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Chandrayaan-3

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Chandrayaan-3
LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota
Mission typeLunar lander, rover, Propulsion Module
OperatorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
COSPAR ID2023-098A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.57320Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html
Mission duration
  • Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)
  • Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)(equal to one lunar day as the equipment works on solar energy)
Spacecraft properties
BusChandrayaan
ManufacturerIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Launch mass3900 kg
Payload massPropulsion Module: 2148 kg
Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg
Total: 3900 kg
PowerPropulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
Start of mission
Launch date14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 14:35 IST, (9:05 UTC)[1][2]
RocketLVM3 M4
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentRover
Landing date23 August 2023 (2023-08-23) 17:47 IST, (12:17 UTC)[3][4]
Landing site69.367621 S, 32.348126 E[5]
 

Chandrayaan-3 (transl. "mooncraft";[6][7] pronunciationⓘ) is the third lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[8] It consists of a lander and the Pragyan rover similar to Chandrayaan-2, but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.[9][10]

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute software glitch in the soft landing guidance software led to the failure of the lander's soft landing attempt after a successful orbital insertion, another lunar mission was proposed.[11]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place at 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST[12] and injection of 100 km circular polar orbit is completed successfully as part of phase one.[2][13]The lander and rover is expected to land near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023.[14]

Background

In the second phase of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover.[15][16]

Earlier reports had emerged about a collaboration with Japan on a mission to the lunar south pole where India would be providing the lander while Japan would provide both launcher and rover. The mission may include site sampling and lunar night survival technologies.[17][18]

The subsequent failure of the Vikram lander led to the pursuit of another mission to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025.[19] During mission critical flight operations, the European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) operated by European Space Agency (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract.[20]

Objective

ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which includes:-

  1. Getting a lander safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon
  3. In-site scientific observation making scientific experiments on the chemical and natural elements, soil, water, etc. available on the surface of the Moon to better understand and practice the composition of the Moon. Interplanetary refers to the development and demonstration of new technologies required for missions between two planets.[21]

Design

Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:

Propulsion Module:

Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module

The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander. In addition to the lander, the module carries a payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.[10][9]

Lander:

Chandrayaan-3 Lander

The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will carry the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.

The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines,[22] unlike Vikram on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV).[23] The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.[24]

The lander will carry three payloads:

  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
  • Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.

Rover:

Chandrayaan-3 Rover

Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:

  • Six-wheeled design
  • Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
  • Range of 500 metres (1,640 feet)
  • Scientific instruments including cameras, spectrometers, and a drill
  • Expected lifespan of one lunar day (14 Earth days)
  • Communication with the lander and ground control team in India

The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:

  • The composition of the lunar surface
  • The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
  • The history of lunar impacts
  • The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere

The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is a major step forward for India’s space program. It is a testament to the country’s growing technological capabilities, and it is sure to make significant contributions to our understanding of the Moon.

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Chandrayaan-3 ·    Earth ·    Moon

Mission life

Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.[25]

Launch

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.[26]

Funding

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$9.0 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$7.2 million) will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.8 million) is sought under revenue expenditure head.[27]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the cost would be around ₹615 crore (equivalent to ₹724 crore or US$87 million in 2023).[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ [/ "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details"]. Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  2. ^ a b "Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit". mint. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  3. ^ [www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates"]. THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  4. ^ . 14 July 2023 https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537. Retrieved 14 July 2023. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ [www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ "Mission homepage"]. Retrieved 29 June 2023. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  6. ^ Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899): candra: "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" yāna: "[...] n. a vehicle of any kind , carriage , wagon , vessel , ship , [...]"
  7. ^ "Chandrayaan-2 FAQ". Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", – in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft
  8. ^ "Press Meet - Briefing by Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO". isro.gov.in. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  10. ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details".
  11. ^ Guptan, Mahesh (16 November 2019). "How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer". The Week. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  12. ^ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  13. ^ "Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota". The Times of India. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  14. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  15. ^ Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  16. ^ Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  17. ^ "India's next Moon shot will be bigger, in pact with Japan". The Times of India. 7 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020. For our next mission — Chandrayaan-3 — which will be accomplished in collaboration with JAXA (Japanese Space Agency), we will invite other countries too to participate with their payloads.
  18. ^ "Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki". Astro talk UK. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  19. ^ ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt The Wire, 14 November 2019
  20. ^ "ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  21. ^ "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  22. ^ Agrawal, Mayank (14 July 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Rover: A New Mission to Explore the Moon". Examtiper. Retrieved 14 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Kumar, Chethan (19 November 2019). "Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  24. ^ Sharma, Shaurya (21 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief". News18. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  25. ^ https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf
  26. ^ "Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO". News9live. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  27. ^ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  28. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
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