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*[[Scania P-series|P-series]] – typical applications are regional and local distribution, construction, and various specialised operations associated with locally based transportation and services. P-series trucks have the new P cabs, which are available in three variations: a single-berth sleeper, a spacious day cab and a short cab
*[[Scania P-series|P-series]] – typical applications are regional and local distribution, construction, and various specialised operations associated with locally based transportation and services. P-series trucks have the new P cabs, which are available in three variations: a single-berth sleeper, a spacious day cab and a short cab
*[[Scania G-series|G-series]] – the G-series models offer an enlarged range of options for operators engaged in national long haul and virtually all types of construction applications. All models have a G cab, and each is available as a tractor or rigid. The G-series truck comes with five cab variants: three sleepers, a day cab and a short cab. There are different [[axle]] configurations, and in most cases a choice of chassis height and suspension
*[[Scania G-series|G-series]] – the G-series models offer an enlarged range of options for operators engaged in national long haul and virtually all types of construction applications. All models have a G cab, and each is available as a tractor or rigid. The G-series truck comes with five cab variants: three sleepers, a day cab and a short cab. There are different [[axle]] configurations, and in most cases a choice of chassis height and suspension
*[[Scania R-series|R-series]] – the R-series model range debuted in 2004, and won the prestigious [[International Truck of the Year]] award in 2005 and again in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Truck and Van of the Year 2005|url= http://www.tnn.co.uk/UKNews/plonearticle.2004-09-28.5605197718 |publisher = Transport News Network |date=2005-08-04 | accessdate =6 October 2009}} {{dead link|April=2015|date=April 2015}}</ref> The range offers various trucks optimised for long haulage. All models have a Scania R cab, and each vehicle is available as a tractor or rigid. There are different axle configurations and a choice of chassis height and suspension. The Scania R730 is the most powerful variant of the R-series. Its 16.4 Liter DC16 Turbo Diesel [[V8 engine|V8]] engine produces {{convert|730|PS|kW hp||abbr =on}} at 1,900&nbsp;rpm and {{Convert |3500|Nm|lb·ft|abbr =on}} of torque at 1,000–1,350&nbsp;rpm.
*[[Scania R-series|R-series]] – the R-series model range debuted in 2004, and won the prestigious [[International Truck of the Year]] award in 2005 and again in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Truck and Van of the Year 2005 |url=http://www.tnn.co.uk/UKNews/plonearticle.2004-09-28.5605197718 |publisher=Transport News Network |date=2005-08-04 |accessdate=6 October 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20101128102555/http://www.tnn.co.uk:80/UKNews/plonearticle.2004-09-28.5605197718 |archivedate=28 November 2010 }}</ref> The range offers various trucks optimised for long haulage. All models have a Scania R cab, and each vehicle is available as a tractor or rigid. There are different axle configurations and a choice of chassis height and suspension. The Scania R730 is the most powerful variant of the R-series. Its 16.4 Liter DC16 Turbo Diesel [[V8 engine|V8]] engine produces {{convert|730|PS|kW hp||abbr =on}} at 1,900&nbsp;rpm and {{Convert |3500|Nm|lb·ft|abbr =on}} of torque at 1,000–1,350&nbsp;rpm.
The R series also came as a limited edition '+' the most common being the R420+ with 100 being sold across Europe. This came with a newer opti-cruise gearbox with a trial gear ratio. It also came with an added microwave from the dealer. It's believed the sales were mainly in Sweden, but as many as 10 per country elsewhere.
The R series also came as a limited edition '+' the most common being the R420+ with 100 being sold across Europe. This came with a newer opti-cruise gearbox with a trial gear ratio. It also came with an added microwave from the dealer. It's believed the sales were mainly in Sweden, but as many as 10 per country elsewhere.
*[[Scania T-series|T-series]] – the T-series is the R-series with nose, and have the same engine.
*[[Scania T-series|T-series]] – the T-series is the R-series with nose, and have the same engine.

Revision as of 07:26, 17 October 2015

Scania Aktiebolag (publ)
Company typePublicly traded Aktiebolag
IndustryAutomotive
FoundedMalmö, Sweden (1900 (1900))
FounderGustaf Erikson
Headquarters
Södertälje
,
Sweden
Number of locations
10
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Andreas Renschler (Chairman),[1] Per Hallberg (President and CEO),[2] Johan Haeggman (CFO)[3]
ProductsCommercial vehicles,
diesel engines
ServicesFinancial services
RevenueIncrease SEK 94.880 billion (2014)[4]
Increase SEK 8.72 billion (2014)[5]
Decrease SEK 6.009 billion (2014)[5]
Total assetsIncrease SEK 133.037 billion (2014)[4]
Total equityIncrease SEK 41.801 billion (2014)[4]
Number of employees
42,129 (2014)[5]
ParentVolkswagen Group
Websitescania.com

Scania Aktiebolag (publ), commonly referred to as Scania AB or just Scania, is a major Swedish automotive industry manufacturer of commercial vehicles – specifically heavy trucks and buses. It also manufactures diesel engines for motive power of heavy vehicles, marine, and general industrial applications.

Founded in 1891 in Malmö, in the Swedish province of Skåne, the company's head office has been in Södertälje, in Stockholm County, since 1912.[6] Today, Scania has production facilities in Sweden, France, Netherlands, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, and Russia.[7] In addition, there are assembly plants in ten countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scania's sales and service organisation and finance companies are worldwide. In 2012, the company employed approximately 42,100 people around the world.[7] Scania was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm stock exchange from 1996 to 2014.[8][9]

Scania's logo shows a Griffin, from the coat of arms of the province of Scania (Template:Lang-sv).[10]

History

Scania A1 1901
Scania Type A Tonneau 1903
A vintage Scania truck (L80 successor to the Scania-Vabis L56)

Scania AB (Scania is Latin for the province of Skåne) came from a merger between the two companies; Vabis and Scania.

Vabis and Scania

Main article: Scania-Vabis

Vabis (Vagnsfabriksaktiebolaget i Södertälje) was founded in 1891 as a subsidiary of Södertälje based steel company Surahammars Bruk, manufacturing railway carriages.[11] In 1902, engineer Gustaf Erikson designed the company's first truck, powered by a petrol engine and two-speed gearbox. A year later, the first order was placed for a Vabis commercial vehicle.[11] By 1907, the company had developed a 3-ton truck, however, though it won a Swedish Royal Automobile Club award in 1909, the new range was a financial disaster for the company, failing to attract more than a handful of orders.[11]

Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania was founded in 1900 in Malmö in the south of Sweden, and was in the beginning a manufacturer of bicycles,[11] but by 1903 the first cars left the factory. Two years later, Scania built their first truck.[10]

Following the financial problems at Vabis, the companies merged in 1911,[10] creating AB Scania-Vabis. Engine and car production was moved to Södertälje, and truck production took place in Malmö.[11]

First World War and 1920s

For the next few years the company's profits stagnated, with around a third of their orders coming from abroad.[11] The outbreak of the First World War, however, changed the company, with almost all output being diverted to the Swedish Army. By 1916, Scania-Vabis was making enough profit to invest in redeveloping both of their production facilities.[11]

Following the war, in 1919, Scania decided to focus completely on building trucks, abandoning other outputs including cars and buses.[11] However, they were hurt by the swamping of the market with decommissioned military vehicles from the war, and by 1921 the company was bankrupt.[10]

After some economic difficulties in 1921, new capital came from Stockholms Enskilda Bank owned by the Wallenberg family, and Scania-Vabis became a solid and technically, high standing, company.

Denmark

Towards the end of 1913, the company established a subsidiary in Denmark. The following year the first Danish-built car, a four-seater Phaeton, was built at the company's Frederiksberg factory in Copenhagen. In 1914, the factory produced Denmark's first Scania-Vabis truck, and following this developed a V8 engine, one of the first in the world. In 1921, having sold around 175 trucks, and 75 cars, the Danish operation was closed down.[10]

1930s and 1940s

During the Second World War Scania produced a variety of military vehicles for the Swedish Army, including Stridsvagn m/41 light tanks produced under license.[10]

1950s and 1960s

During the 1950s, the company expanded its operations into new customer segments, becoming agents for the Willys Jeep and the Volkswagen Beetle, the latter being very profitable for Scania-Vabis. It also started to become a genuine competitor to Volvo with their new Regent truck which was introduced in 1954.[12]

During this period, Scania-Vabis expanded its dealer network and country-wide specialist workshop facilities. By the end of the 1950s, their market-share in Sweden was between 40 to 50%, and was achieving 70% in the heaviest truck sector – helped by the entrepreneurial efforts of their dealers into the haulier market.[12]

Probably their largest impact was in export markets. Before 1950, exports accounted for only 10 percent of production output, but a decade later, exports were now at 50% of output. Beers in the Netherlands became a very important partner. Beers became official importers for Scania-Vabis in the Netherlands, and established a dealer network, along with training programmes for both mechanics and drivers. Beers also offered free twice-yearly overhauls of their customers vehicles, and offered a mobile service throughout the Netherlands with their custom-equipped service trucks. Due to Beers concerted efforts, Scania-Vabis market share in the country remained at a consistent 20% throughout this period. Scania-Vabis were to adopt the business model of Beers in their own overseas sales operations.[12]

The 1960s saw Scania-Vabis expanding its production operations into overseas locations. Until now, all Scania-Vabis production had been carried out solely at Södertälje, but the 1960s saw the need to expand production overseas. Brazil was becoming a notable market for heavy trucks, and was also dependent on inter-urban buses, with particular requirement for Brazil's mountainous roads which became nigh-on impassable at times.[13] Scania-Vabis products had already been assembled in Brazil by a local company called Vemag, but Scania Vabis do Brasil, S.A. became an independent operation in July 1960.[14] Scania-Vabis established its first production plant outside Södertälje, by building a new facility at São Bernardo do Campo in Brazil, which was completed in 1962, and this was to set the standard for Scania-Vabis international operations.[13]

Closer to home, the recently formed European Economic Community (EEC) offered further opportunities. Based on their now strong presence in the Dutch markets, Scania-Vabis constructed a new plant in Zwolle, which was completed in 1964.[13] This new Dutch facility provided Scania-Vabis with a stepping stone into the other five EEC countries, particularly the German and French markets.[13]

In 1966, Scania-Vabis acquired ownership of a then valuable competitor – Be-Ge Karosserifabrik, who were based in Oskarshamn. Be-Ge had been making truck cabs since 1946, and had been supplying cabs not only to Scania-Vabis, but also to their Swedish competitors Volvo. It was normal practice for truck manufacturers to outsource production of cabs to independent bodybuilders, so their acquisition by Scania-Vabis seemed a good move.[13] Be-Ge owner Bror Göthe Persson had also established an additional cab factory at Meppel.[13]

Scania-Vabis continued their expansion of production facilities through acquisitions. In 1967, they acquired Katrineholm based coachwork company Svenska Karosseri Verkstäderna, and created a new subsidiary, Scania-Bussar. A year later, all bus production, along with R&D was moved to Katrineholm.[13] Further production locations were added at Sibbhult and Falun, and Scania's employee numbers rose, particularly at Södertälje, which was to help double the town's population.[13]

Saab-Scania AB (1969–1995)

In 1969, Scania-VABIS merged with Saab AB, and formed Saab-Scania AB. When Saab-Scania was split in 1995, the name of the truck and bus division changed simply to Scania AB. One year later, Scania AB was introduced on the stock exchange, which resulted in a minor change of name to Scania AB (publ).

Many examples of Scania, Vabis and Scania-Vabis commercial and military vehicles can be seen at the Marcus Wallenberg-hallen (the Scania Museum) in Södertälje.

Ownership

Aborted Volvo takeover

On 7 August 1999, Volvo announced it had agreed to acquire a majority share in Scania. Volvo was to buy the 49.3% stake in Scania that was owned by Investor AB, Scania's then main shareholder. The acquisition, for $7.5 billion (60.7 billion SEK), would have created the world's second-largest manufacturer of heavy trucks, behind DaimlerChrysler. The cash for the deal came from Volvo selling its car division to Ford Motor Company in January 1999, but the deal had yet to be approved by the European Union.[15]

The deal eventually failed, after the European Union had disapproved of the affair, saying it would create a company with almost 100% market share[16] in the Nordic markets.[citation needed]

Aborted MAN takeover

In September 2006, the German truckmaker MAN AG launched a €10.3bn hostile offer to acquire Scania AB. Scania's CEO Leif Östling was forced to apologise for comparing the bid of MAN to a "Blitzkrieg". MAN AG later dropped its hostile offer, but in January 2008, MAN increased their voting rights in Scania up to 17%.

Scania ownership today

The two major stockholders of Scania AB (publ) are:

  • The German automotive company Volkswagen AG is Scania's biggest shareholder, with a 70.94% voting stake (equity) in Scania.[17] It gained this by first buying Volvo's stake in 2000, after the latter's aborted takeover attempt, increasing it to 36.4% in the first quarter 2007,[18] and then buying the remainder from Investor AB in March 2008.[19] The deal was approved by regulatory bodies in July 2008.[16] Scania then became the ninth marque in the Volkswagen Group.[20]
  • The German truck manufacturer MAN SE holds a 17.37% voting stake in Scania.[17] Notably, Volkswagen AG[16] also owns 75.03% of MAN.[21]

Current shareholders

Scania AB (publ) has a total issue of 400 million 'A shares' and 400 million 'B shares', with a total capitalised value of SEK 72,880 million.[17] In terms of voting rights, one 'A share' is eligible for one vote, whereas 10 'B shares' are required for one vote.[22]

As of 29 January 2010, these shares, as published by Swedish Central Securities Depository and Clearing Organisation ("Euroclear"), are allocated to 119,973 owners, and the table below details the top ten shareholders.[17]

Scania AB (publ) principal shareholders[17]
shareholder name A shares B shares % of capital % of votes
Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft * 306,232,239 59,037,822 45.66 70.94
MAN SE 73,047,179 33,718,857 13.35 17.37
Clearstream Banking 1,170,514 32,973,450 4.27 1.02
JP Morgan Chase Bank 461,584 36,220,219 4.59 0.93
Swedbank Robur Fonder 0 29,043,665 3.63 0.66
Skandia Liv 974,374 9,646,318 1.33 0.44
Alecta Pensionsförsäkring 0 19,085,000 2.39 0.33
AMF Försäkring och fonder 650,000 9,678,411 1.23 0.36
Handelsbanken fonder 0 7,202,362 0.90 0.16
The Government Pension Fund of Norway 0 6,937,665 0.87 0.16
largest 10 owners 382,535,890 243,021,708 78.19 92.46
Others 17,464,110 156,978,292 21.81 7.54
total ownership 400,000,000 400,000,000 100.00 100.00

* Further to the shares listed above, Volkswagen AG also holds shares in trust by a credit institution of Scania, which gives additional voting rights amounting to 0.87 percent and an equity interest of 3.63 percent attributable to Volkswagen AG, as disclosed in January 2009.

Trucks and special vehicles

Scania R470 truck
The new Scania R500
Scania P270 Fire Engine, Dublin Fire Brigade, Ireland

Scania develops, manufactures and sells trucks with a gross vehicle weight of more than 16 tonnes (Class 8),[clarification needed] intended for long-distance haulage, regional, and local distribution of goods, as well as construction haulage.

Current

  • P-series – typical applications are regional and local distribution, construction, and various specialised operations associated with locally based transportation and services. P-series trucks have the new P cabs, which are available in three variations: a single-berth sleeper, a spacious day cab and a short cab
  • G-series – the G-series models offer an enlarged range of options for operators engaged in national long haul and virtually all types of construction applications. All models have a G cab, and each is available as a tractor or rigid. The G-series truck comes with five cab variants: three sleepers, a day cab and a short cab. There are different axle configurations, and in most cases a choice of chassis height and suspension
  • R-series – the R-series model range debuted in 2004, and won the prestigious International Truck of the Year award in 2005 and again in 2010.[23] The range offers various trucks optimised for long haulage. All models have a Scania R cab, and each vehicle is available as a tractor or rigid. There are different axle configurations and a choice of chassis height and suspension. The Scania R730 is the most powerful variant of the R-series. Its 16.4 Liter DC16 Turbo Diesel V8 engine produces 730 PS (540 kW; 720 hp) at 1,900 rpm and 3,500 N⋅m (2,600 lb⋅ft) of torque at 1,000–1,350 rpm.

The R series also came as a limited edition '+' the most common being the R420+ with 100 being sold across Europe. This came with a newer opti-cruise gearbox with a trial gear ratio. It also came with an added microwave from the dealer. It's believed the sales were mainly in Sweden, but as many as 10 per country elsewhere.

  • T-series – the T-series is the R-series with nose, and have the same engine.

Historical

Buses and coaches

Scania K230UB owned by SBS Transit Pte Ltd.
Scania K113TRBL 14.5m quad-axle coach
Ikarus E99 on Scania K124EB chassis

Scania's bus range is concentrated on bus chassis, intended for use in tourist coaches, as well as urban and intercity traffic.

Current

  • Citywide - new citybus range superseded the OmniCity and OmniLink in left-hand-drive markets, using respectively the N-series and K-series chassis
  • Interlink - intercity bus and coach range, launched in 2015 to replace the OmniExpress
  • Metrolink - coach range for India
  • OmniExpress - intercity bus and coach range
  • Touring - premium coach range, manufactured by Higer Bus
  • K-series - rear engine bus chassis (longitudinal mounted) with Euro III - Euro VI compliant engines
  • N-series - rear engine bus chassis (transversal mounted) with Euro III - Euro VI compliant engines
  • F-series - front engine bus chassis with Euro III and Euro V compliant engines

Historical

Diesel engines

Scania's industrial and marine engines are used in generator sets and in earthmoving and agricultural machinery, as well as on board ships and pleasure crafts.

Scania's involvement with internal combustion engine production dates back to 1897, when engineer Gustav Erickson designed the engine for the company's first motor car. Over the subsequent years, Scania has grown to be one of the world's most experienced engine manufacturers, building engines not only for trucks and buses, but also for marine and general industrial applications, which are exported across the globe.[25]

Historical

Other products

Scania also designs and manufacture clothes especially designed for truckers under the label Scania Truck Gear.[26]

Production sites

The table below shows the locations of the current[27] and former production facilities of Scania AB. As Scania is now majority owned by Volkswagen AG, making it part of Volkswagen Group, the table also includes Volkswagen Group references.[28]

Notes: the second column of the table, the 'factory VIN ID code', is indicated in the 11th digit of the vehicles' 17 digit Vehicle Identification Number, and this factory code is only assigned to plants which produce actual vehicles. Component factories which do not produce complete vehicles do not have this factory ID code.

factory
name		 factory
VIN ID code(s)		 location
(continent,
country)		 location
(town/city,
state/region)		 current
motor vehicle
production		 former
motor vehicle
production		 automotive
products &
components		 year
opened		 comments factory
coordinates
Angers
[28][29]		 9 Europe,
France		 Angers,
Maine-
et-Loire,
Pays de la Loire		 Scania truck assembly Scania Production S.A.S. factory and assembly line, part of Scania AB 47°30′4″N 0°30′55″W / 47.50111°N 0.51528°W / 47.50111; -0.51528 (Scania Production S.A.S., Angers)
Lahti
 Europe,
Finland		 Lahti,
Päijänne Tavastia		 Scania bus
body assembly		 2007
(2014)		 SOE Busproduction Finland Oy, part of Scania AB (former Lahden Autokori Oy) 60°57′0″N 25°36′3″E / 60.95000°N 25.60083°E / 60.95000; 25.60083 (SOE Busproduction Finland Oy)
Luleå
[28][30]		 Europe,
Sweden		 Luleå Municipality,
Norrbotten,
Norrbotten County		 Scania truck frame members, Rear axle housings Ferruform AB factory, part of Scania AB 65°36′48″N 22°7′45″E / 65.61333°N 22.12917°E / 65.61333; 22.12917 (Ferruform AB, Luleå (part of Scania AB))
Meppel
[28][31]		 Europe,
Netherlands		 Meppel,
Drenthe		 Scania truck components and paint shop Scania Production Meppel B.V. factory, part of Scania AB 52°41′25″N 6°10′24″E / 52.69028°N 6.17333°E / 52.69028; 6.17333 (Scania Production Meppel B.V., Meppel)
Oskarshamn
[28][32]		 Europe,
Sweden		 Oskarshamn Municipality,
Kalmar County,
Småland		 Scania truck Cab production Scania AB factory 57°15′24″N 16°25′42″E / 57.25667°N 16.42833°E / 57.25667; 16.42833 (Scania AB production plant, Oskarshamn)
São
Bernardo
do
Campo		 3 South America,
Brazil		 São Bernardo
do Campo,
Greater São Paulo,
São Paulo state		 Scania-Vabis trucks and buses 1959 Originally a Scania-Vabis truck plant. Now known as Anchieta,[28] oldest currently operating Volkswagen Group factory outside of Germany and part of Volkswagen do Brasil Indústria de Veículos Automotores Ltda. 23°44′07″S 46°32′48″W / 23.735217°S 46.54653°W / -23.735217; -46.54653 (formerly: Scania-Vabis São Bernardo do Campo,
now: Volkswagen Anchieta)
São
Paulo
[28][33]		 South America,
Brazil		 São Paulo,
Greater São Paulo,
São Paulo state		 Scania trucks
Scania bus chassis		 Engines
Axles		 Scania Latin America Ltda., part of Scania AB 23°42′49″S 46°33′58″W / 23.71361°S 46.56611°W / -23.71361; -46.56611 (Scania Latin America Ltda., São Paulo)
Słupsk
[28][34]		 Europe,
Poland		 Słupsk,
Pomeranian
Voivodeship		 Scania bus
body assembly		 Scania Production Slupsk S.A factory and assembly line, part of Scania AB 54°28′42″N 17°0′46″E / 54.47833°N 17.01278°E / 54.47833; 17.01278 (Scania Production Slupsk S.A)
Södertälje
[28][35]		 1
2		 Europe,
Sweden		 Södertälje,
Södertälje Municipality,
Södermanland,
Stockholm County		 Scania trucks
Scania bus chassis		 Components,
Engines		 1891 Scania AB headquarters, R&D and main production plant 59°10′14″N 17°38′26″E / 59.17056°N 17.64056°E / 59.17056; 17.64056 (Scania AB Headquarters & production plant, Södertälje)
St Petersburg
[28][36]		 Europe,
Russia		 St Petersburg,
Northwestern Federal District		 Scania bus
body assembly
since 2010 Scania trucks		 OOO Scania Peter factory and assembly line, part of Scania AB 59°53′24″N 30°20′24″E / 59.89000°N 30.34000°E / 59.89000; 30.34000 (Scania Peter, St Petersburg)
Tucumán
[28][37]		 South America,
Argentina		 San Miguel de Tucumán,
Tucumán Province		 Rear axle gears
Gearboxes
Differentials
Drive shafts
 Scania Argentina S.A. factory, part of Scania AB 26°52′47.5″S 65°7′38″W / 26.879861°S 65.12722°W / -26.879861; -65.12722 (Scania Argentina S.A., Tucamán)
Zwolle
[28][38]		 4
5		 Europe,
Netherlands		 Zwolle,
Overijssel		 Scania truck assembly 1964[39] Scania Nederland B.V. factory, part of Scania AB 52°30′46″N 6°3′48″E / 52.51278°N 6.06333°E / 52.51278; 6.06333 (Scania Nederland B.V., Zwolle)

See also

References

  1. ^ "New Board of Directors appointed at Scania". Scania AG.
  2. ^ "Per Hallberg".
  3. ^ "Executive Board". Scania. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  4. ^ a b c "Annual Results 2014" (PDF). Scania. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Annual Report 2012" (PDF). Scania.
  6. ^ "1910 – A new company is born". Scania. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Key figures Scania (2012)". Scania. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  8. ^ "Scania now a publicly listed company". Scania. 1 April 1996. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  9. ^ "Scania's application for delisting approved". Scania. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Scania; History". Auto Evolution. Softnews NET. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  11. ^ a b c "1950 - Growth and new frontiers". Scania. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "1960 – Expanding production". Scania. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
  13. ^ Shapiro, Helen (Winter 1991). "Determinants of Firm Entry into the Brazilian Automobile Manufacturing Industry, 1956–1968". The Business History Review. 65 (4, The Automobile Industry): 897. doi:10.2307/3117267.
  14. ^ "Volvo buys Scania". Diesel Net. Ecopoint. 7 August 1999. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  15. ^ a b c "Volkswagen (Group) increases Scania shareholding". Paul Tan. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Ownership". Scania. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  17. ^ "January–March 2007 Interim Report" (PDF). Wolfsburg: Volkswagen. May 2007: 1, 3. Retrieved 6 October 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ "VW CEO hints there will be no merger of Scania and MAN". Thomson Financial. Retrieved 21 March 2008. (registration required)[verification needed]
  19. ^ "Scania has become the ninth brand in the Volkswagen Group" (Press release). Volkswagen. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  20. ^ "Volkswagen Group increases its share of voting rights in MAN SE to 75.03 percent". 6 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  21. ^ "Voting rights". Scania. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  22. ^ "International Truck and Van of the Year 2005". Transport News Network. 4 August 2005. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "2000 – A strong brand in a new century". Scania. 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  24. ^ "Scania – Undisturbed pleasure". Kelly's Truck and Marine Service. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  25. ^ Scania Truck Gear
  26. ^ "Production units". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Production Plants". Volkswagen. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  28. ^ "France, Angers". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  29. ^ "Sweden, Luleå". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  30. ^ "The Nederlands, Meppel". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  31. ^ "Sweden, Oskarshamn". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  32. ^ "Brazil, São Paulo". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  33. ^ "Poland, Slupsk". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  34. ^ "Sweden, Södertälje". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  35. ^ "Russia, St. Petersburg". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  36. ^ "Argentina, Tucamán". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  37. ^ "The Nederlands, Zwolle". Scania. 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  38. ^ http://www.scaniaproductionzwolle.com/scania/
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59°10′14″N 17°38′26″E / 59.17056°N 17.64056°E / 59.17056; 17.64056

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