List of heads of state of the Soviet Union: Difference between revisions
Sundostund (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.5.4) (FA RotBot) |
||
Line 179: | Line 179: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | '''2''' |
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | '''2''' |
||
! rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal;" | [[Pyotr Demichev]]<br><small>(1917–2010)</small><ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml | script-title=ru:Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев | language = Russian | publisher = Peoples.ru ([[Lenta.Ru]]) | accessdate = 8 December 2010 | trans_title = The Minister of Culture of the USSR Pyotr Demichev dies }}</ref> |
! rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal;" | [[Pyotr Demichev]]<br><small>(1917–2010)</small><ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml | script-title = ru:Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев | language = Russian | publisher = Peoples.ru ([[Lenta.Ru]]) | accessdate = 8 December 2010 | trans_title = The Minister of Culture of the USSR Pyotr Demichev dies | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163132/http://news.peoples.ru/2010/08/10/50485.shtml | archivedate = 16 July 2011 | df = }}</ref> |
||
| align=center | — |
| align=center | — |
||
|18 June 1986 – 1 October 1988 |
|18 June 1986 – 1 October 1988 |
Revision as of 05:05, 30 September 2017
Heads of state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Residence | Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow |
Precursor | None |
Formation | 30 December 1922 |
First holder | Mikhail Kalinin |
Final holder | Mikhail Gorbachev |
Abolished | 25 December 1991 |
Succession | President of the Russian Federation |
The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the earlier Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Congress of Soviets as the highest organs of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Under the 1924, 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitution these bodies served as the collective head of state of the Soviet Union.[1] The Chairman of these bodies personally performed the largely ceremonial functions assigned to a single head of state[2] but held little real power.
The Soviet Union was established in 1922. However, the country's first constitution was adopted in 1924. Before that time, the 1918 Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was adopted as the constitution of the USSR. According to the 1918 Constitution, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (CEC), whose chairman was head of state, had the power to determine what matters of income and taxation would go to the state budget and what would go to the local Soviets. The CEC could also limit taxes.[3] In periods between convocations of the Congress of Soviets the CEC held supreme power.[4] In between sessions of the Congress of Soviets the CEC was responsible for all the affairs of the Congress of Soviets.[5] The CEC and the Congress of Soviets was replaced by the Presidium and the Supreme Soviet by several amendments to the 1936 constitution in 1938.[6]
The Supreme Soviet was the highest organ of state power, and was the sole organ to hold legislative power in the Soviet Union.[6] Sessions of the Supreme Soviet were convened by the Presidium twice a year; however, special sessions could be convened on the orders of a Union Republic.[6] In the event of a disagreement between the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities the Presidium could form a conciliation commission. If this commission failed the Presidium could dissolve the Supreme Soviet and order new elections.[6] The Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, along with the first and fifteen other vice chairmen, were, according to the 1977 Soviet Constitution, elected by the deputies of the Supreme Soviet.[7] Just as with the CEC under Joseph Stalin's rule, the Chairman of the Presidium had very little power because supreme power was in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).[8]
The Presidency was established in 1990 and the President would, according to the altered constitution, be elected by the Soviet people by direct and secret ballot. However, the first and only Soviet President, Mikhail Gorbachev, was elected by the democratically elected Congress of People's Deputies.[9] In connection with the dissolution of the Soviet Union national elections for the office of President never took place. To be elected to the office a person must have been a Soviet citizen and older than thirty-five but younger than sixty-five years. The same person could not be elected president for more than two terms.[10] The Presidency was the highest state office, and was the most important office in the Soviet Union by influence and recognition, eclipsing that of Premier and General Secretary. With the establishment of the Presidency executive power was shared between the President and the Prime Minister. The Presidency was given broad powers, such as being responsible for negotiating the membership of the Cabinet of Ministers with the Supreme Soviet;[11] the Prime Minister, however, was responsible for managing the nomenklatura and economic matters.[12]
List of heads of state
Of the eleven individuals appointed head of state, three died in office of natural causes (Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko), one held the position in a temporary role (Vasili Kuznetsov), and four held posts of party leader and head of state simultaneously (Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Mikhail Gorbachev). The first head of state was Mikhail Kalinin, who was inaugurated in 1922 after the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. At over twenty years, Kalinin spent the longest time in office; he died shortly after his resignation in 1946. Andropov spent the shortest time in office.
№ [note 1] |
Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Convocations [note 2] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ||||
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (1922–1938) | ||||
Mikhail Kalinin (1875–1946)[13] |
![]() |
30 December 1922 – 12 January 1938 | 1st–8th Convocation | |
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1989) | ||||
Mikhail Kalinin (1875–1946)[13] |
![]() |
17 January 1938 – 19 March 1946 | 1st Convocation | |
2 | Nikolay Shvernik (1888–1970)[14] |
A picture taken by the Soviet Government of Nikolai Shvernik in grey | 19 March 1946 – 15 March 1953 | 2nd–3rd Convocation |
3 | Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969)[15] |
![]() |
15 March 1953 – 7 May 1960 | 3rd–5th Convocation |
4 | Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982)[16] |
An official portrait of Leonid Brezhnev dating back to 1977 | 7 May 1960 – 15 July 1964 | 5th–6th Convocation |
5 | Anastas Mikoyan (1895–1978)[17] |
![]() |
15 July 1964 – 9 December 1965 | 6th Convocation |
6 | Nikolai Podgorny (1903–1983)[18] |
![]() |
9 December 1965 – 16 June 1977 | 6th–9th Convocation |
(4) | Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982)[16] |
An official portrait of Leonid Brezhnev dating back to 1977 | 16 June 1977 – 10 November 1982 | 9th–10th Convocation |
— | Vasili Kuznetsov (1901–1990)[19] |
10 November 1982 – 16 June 1983 | 10th Convocation | |
7 | Yuri Andropov (1914–1984)[20] |
![]() |
16 June 1983 – 9 February 1984 | |
— | Vasili Kuznetsov (1901–1990)[19] |
9 February 1984 – 11 April 1984 | 11th Convocation | |
8 | Konstantin Chernenko (1911–1985)[20] |
![]() |
11 April 1984 – 10 March 1985 | |
— | Vasili Kuznetsov (1901–1990)[19] |
10 March 1985 – 27 July 1985 | ||
9 | Andrei Gromyko (1909–1989)[21] |
![]() |
27 July 1985 – 1 October 1988 | |
10 | Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–)[22] |
![]() |
1 October 1988 – 25 May 1989 | 11th–12th Convocation |
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1990)[note 3] | ||||
Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–)[22] |
![]() |
25 May 1989 – 15 March 1990 | 12th Convocation | |
President (1990–1991) | ||||
Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–)[22] |
![]() |
15 March 1990 – 25 December 1991 | 12th Convocation |
List of vice heads of state
Vice heads of state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Residence | Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow |
Formation | 7 October 1977 |
First holder | Vasili Kuznetsov |
Final holder | Gennady Yanayev |
Abolished | 21 August 1991 |
There have been four individuals appointed vice head of state. At over eight years, Vasily Kuznetsov spent the longest time in office. Gennady Yanayev spent the shortest time in office.
№ [note 1] |
Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Convocations [note 2] |
---|---|---|---|---|
First Vice Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1977–1989) | ||||
1 | Vasili Kuznetsov (1901–1990)[19] |
7 October 1977 – 18 June 1986 | 9th–11th Convocation | |
2 | Pyotr Demichev (1917–2010)[24] |
— | 18 June 1986 – 1 October 1988 | 11th Convocation |
3 | Anatoly Lukyanov (1930–)[25] |
![]() |
1 October 1988 – 25 May 1989 | 11th–12th Convocation |
Vice Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1990) | ||||
Anatoly Lukyanov (1930–)[25] |
![]() |
25 May 1989 – 15 March 1990 | 12th Convocation | |
Vice President (1990–1991) | ||||
4 | Gennady Yanayev (1937–2010)[26] |
— | 27 December 1990 – 21 August 1991[note 4] | 12th Convocation |
— | Office abolished[28] | 21 August 1991 – 26 December 1991[note 5] |
See also
Politics of the Soviet Union |
---|
![]() |
![]() |
- Soviet Union-related
- Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
- Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
- List of leaders of the Soviet Union
- Premier of the Soviet Union
- List of Governments of the Soviet Union
- List of Spouses of Soviet heads of state
- General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Russia-related
- List of leaders of the Russian SFSR
- List of heads of government of Russia
- List of Presidents of the Russian Federation
Notes
- ^ a b Repeat head of state and vice heads of state are numbered only once; subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicised. Acting heads of state are not numbered. These numbers are not official.
- ^ a b A convocation in the Soviet sense of the word were elected members of Parliament in between elections.
- ^ On 15 March 1990 most constitutional powers were transferred to the newly created office of President of the Soviet Union. Anatoly Lukyanov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet to replace Mikhail Gorbachev. Although the Chairman's office retained its name, it was now that of a parliamentary speaker, not a head of state. Real executive powers were retained by Gorbachev.[23]
- ^ Yanayev was Acting President of the Soviet Union during the August Coup of 1991, but was jailed following the coup's collapse and Gorbachev returned to his post as President.[27]
- ^ Following the failed August Coup of 1991 the State Council was given the power to elect a Vice President in the temporary absence of the President.[28]
References
- ^ Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy. Books.google.cz. January 1, 1978. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
- ^ Isham, Heyward (1995). Remaking Russia. M.E. Sharpe. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-56324-436-0.
- ^ Всероссийский съезд Советов. Статья №81 от 10 июля 1918 г. «Бюджетное право». (All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article #81 of 10 July 1918 The Budget. ).
- ^ Всероссийский съезд Советов. Статья №30 от 10 июля 1918 г. «О Всероссийском съезде Советов рабочих, крестьянских, казачьих и красноармейских депутатов». (All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article #30 of 10 July 1918 The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Cossacks', and Red Army Deputies. ).
- ^ Всероссийский съезд Советов. Статья №29 от 10 июля 1918 г. «О Всероссийском съезде Советов рабочих, крестьянских, казачьих и красноармейских депутатов». (All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article #29 of 10 July 1918 The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Cossacks', and Red Army Deputies. ).
- ^ a b c d Съезд Советов СССР. Статья №30–56 от 10 июля1918 г. «Высшие органы государственной власти Союза Советских Социалистических Республик». (Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union. Article #30–56 of 10 July 1918 The Highest Organs of State Authority of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. ).
- ^ Верховный Совет СССР. Статья №120 от 7 октября 1977 г. «Верховный Совет СССР». (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Article #120 The Supreme Soviet of the USSR. ).
- ^ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-674-01697-2.
- ^ Kort, Michael (2010). The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath. M.E. Sharpe. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-7656-2387-4.
- ^ Верховный Совет СССР. Статья №127.1 от 26 декабря 1990 г. «Президент СССР». (Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Article #127.1 of 26 December 1990 President of the USSR. ).
- ^ Huskey, Eugene (1992). Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State. M.E. Sharpe. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-56324-059-1.
- ^ Huskey, Eugene (1999). Presidential Power in Russia. M.E. Sharpe. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-56324-536-7.
- ^ a b Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.
- ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.
- ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.
- ^ a b Bliss Eaton, Katherine (2004). Daily Life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-31628-9.
- ^ Shepilov, Dmitri; Austin, Anthony; Bittner, Stephen (2007). The Kremlin's Scholar: A Memoir of Soviet Politics under Stalin and Khrushchev. Yale University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-300-09206-6.
- ^ Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.
- ^ a b c d Кузнецов Василий Васильевич (in Russian). World History on the Internet. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.
- ^ Ploss, Sidney (2010). The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context. McFarland & Company. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-7864-4486-1.
- ^ a b c Bliss Eaton, Katherine (2004). Daily Life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-313-31628-9.
- ^ Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-46784-1.
- ^ Петр Демичев : Умер министр культуры СССР Петр Демичев (in Russian). Peoples.ru (Lenta.Ru). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Evtuhov, Catherine; Stites, Richard (2004). A History of Russia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces since 1800. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-395-66073-7.
- ^ Schwirz, Michael (24 September 2010). "Gennadi I. Yanayev, 73, Soviet Coup Plotter, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ Staff writer (10 February 2011). "Soviet Coup Leader Gennady Yanayev Dies". BBC Online. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ a b Government of the USSR: Gorbachev, Mikhail (5 September 1991). Закон "Об органах государственной власти и управления Союза ССР в переходный период" (in Russian). Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help)