered Soviet views of nationalism.

The Soviets envisaged setting up a new "Soviet Zion", where a proletarian Jewish culture could be developed. Yiddish, rather than Hebrew, would be the national language, and a new socialist literature and arts would replace religion as the primary expression of culture.

Stalin's theory on the National Question regarded a group as a nation only if it had a territory, and since there was no Jewish territory, per se, the Jews were not a nation and did not have national rights. Jewish Communists argued that the way to solve this ideological dilemma was by creating a Jewish territory, hence the ideological motivation for the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Politically, it was also considered desirable to create a Soviet Jewish homeland as an ideological alternative to Zionism and the theory put forward by Socialist Zionists such as Ber Borochov that the Jewish Question could be resolved by creating a Jewish territory in Palestine. Thus Birobidzhan was important for propaganda purposes as an argument against Zionism which was a rival ideology to Marxism among left-wing Jews.

Another important goal of the Birobidzhan project involved increasing settlement in the remote Soviet Far East, especially along the vulnerable border with China. In 1928, there was virtually no settlement in the area, while Jews had deep roots in the western half of the Soviet Union, in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia proper. In fact, there had initially been proposals to create a Jewish Soviet Republic in the Crimea or in part of Ukraine but these were rejected because of fears of antagonizing non-Jews in those regions.

File:Памятник Шолом-Алейхему в Биробиджане.jpg
Momument of Jewish writer Sholem Aleichem in Birobidzhan.

Birobidzhan had a harsh geography and climate: the landscape largely swampland, and any new settlers would have to build their lives from scratch.

By the 1930s, a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there. The campaign partly incorporated the standard Soviet propaganda tools of the era, and included posters and Yiddish-language novels describing a socialist utopia there. Other methods bordered on the bizarre. In one instance, leaflets promoting Birobidzhan were dropped from an airplane over a Jewish neighborhood in Belarus. In another instance, a government-produced Yiddish film called Seekers of Happiness told the story of a Jewish family that fled the Great Depression in the United States to make a new life for itself in Birobidzhan.

As the Jewish population grew, so did the impact of Yiddish culture on the region. Settlers established a Yiddish newspaper, the Birobidzhaner Shtern (Russian: Биробиджанер Штерн; Yiddish: ביראָבידזשאַנער שטערן, "Star of Birobidzhan"); a theater troupe was created; and streets being built in the new city were named after prominent Yiddish authors such as Sholom Aleichem and Y. L. Peretz. The Yiddish language was deliberately bolstered as a basis for efforts to secularize the Jewish population and, despite the general curtailment of this action as described immediately below, the Birobidzhaner Shtern continues to publish a section in Yiddish.[22]

Sign on the JAO government headquarters.

Valdgeym, a Jewish settlement within the Jewish Autonomous Oblast,[23] dates from 1928 and formed the first collective farm established in the oblast.[24] In 1980 a Yiddish school was opened in the settlement.[25] Amurzet also has a history of Jewish settlement in the JAO.[26][27] For the period 1929 through 1939, this village was the center of Jewish settlement south of Birobidzhan.[28] The present day Jewish community members hold Kabalat Shabbat ceremonies and gatherings that feature songs in Yiddish, Jewish cuisine, and broad information presenting historical facts on Jewish culture. Many descendants of the founders of this settlement, which was established just after the turn of the 20th century, have left their native village. Those who remained here in Amurzet, especially those having relatives in Israel, are learning about the traditions and roots of the Jewish people.[29] The population of Amurzet, as estimated in late 2006, is 5,213.[30] Smidovich is another early Jewish settlement in the JAO.

World War II era (1930s and 1940s)

The Birobidzhan experiment ground to a halt in the mid-1930s, during Stalin's first campaign of purges. Soviet authorities arrested and executed Jewish leaders, and Yiddish schools were shut down. Shortly after this, World War II brought an abrupt end to concerted efforts to bring Jews east.

After the war ended in 1945 the idea of Birobidzhan as a potential home for Jewish refugees revived slightly.

The Doctors' Plot and its aftermath

Main article: Doctors' plot
A giant menorah dominating the main square in Birobidzhan.

According to Nikolay Polyakov, Stalin purportedly created a special "Deportation Commission" to plan the deportation of Jews to these[which?] camps.[31][32][33] Poliakov, the purported secretary of the Commission, stated years later that, according to Stalin's initial plan, the deportation was to begin in the middle of February 1953, but the monumental tasks of completing lists of Jews had not yet been completed.[31][33] "Pure blooded" Jews were to be deported first, followed by "half breeds" (polukrovki).[31] Before his death in March 1953, Stalin allegedly had planned the execution of "Doctors Plot" defendants already on trial in Red Square in March 1953, and then he would cast himself as the savior of Soviet Jews by sending them to camps away from the purportedly enraged Russian populace.[31][34][35] Further purported statements from others describe some aspects of such a planned deportation.[33]

Some scholars outside the Soviet Union agree with what Nikita Khrushchev said in his "Secret Speech": Joseph Stalin intended to use the resulting doctors' trial to launch a massive party purge.[36] Gennady Kostyrchenko, also concluded[37] that there is no credible evidence for the alleged deportation plans, and there is much evidence against their existence. Some other researchers disagree, asserting that the question is still open.[38][39]

Regardless of whether the purpose of the Doctors' Plot was a party purge or deportation of Jews, efforts to relocate Jewish refugees to Birobidzhan ended with the Doctors' plot, the establishment of Israel as a Jewish state, and Stalin's second wave of purges shortly before his death. Once again, the Jewish leadership was arrested and efforts were made to stamp out Yiddish culture—even the Judaica collection in the local library was burned.

Events since 1991

In 1991 the Jewish Autonomous Oblast moved from the jurisdiction of Khabarovsk Krai to the jurisdiction of the Federation, but by that time most of the Jews had gone and the remaining Jews now constituted fewer than two percent of the local population. Nevertheless, Yiddish is once again taught in the schools, a Yiddish radio station is in operation, and as noted above, the Birobidzhaner Shtern includes a section in Yiddish.

L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!, a documentary on Stalin's creation of the Jewish Autonomous Region and its settlement, was released by The Cinema Guild in 2003. In addition to being a history of the creation of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, the film features scenes of contemporary Birobidzhan and interviews with Jewish residents.[40]

Education

The Birobidzhan Jewish National University works in cooperation with the local Jewish community of Birobidzhan. The university, uniquely in the Russian Far East, uses as the basis of its teaching the study of the Hebrew language, history and classic Jewish texts.[41]

In recent years, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast has grown interested in its Jewish roots. Students study Hebrew and Yiddish at a Jewish school and at the Birobidzhan Jewish National University. In 1989, the Jewish center founded its Sunday school, where children study Yiddish, learn Jewish folk dances, and memorize dates from the history of Israel. The Israeli government helps fund the program.[42]

Birobidzhan has several state-run schools that teach Yiddish, a Yiddish school for religious instruction and a kindergarten. The five to seven year-olds spend two lessons a week learning to speak Yiddish, as well as being taught Jewish songs, dance and traditions.[43] Today, the city’s 14 public schools must teach Yiddish and Jewish tradition. The school Menora was created in 1991. It is a public school that offers a half-day Yiddish and Jewish curriculum for those parents who choose it. About half the school’s 120 pupils are enrolled in the Yiddish course. Many of them continue on to Public School No. 2, which offers the same half-day Yiddish/Jewish curriculum from first through 12th grade. Yiddish also is offered at Birobidzhan’s Pedagogical Institute, one of the few university-level Yiddish courses in the country.[44]

In 2007 Yiddish studies professor Boris Kotlerman of Bar-Ilan University launched "the First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture".[45]

Economy

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is part of the Far Eastern Economic Region; it has well-developed industry and agriculture and a dense transportation network. Its status as a free economic zone increases the opportunities for economic development. The oblast's rich mineral and building and finishing material resources are in great demand on the Russian market. Nonferrous metallurgy, engineering, metalworking, and the building material, forest, woodworking, light, and food industries are the most highly developed industrial sectors.[46]

Agriculture is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's main economic sector owing to fertile soils and a moist climate.

Transport

The region's well-developed transportation network consists of 530 km of railways, including the Trans-Siberian Railway; 600 km of waterways along the Amur and Tunguska rivers; and 1900 km of roads, including 1600 km of paved roads. The most important road is the Khabarovsk-Birobidzhan-Obluchye-Amur Region highway with ferry service across the Amur. The Zhelty Yar airport located in the center of the region connects Birobidzhan with Khabarovsk and outlying district centers. There are also plans to establish international air service between Birobidzhan and Jiamusi in China.[46]

Amur Bridge Project

Main article: Amur Bridge Project

Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, government vice-chairman of Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Oblast, said[when?] that China and Russia will start construction of the Amur Bridge Project at the end of 2007. The bridge will link Nizhneleninskoye in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast with Tongjiang in Heilongjiang Province.[47] The 2,197-meter-long bridge, with an estimated investment of nearly US$230 million, is expected to be finished by the end of 2010, Gurevich said.[48] Gurevich said that the proposal to construct a bridge across the river was actually made by Russia, in view of growing cargo transportation demands. "The bridge, in the bold estimate, will be finished in three years", Gurevich said.[49]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ Charter, Article 15
  4. ^ Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Biography of Alexander Aronovich Vinnikov
  5. ^ Charter, Article 22
  6. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  8. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  10. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  11. ^ Charter, Article 4
  12. ^ In standard Yiddish: ייִדישע אױטאָנאָמע געגנט, yidishe oytonome gegnt
  13. ^ "The National and State Structure". USSR '86 Yearbook. Novosti Press Agency. 1986.
  14. ^ James Brook, Birobidzhan Journal;A Promised Land in Siberia? Well, Thanks, but . . ., The New York Times, July 11, 1996
  15. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам России". «Демоскоп». Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  16. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  17. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  18. ^ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
  19. ^ Evrstat.ru
  20. ^ a b c Establishment and Development of the JAR Jewish Autonomous Region official government website. Accessed 2007-08-30.
  21. ^ Michael Walsh George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked Smithsonian (magazine) May 2009
  22. ^ "Birobidzhaner Shtern in Yiddish". Gazetaeao.ru. Retrieved 30 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); no-break space character in |accessdate= at position 3 (help) [dead link]
  23. ^ "Jewish Autonomous Oblast". Travel East Russia. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  24. ^ "Stalin's forgotten Zion: the harsh realities of Birobidzhan". Swarthmore.
  25. ^ Pinkus, Benjamin (1990). "The Post-Stalin period, 1953–83". The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a national minority. Cambridge University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-521-38926-6. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Amurzet, Russia map". Travel Post. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  27. ^ "Festive Mood Mounts For Jews In Russia's Far East". Birobidjan, Russia: The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 24 November 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |date= at position 3 (help)
  28. ^ "A Jew Receives State Award in Jewish Autonomous Republic". Birobidjan, RU: The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 31 August 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |date= at position 3 (help)
  29. ^ "Remote Far East Village Mobilizes for Purim". Birobidjan, Russia: The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |date= at position 3 (help)
  30. ^ "Population of Amurzet".
  31. ^ a b c d Brackman 2001, p. 388
  32. ^ Brent & Naumov 2004, pp. 47–48 & 295
  33. ^ a b c Eisenstadt, Yaakov, Stalin's Planned Genocide, 22 Adar 5762, March 6, 2002
  34. ^ Brent & Naumov 2004, pp. 298–300
  35. ^ Solzhenitzin, Alexander, The Gulag Archipelago, 1973
  36. ^ "Doctors’ Plot." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167427/Doctors-Plot>.
  37. ^ "Deportation - mystification" by Gennady Kostyrchenko, the Russian Jewish magazine Lechaim Template:Language icon
  38. ^ Madievski, Samson (2011). "1953 : la déportation des juifs soviétiques était-elle programmée ?". monderusse.revues.org. Retrieved November 14, 2011. Template:Language icon
  39. ^ Brandenberger, David (2005). "Stalin's Last Crime? Recent Scholarship on Postwar Soviet Antisemitism and the Doctor's Plot". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 6.1: 187–204. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
  40. ^ "L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!". Internet Movie Database. IMDB.com, Inc. 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
  41. ^ "39 registered religious organizations are operating in the region in 2007, December 1". Birobidzhan, RU: Jewish Autonomous Region official government website. 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  42. ^ Working, Russell (14 January 2000). "Jewish oblast retains identity despite emigration". Birobidzhan, Russia: Vladivostok News. Retrieved 18 February 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); no-break space character in |accessdate= at position 3 (help); no-break space character in |date= at position 3 (help)
  43. ^ Steen, Michael (2000-01-12). "Soviet-era Jewish homeland struggles on". Kulanu. Reuters. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  44. ^ Fishkoff, Sue (2004-09-16). "In Stalin's ex-Jewish homeland, it's think Yiddish and act Yiddish". Birobidzhan, Russia: NCSJ. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  45. ^ "The 2nd Birobidzhan International Summer Yiddish Program". 2all.co.il. 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  46. ^ a b "Jewish Autonomous Region". Kommersant Moscow. Kommersant. Publishing House. March 5, 2004. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
  47. ^ Jia, Bian (2007-06-19). "Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade". China Daily. p. 20.
  48. ^ Dong, Bei (2007-06-18). "China-Russia Trade to Top US$40b". Peking, CN: China Daily. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  49. ^ "Cross-border bridge on Heilong River to bring Russia closer". Peking, CN: China Daily. 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2009-03-06.

Sources

  • №40-ОЗ 8 октября 1997 г. «Устав Еврейской автономной области», в ред. Закона №819-ОЗ от 25 ноября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 19 Устава Еврейской автономной области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Биробиджанская звезда", №125 (15577), 4 ноября 1997 г. (#40-OZ October 8, 1997 Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, as amended by the Law #819-OZ of November 25, 2015 On Amending Article 19 of the Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Effective as of the official publication date.).

Bibliography

External links

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