Criticism of Islam
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Criticism of Islam, including of Islamic beliefs, practices, and doctrines, can take many forms, including academic critiques, political criticism, religious criticism, and personal opinions.
Criticism of Islam has been present since its formative stages, with early disapprovals recorded from Christians, Jews, and some former Muslims like Ibn al-Rawandi.[1] Subsequently, the Muslim world itself faced criticism after the September 11 attacks.[2][3][4][5]
Criticism has been aimed at the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, in both his public and personal lives.[4][6] Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the scriptures of Islam, both the Quran and the hadiths, are also discussed by critics.[7] Criticisms have also been directed at historical practices, like the recognition of slavery as an institution[8][9][10][11] as well as Arab imperialism impacting indigenous cultures.[12] The Shafi'i school of thought has been criticized for its support for female genital mutilation. More recently, Islamic beliefs regarding human origins, predestination, God's existence, and God's nature have received criticism for their apparent philosophical and scientific inconsistencies.[13][14]
Other criticisms center on the treatment of individuals within modern Muslim-majority countries, including issues related to human rights in the Islamic world, particularly in relation to the application of Islamic law.[5] As of 2014, about a quarter of the world's countries and territories (26%) had anti-blasphemy and (13%) had anti-apostasy laws or policies.[15] In 2017, 13 Muslim countries had the death penalty for apostasy or blasphemy.[16][17][18] Amid the contemporary embrace of multiculturalism, there has been criticism regarding how Islam may affect the willingness or ability of Muslim immigrants to assimilate in host nations.[19][20]
Historical background
The earliest surviving written criticisms of Islam are found in the writings of Christians, such as John of Damascus who was familiar with Islam and Arabic, who came under the early dominion of the Islamic caliphate.[21] Other notable early critics of Islam included Abu Isa al-Warraq, a ninth-century scholar and critic of Islam, Ibn al-Rawandi, a ninth-century atheist, who repudiated Islam and criticized religion in general,[22]: 224 al-Ma'arri, an eleventh-century Arab poet and critic of all religions who was known for his veganism and antinatalism[23][24][25][26] Jews similarly passed on criticism on Muhammad by oral-traditions.[27]
There have been several notable critics and skeptics of Islam from within the Islamic world, including the blind poet al-Ma'arri, whose poetry was known for its "pervasive pessimism." He labeled religions in general as "noxious weeds" and believed that Islam does not have a monopoly on truth.[2][28] In 1280 CE, the Jewish philosopher Ibn Kammuna criticized Islam in his book Examination of the Three Faiths.[29][30]
During the Middle Ages, Christian church officials commonly represented Islam as idolatry or a counterfeit religion propelled by Satan. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe, some academics attempted to exoticize Islam by portraying it as an Eastern religion that was distinct from the West and the religions of Judaism and Christianity. Others classified it as a "Semitic" religion, in contrast to the Indo-European religions, which included Christianity. Many academics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries referred to Islam as Mohammedanism,[31] which allowed them to criticize Islam by criticizing Muhammad's actions. Such criticisms rendered Islam as only a derivative of Christianity and not, as Islam itself claims, as the successor of Abrahamic monotheisms, in contrast to the Christian idea of Christ's perfection.[32] By contrast, many academics nowadays study Islam as an Abrahamic religion in relation to Judaism and Christianity.[31]
I bear a witness that there is no god except Allah and I bear a witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah .All other religion book is wrong ,Only Islam is the truth and words of god like Quran ,Zabur,Taurat,Injil and prophet muhammad hadith and sunnah is the words of god .All other religion is wrong ,Islam is the truth .Please cover your awrah and delete all picture and video that contain awrah and please delete all content and game that has shirk and haram things in it.Ghost doesnt exist.jangan syirikkan Allah dan couple itu haram , jaga ikhtilat dan jaga pandangan mata dan bayar hutang apabila meminjam.delete video yang ada perempuan bukan mahram menyanyi depan bukan mahram dan haram orang lelaki bukan mahram mendengarnya .Draw potret picture for animal and human is haram in Islam .Only Allah is god.
See also
- Abrogation
- Bibliolatry
- Criticism of Muhammad
- Criticism of the Quran
- Criticism of Islamism
- Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam
- Haram
- Islamic feminism
- LetUsTalk
- Islamophobia
- Islamophobia in the media
- Islamophobia in the United States
- Islamophobic tropes
- Muslims Condemn
- Persecution of Muslims
- Predestination in Islam
- Quranic inerrancy
- Qur'anic literalism
- Superstitions in Muslim societies
- War against Islam conspiracy theory
References
Footnotes
Citations
- ^ De Haeresibus by John of Damascus. See Migne. Patrologia Graeca, vol. 94, 1864, cols 763–73. An English translation by the Reverend John W Voorhis appeared in The Moslem World for October 1954, pp. 392–98.
- ^ a b Warraq, Ibn (2003). Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out. Prometheus Books. p. 67. ISBN 1-59102-068-9.
- ^ Ibn Kammuna, Examination of the Three Faiths, trans. Moshe Perlmann (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971), pp. 148–49
- ^ a b Mohammed and Mohammedanism, by Gabriel Oussani, Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 April 2006.
- ^ a b Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 18, 35. ISBN 978-0-521-02699-4.
- ^ Ibn Warraq, The Quest for Historical Muhammad (Amherst, Mass.:Prometheus, 2000), 103.
- ^ Bible in Mohammedian Literature., by Kaufmann Kohler Duncan B. McDonald, Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
- ^ Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam
- ^ Dror Ze'evi (2009). "Slavery". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ Focus on the slave trade, in BBC News.
- ^ The persistence of history, in The Economist
- ^ Karsh, Ephraim (2007). Islamic Imperialism: A History. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300198171.
- ^
Fitzgerald, Timothy (2000). The Ideology of Religious Studies. New York: Oxford University Press (published 2003). p. 235. ISBN 9780195347159. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
[...] this book consists mainly of a critique of the concept of religion [...].
- ^ Ruthven, Malise. "Voltaire's Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet:A New Translation; Preface: Voltaire and Islam". Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?, Pew Research Center, 29 July 2016.
- ^ Doré, Louis (May 2017). "The countries where apostasy is punishable by death". The Independent. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ Timothy Garton Ash (5 October 2006). "Islam in Europe". The New York Review of Books.
- ^ Tariq Modood (6 April 2006). Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-415-35515-5.
- ^ Russia and Islam: State, Society and Radicalism. Taylor & Francis. 2010. p. 94. by Roland Dannreuther, Luke March
- ^ "St. John of Damascus's Critique of Islam". Writings by St John of Damascus. The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 37. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 1958. pp. 153–160. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- ^ Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson. Harper San Francisco. p. 224. ISBN 0-06-009795-7.
- ^ Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, A Literary History of the Arabs, p. 319. Routledge
- ^ "Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ Adamson, Peter (1 November 2021). "Abu Bakr al-Razi". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ "Is Islam Hostile to Science?". Adventure. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021.
- ^ Firestone, Reuven (2019). "Muhammad, the Jews, and the Composition of the Qur'an: Sacred History and Counter-History". Religions. 10: 63. doi:10.3390/rel10010063.
- ^ Moosa, Ebrahim (2005). Ghazālī and the Poetics of Imagination. UNC Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8078-2952-8.
- ^ Ibn Warraq. Why I Am Not a Muslim, p. 3. Prometheus Books, 1995. ISBN 0-87975-984-4
- ^ Norman A. Stillman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book p. 261. Jewish Publication Society, 1979ISBN 0-8276-0198-0
- ^ a b Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. xxi–xxxii. ISBN 9781438126968.
- ^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 477. ISBN 9781438126968.
Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Orientalism., Murder of History.. Facts behind the Gossips and Realities. (October 20, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350
Sources
- Afsaruddin, Asma (2014). "ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3 ed.). Brill Online. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- Ali, Muhammad (1997). Muhammad the Prophet. Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam. ISBN 978-0913321072.
- Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062500144.
- Asmani, Ibrahim Lethome; Abdi, Maryam Sheikh (2008). De-linking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam (PDF). Washington: Frontiers in Reproductive Health, USAID. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- Barlas, Asma (2002). Believing women in Islam : unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur'ān. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477315927.
- Cohen, Mark R. (1995). Under Crescent and Cross. Princeton University Press; Reissue edition. ISBN 978-0-691-01082-3.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511234-2.
- Lockman, Zachary (2004). Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62937-9.
- Pourjavady, Reza; Schmidtke, Sabine (2006). Pourjavady, Reza; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). A Jewish philosopher of Baghdad: 'Izz al-Dawla Ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284) and his writings. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15139-0. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- Rippin, Andrew (2001). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21781-1.
- Rispler-Chaim, Vardit (1993). Islamic medical ethics in the twentieth century. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-9004096080.
- Roald, Ann-Sofie (2003). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. London: Routledge.
- Spellberg, Denise A. (1996). Politics, gender, and the Islamic past : the Legacy of ʻAʼisha bint Abi Bakr. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07999-0.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1960). ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr (2nd ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. ISBN 978-9004161214.
- Westerlund, David (2003). "Ahmed Deedat's Theology of Religion: Apologetics through Polemics". Journal of Religion in Africa. 33 (3): 263–278. doi:10.1163/157006603322663505.
- Modarressi, Hossein (1993). "Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey". Studia Islamica. 77 (77). JSTOR: 5–39. doi:10.2307/1595789. JSTOR 1595789.
- Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2009). "Information, Doubts and Contradictions in Islamic Sources". In Kohlberg, Etan; Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (eds.). Revelation and Falsification. Brill. pp. 12–23. ISBN 9789004167827.
- Pakatchi, A. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Valey, M.I. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252.
Further reading
- Esposito, John L. (1995). The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510298-3.
- Halliday, Fred (2003). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics of the Middle East. I.B. Tauris, New York. ISBN 1-86064-868-1.
- Esposito, John L. (2003). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-516886-0.
- Geisler, Norman L. (2002). Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross. Baker Books. ISBN 0-8010-6430-9.
- Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00877-4.
- Kepel, Gilles (2004). The War for Muslim Minds. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01575-4.
- Ibn Warraq (1995). Why I Am Not a Muslim. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-984-4.
- Ibn Warraq (2003). Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-068-9.
- Cox, Caroline & Marks, John (2003). The 'West', Islam and Islamism: Is ideological Islam compatible with liberal democracy?. Civitas. ISBN 1-903 386-29 2.
- [Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Orientalism., Murder of History.. Facts behind the Gossips and Realities. (October 20, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350]
External links
- A collection of Muslim Responses To Anti-Islam Polemics
Media related to Criticism of Islam at Wikimedia Commons
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