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Portraits of presidents of the United States

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The Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, the first presidential portrait

Beginning with painter Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington, it has been traditional for the president of the United States to have an official portrait taken during their time in office, most commonly an oil painting. This tradition has continued to modern times, although since the adoption of photography as a widely used and reliable technology, the official portrait may also be a photograph (or at least a photograph may be viable[1]).

Presidents will often display the official portraits of former presidents whom they admire in the Oval Office or elsewhere around the White House, loaned from the National Portrait Gallery. The gallery has collected presidential portraits since its creation in 1962, and began commissioning their portraits in 1994, starting with George H. W. Bush.[2]

In 2018, President Donald Trump signed Public Law 115-158, which prohibits the use of federal funds to pay for an official portrait of any federal official or officer, including the president, the vice president, a member of Congress, the head of an executive agency, or the head of an office of the legislative branch. Since most recent presidential portraits have been privately funded anyway, this law will primarily prevent other governmental officers such as agency heads and Speakers of the House from commissioning official portraits using federal funds.[3][4]

Presidents

George Washington

Main article: Lansdowne portrait of George Washington

The presidential portrait of George Washington was famously rescued by First Lady Dolley Madison when the British burned down the White House in the War of 1812.[5]

Theodore Roosevelt

President Theodore Roosevelt's official portrait was originally commissioned to Théobald Chartran in 1902, but when Roosevelt saw the final product he hated it and hid it in the darkest corner of the White House. When family members called it the "Mewing Cat" for making him look so harmless, he had it destroyed and hired John Singer Sargent to paint a more masculine portrait.[6][7]

Theodore Roosevelt by John Singer Sargent, 1903.

Sargent followed Roosevelt around the rooms of the White House, making sketches looking for the right lighting and pose, but was unhappy with them. When Roosevelt headed toward a staircase to try the rooms on the second level, both of their patience was running thin. Roosevelt suggested that Sargent didn't have a clue what he (Sargent) wanted. Sargent responded that Roosevelt didn't know what was needed to pose for a portrait. Roosevelt having reached the landing, planted his hand on the balustrade post, and turned to Sargent angrily demanding "Don't I?!" and the perfect pose had been found.[8]

Roosevelt, always active, only agreed to stay still for half an hour a day, after lunch. But the portrait was eventually finished, and was adored by Roosevelt.[7]

Calvin Coolidge

During Ronald Reagan's presidency, he moved Coolidge's portrait from the Grand Hall into the Cabinet Room next to Thomas Jefferson's portrait. Reagan admired and quoted Coolidge, and thought Coolidge's impressive performance in the "roaring twenties" was outstanding. Reagan believed that Coolidge's portrait was much more suitable next to a founding father.[9]

Warren G. Harding

The United States Commission of Fine Arts recommended F. Luis Mora to paint the portrait of Warren G. Harding. The portrait was painted from photographs. Two portraits of Harding painted by 'foreign artists' in the White House were rejected for inferior artistic merit and insufficient likeness.[10] The painting was hung in the White House in June 1930.[11]

Herbert Hoover

President Herbert Hoover's official portrait was completed 23 years after he left office. The first official portrait was painted by John Christen Johansen in 1941. Hoover, however, later commissioned a second portrait that was completed in 1956 by Elmer Wesley Greene. At Hoover's request, this painting replaced the original, and currently stands as the official White House portrait.[12] The Johansen painting now resides at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa.[13]

John F. Kennedy

White House Curator William G. Allman discusses the inspiration behind Aaron Shikler's portrait of John F. Kennedy

President John F. Kennedy's official portrait was painted posthumously by Aaron Shikler at the request of Jacqueline Kennedy in 1970. It is generally analyzed as a character study. Unlike most presidential portraits, Kennedy's depicts the president as pensive, with eyes downcast and arms folded. According to Shikler, Jackie's only stipulation was for him to create an image different from "the way everybody else makes him look, with the bags under his eyes and that penetrating gaze. I'm tired of that image." Shikler drew a few sketches based on photographs, one of which was inspired by Ted Kennedy's somber pose at his brother's (John F. Kennedy) grave, his arms crossed and his head bowed. Jackie chose that sketch as the final pose.[14] Shikler also painted the official White House portraits of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Kennedy children.

Bill Clinton

The presidential portrait of Bill Clinton was the first of such portraits to be painted by an African American, Simmie Knox.[15][16]

Before that, a portrait was commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution. Years following its initial unveiling, the artist of the portrait, Nelson Shanks, revealed he added a subtle shadow on the left-hand side of the painting to reference the Monica Lewinsky scandal and how it was, "a metaphor in that it represents a shadow on the office he held, or on him".[17] According to the Shanks, Clinton "hate[d] the portrait" and wanted it removed from the National Portrait Gallery. As of 2015, it remained in their collection but was not on display.[18]

George W. Bush

The official White House portrait of George W. Bush was revealed on May 31, 2012.[19] It was painted by John Howard Sanden who also painted the official portrait for First Lady Laura Bush that was revealed at the same time as her husband's portrait. In addition, Bush's portrait for the National Portrait Gallery was uncharacteristically released several weeks before his administration had ended. Painted by Robert A. Anderson, it was unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., on December 19, 2008. President Bush jokingly opened the unveiling with "Welcome to my hanging", which resulted in laughter from the room.[20] This was an official portrait commissioned by the White House, but funded by private donorship.[21]

The caption at the National Portrait Gallery beside President Bush's portrait originally read that his administration was "marked by a series of catastrophic events..." [including] "...the attacks on September 11, 2001, that led to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq." Vermont senator Bernie Sanders wrote a letter to the director of the National Portrait Gallery, noting the link between the terrorist attacks and Iraq had been "debunked". Director Martin E. Sullivan assured him the label would be changed to delete "led to".[22]

Barack Obama

Main article: President Barack Obama (painting)
Members of the USC Institute for Creative Technologies, the Smithsonian Institution, and White House staff discuss the creation of Barack Obama's 3D portrait.

Barack Obama was the first president to have his portrait taken with a digital camera in January 2009 by Pete Souza, the then–official White House photographer,[23] using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II.[citation needed] Obama was also the first president to have 3D portraits taken, which were displayed in the Smithsonian Castle in December 2014.[24]

On Monday February 12, 2018, the official presidential likenesses of Barack Obama and Michelle Obama were unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery.[25] Kehinde Wiley painted Mr. Obama, while Amy Sherald painted Mrs. Obama.[26][27] Different flowers in the background of Barack Obama's painting are symbolic, with chrysanthemums, for example, representing Chicago, and pikake representing Hawaii.[28] The contemporary style of both paintings attracted note for breaking the trend of past presidential portraits being painted in a traditional style.[29][30][31] The Los Angeles Times wrote that both portraits "cheerfully bucked the trend" of "forgettable" recent portraits.[32]

Donald Trump

The first official presidential portrait of Donald Trump was released the day before his inauguration and was used for the official @POTUS Twitter account[33] until May 5, 2017. His portrait painting has been commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery using donations from Trump's Save America PAC.[34]

Galleries

White House Historical Association presidential portraits

See also

References

  1. ^ Heil, Emily. "Don't look for Obama's official portrait anytime soon". Washington Post.
  2. ^ "Fact Sheet: "America's Presidents" | National Portrait Gallery". Npg.si.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  3. ^ Bill, Cassidy (March 27, 2018). "S.188 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Eliminating Government-funded Oil-painting Act". www.congress.gov. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  4. ^ "Trump signs bill barring federal funds to pay for official portraits". Politico. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  5. ^ "The White House Historical Association > Classroom". Whitehousehistory.org. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  6. ^ Barber, J.; Verone, A. (1998). Theodore Roosevelt, Icon of the American Century. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-295-97753-9. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  7. ^ a b Natasha. "John Singer Sargent's President Theodore Roosevelt". Jssgallery.org. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  8. ^ Canfield, M.R. (2015). Theodore Roosevelt in the Field. University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-226-29840-5. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  9. ^ Glass, Andrew (January 5, 2019). "Calvin Coolidge dies at age 60, Jan. 5, 1933". POLITICO. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  10. ^ United States. Commission of Fine Arts (1936). Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 31.
  11. ^ "APPROVES HARDING PAINTING; Authorities Accept Mora Portrait to Be Hung in White House". New York Times. June 13, 1930. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  12. ^ Timothy Walch (July 18, 2013). Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Documentary History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-1-137-33409-1.
  13. ^ "National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution". Npgportraits.si.edu. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  14. ^ Clurman, Shirley (May 4, 1981). "At $25,000-Plus for a Portrait, Painter Aaron Shikler Can Give Critics the Brush". People. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  15. ^ "White House Portraits of President Clinton and First Lady by Simmie Knox Unveiled; First Painted by a Black Artist". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. July 5, 2004. p. 34. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  16. ^ "President Bush Welcomes President Clinton and Senator Clinton". Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. June 14, 2004. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  17. ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (March 2, 2015). "Clinton's Portrait Has Hint Of Lewinsky's Blue Dress, Artist Says". NPR. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  18. ^ Yuhas, Alan (March 2, 2015). "Bill Clinton portrait artist hints at Monica Lewinsky scandal". The Guardian. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  19. ^ "President George W. and Laura Bush Portrait Unveiling". C-SPAN.
  20. ^ "Bush in Philadelphia: 'Welcome to my hanging'". CNN.
  21. ^ "National Portrait Gallery | Portraits of George W. and Laura Bush". Npg.si.edu. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  22. ^ "The Huffington Post - UK News and Opinion". News.aol.com. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  23. ^ "New official portrait released Wednesday". change.gov, Office of the President-Elect. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  24. ^ Ng, David (December 2, 2014). Smithsonian exhibits 3-D portraits of President Obama. Los Angeles Times .
  25. ^ Cotter, Holland (February 12, 2018). "Portraits or Politics? Presidential Likenesses Blend Fact and Fiction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  26. ^ "'Pretty sharp!' Obama says, revealing his presidential portrait". NBC News.
  27. ^ Cotter, Holland (February 12, 2018). "Obama Portraits Blend Paint and Politics, and Fact and Fiction". The New York Times.
  28. ^ "'A Game Changer.' How a Painting of President Obama Broke the Rules".
  29. ^ "The Mystery of Amy Sherald's Portrait of Michelle Obama". The New Yorker. February 13, 2018.
  30. ^ Smith, Roberta (October 16, 2017). "Why the Obamas' Portrait Choices Matter". The New York Times.
  31. ^ Deb, Sopan (February 14, 2018). "The Obama Portraits Drew a Strong Reaction. What Did They Mean to You?". The New York Times.
  32. ^ "How the Obama portraits cheerfully buck the trend of instantly forgettable presidential paintings". Los Angeles Times. February 13, 2018.
  33. ^ "Trump actually looks happy in his official White House portrait". Newsweek. October 31, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  34. ^ Levinthal, Dave (August 22, 2022). "Trump PAC's $650,000 'charitable contribution' to the Smithsonian will pay for portraits of Donald and Melania Trump". Business Insider. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
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