List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Norske_nobelinstiutt_1.jpg/220px-Norske_nobelinstiutt_1.jpg)
The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is awarded annually by the Norwegian Nobel Committee "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[2] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Norwegian Parliament.[3] The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Jean Henry Dunant. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a prize of 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK as of December 2008. In 2008, the prize was awarded to Martti Ahtisaari of Finland, who received the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million).[5] The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, Norway, in the presence of the king, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm, Sweden.[6]
The Nobel Peace Prize is generally the most controversial of the Nobel Prizes; several of the selections have been heavily criticized.[7][8] Mohandas Gandhi never won the prize, despite having been nominated five times. Following his assassination in 1948 the committee considered awarding it to him posthumously but decided against it and instead withheld the prize that year with the explanation that "there was no suitable living candidate."[9] In 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, who died after his nomination but several months before the announcement, became the only Laureate to be recognized posthumously; following this, the statutes were changed to make a future posthumous prize nearly impossible.[10] In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize, because "he was not in a position to accept the Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason."[11] Linus Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.[11] The International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the prize three times (1917, 1944 and 1963), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954, 1981).[11] Twelve women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the most of any other Nobel Prizes.[12] As of 2008, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 96 individuals and 20 organizations. There have been 19 years in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, the most of any other Nobel Prizes.
Laureates
Year | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Frédéric Passy | France | "[for] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress."[10][13] | |
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Jean Henry Dunant | Switzerland | "[for] his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross"[10][13] | |
1902 | Élie Ducommun | Switzerland | "Honorary Secretary, Permanent International Peace Bureau"[14] | |
Charles Albert Gobat | Switzerland | "Secretary General, Inter-Parliamentary Union; Honorary Secretary, Permanent International Peace Bureau"[14] | ||
1903 | William Randal Cremer | United Kingdom | "Member, British Parliament; Secretary, International Arbitration League"[15] | |
1904 | Institut de Droit International | Belgium | "for its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law."[10][16] | |
1905 | ![]() |
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau | Austria-Hungary | "Honorary President of Permanent International Peace Bureau; Author of Lay Down Your Arms"[17] |
1906 | ![]() |
Theodore Roosevelt | United States | "for his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[10][18] |
1907 | ![]() |
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta | Italy | "President, Lombard League of Peace,"[19] was "prominent as a worker for peace in Italy."[20] |
Louis Renault | France | "Professor International Law,"[19] was "the permanent delegate of France to The Hague Tribunal."[20] | ||
1908 | Klas Pontus Arnoldson | Sweden | "Founder of Swedish Peace and Arbitration League"[21] | |
Fredrik Bajer | Denmark | "[for his]work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau"[10][21] | ||
1909 | Auguste Marie François Beernaert | Belgium | "ex-Prime Minister; Member, Belgian Parliament; Member of Cour Internationale d'Arbitrage"[22] | |
Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant | France | "Member, French Parliament (Sénateur); Founder and President of French parliamentary group for voluntary arbitration; Founder, Committee for the Defense of National Interests and International Conciliation"[22] | ||
1910 | International Peace Bureau | Switzerland | "Founded in 1891"[23] | |
1911 | ![]() |
Tobias Michael Carel Asser | The Netherlands | "Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[24] |
Alfred Hermann Fried | Austria | "Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"[24] | ||
1912 | ![]() |
Elihu Root | United States | "ex-Secretary of State; Originator of various treaties of arbitration"[25] |
1913 | ![]() |
Henri La Fontaine | Belgium | "Member, Belgian Parliament (Sénateur); President, Permanent International Peace Bureau"[26] |
1914 | Not awarded | |||
1915 | ||||
1916 | ||||
1917 | ![]() |
International Committee of the Red Cross | Switzerland | [27] |
1918 | Not awarded | |||
1919 | ![]() |
Woodrow Wilson | United States | "President of United States of America; Founder of the League of Nations"[28] |
1920 | Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois | France | "ex-Secretary of State; President, French Parliament (Sénat); President, Council of the League of Nations"[29] | |
1921 | ![]() |
Hjalmar Branting | Sweden | "Prime Minister; Swedish Delegate, Council of the League of Nations"[30] |
Christian Lous Lange | Norway | "Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[30] | ||
1922 | ![]() |
Fridtjof Nansen | Norway | "Scientist; Explorer; Norwegian Delegate, League of Nations; Originator of "Nansen passports""[31] |
1923 | Not awarded | |||
1924 | ||||
1925 | Austen Chamberlain | United Kingdom | "Foreign Secretary; Part-originator of Locarno Pact"[32] | |
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Charles Gates Dawes | United States | "Vice-President of United States of America; Chairman of Allied Reparation Commission (Originator of "Dawes Plan")"[32] | |
1926 | Aristide Briand | France | "Foreign Minister; Part-originator of Locarno Pact and Briand-Kellogg Pact"[33] | |
Gustav Stresemann | Germany | "ex-Lord High Chancellor (Reichs-kanzler); Foreign Minister; Part-originator of Locarno Pact"[33] | ||
1927 | Ferdinand Buisson | France | "Formerly Professor, Sorbonne University, Paris; Founder and President, League for Human Rights"[34] | |
Ludwig Quidde | Germany | "Professor, Berlin University; Member, German Parliament; Participant of various peace conferences"[34] | ||
1928 | Not awarded | |||
1929 | ![]() |
Frank B. Kellogg | United States | "ex-Secretary of State; Part-originator of Briand-Kellogg Pact"[35] |
1930 | Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom | Sweden | "Archbishop; Leader in the ecumenical movement"[36] | |
1931 | ![]() |
Jane Addams | United States | "Sociologist; International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[37] |
Nicholas Murray Butler | United States | "President, Columbia University; Promoter of Briand Kellogg Pact"[37] | ||
1932 | Not awarded | |||
1933 | Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) | United Kingdom | "Writer; Member, Executive Committee of the League of Nations and of National Peace Council"[38] | |
1934 | ![]() |
Arthur Henderson | United Kingdom | "ex-Foreign Secretary; President, Disarmament Conference in 1932"[39] |
1935 | ![]() |
Carl von Ossietzky | Germany | "Journalist (die Weltbühne); Pacifist"[40] |
1936 | Carlos Saavedra Lamas | Argentina | "Secretary of State; President, League of Nations; Mediator in a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia"[41] | |
1937 | Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil) | United Kingdom | "Writer, ex-Lord Privy Seal; Founder and President, International Peace Campaign"[42] | |
1938 | Nansen International Office For Refugees | Switzerland | "An international relief organization, started by Fridtjof Nansen in 1921"[43] | |
1939 | Not awarded | |||
1940 | ||||
1941 | ||||
1942 | ||||
1943 | ||||
1944 | ![]() |
International Committee of the Red Cross | Switzerland | [44] |
1945 | ![]() |
Cordell Hull | United States | "ex-Secretary of State; Prominent participant in the originating of the United Nations"[45] |
1946 | Emily Greene Balch | United States | "Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[46] | |
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John Raleigh Mott | United States | "Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[46] | |
1947 | Friends Service Council | United Kingdom | [47] | |
American Friends Service Committee | United States | |||
1948 | Not awarded | |||
1949 | Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin | United Kingdom | "Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[48] | |
1950 | ![]() |
Ralph Bunche | United States | "Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[49] |
1951 | Léon Jouhaux | France | "President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations"[50] | |
1952 | ![]() |
Albert Schweitzer | France | "Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[51] |
1953 | George Catlett Marshall | United States | "General President American Red Cross; ex-Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of "Marshall Plan""[52] | |
1954 | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Switzerland | "An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[53] | |
1955 | Not awarded | |||
1956 | ||||
1957 | ![]() |
Lester Bowles Pearson | Canada | "former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly"[54]; "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[10] |
1958 | ![]() |
Georges Pire | Belgium | "Father of the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[55] |
1959 | Philip J. Noel-Baker | United Kingdom | "Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[56] | |
1960 | Albert Lutuli | South Africa | "President of the African National Congress,"[57] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[10] | |
1961 | File:Dag Hammarskjold.jpg | Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld | Sweden | "Secretary General of the U.N.,"[58] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[10] |
1962 | ![]() |
Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing"[59] |
1963 | ![]() |
International Committee of the Red Cross | Switzerland | [60] |
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League of Red Cross societies | Switzerland | ||
1964 | ![]() |
Martin Luther King, Jr. | United States | "Leader of "Southern Christian Leadership Conference""[61] |
1965 | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) | United Nations | [62] | |
1966 | Not awarded | |||
1967 | ||||
1968 | René Cassin | France | "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[63] | |
1969 | International Labour Organization | United Nations | [64] | |
1970 | ![]() |
Norman E. Borlaug | United States | "International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[65] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[10] |
1971 | ![]() |
Willy Brandt | Federal Republic of Germany | "Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[66] |
1972 | Not awarded | |||
1973 | ![]() |
Henry A. Kissinger | United States | "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"[67][10] |
Lê Ðức Thọ | Democratic Republic of Vietnam | |||
1974 | Seán MacBride | Ireland | "President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[68] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[10] | |
Eisaku Sato | Japan | "Prime Minister of Japan,"[68] "for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation"[10] | ||
1975 | Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov | Soviet Union | "[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations"[69][70] | |
1976 | ![]() |
Betty Williams | United Kingdom | "Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[71] |
Mairead Corrigan | United Kingdom | |||
1977 | Amnesty International | United Kingdom | "[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience"[72][10] | |
1978 | ![]() |
Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat | Egypt | "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[73] |
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Menachem Begin | Israel | ||
1979 | ![]() |
Mother Teresa | India | "Leader of Missionaries of Charity"[74] |
1980 | ![]() |
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel | Argentina | "Human rights leader;"[75] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[10] |
1981 | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | United Nations | "An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[76] | |
1982 | Alva Myrdal | Sweden | "[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[77][78] | |
Alfonso García Robles | Mexico | |||
1983 | ![]() |
Lech Wałęsa | Poland | "Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[79] |
1984 | ![]() |
Desmond Mpilo Tutu | South Africa | "Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[80] |
1985 | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | United States | [81] | |
1986 | ![]() |
Elie Wiesel | United States | "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[82] |
1987 | ![]() |
Óscar Arias Sánchez | Costa Rica | "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[83] |
1988 | United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces | United Nations | "[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations"[84][85] | |
1989 | File:Tenzin Gyatzo foto 1.jpg | The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) | Tibet | "[for] his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [and] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[86][87] |
1990 | ![]() |
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev | USSR | President of the Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"[88] |
1991 | File:Burma 3 150.jpg | Aung San Suu Kyi | Burma | "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[89] |
1992 | Rigoberta Menchú Tum | Guatemala | "[for] her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[90] | |
1993 | ![]() |
Nelson Mandela | South Africa | "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[91] |
Frederik Willem de Klerk | South Africa | |||
1994 | ![]() |
Yasser Arafat | Palestine | "for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"[92] |
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Yitzhak Rabin | Israel | ||
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Shimon Peres | Israel | ||
1995 | Joseph Rotblat | United Kingdom | "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[93] | |
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs | Canada | |||
1996 | ![]() |
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo | East Timor | "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[94] |
![]() |
José Ramos-Horta | East Timor | ||
1997 | International Campaign to Ban Landmines | United States | "for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[95] | |
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Jody Williams | United States | ||
1998 | ![]() |
John Hume | United Kingdom | "for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[96] |
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David Trimble | United Kingdom | ||
1999 | Médecins Sans Frontières | Switzerland | "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"[97] | |
2000 | ![]() |
Kim Dae Jung | South Korea | "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[98] |
2001 | ![]() |
United Nations | "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[99] | |
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Kofi Annan | Ghana | ||
2002 | ![]() |
Jimmy Carter | United States | "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[100] |
2003 | ![]() |
Shirin Ebadi | Iran | "for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."[101] |
2004 | ![]() |
Wangari Muta Maathai | Kenya | "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[102] |
2005 | ![]() |
International Atomic Energy Agency | Austria |
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"[103] |
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Mohamed ElBaradei | Egypt | ||
2006 | ![]() |
Muhammad Yunus | Bangladesh | "for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"[104] |
Grameen Bank | Bangladesh | |||
2007 | ![]() |
Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. | United States | "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[105] |
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | Switzerland | |||
2008 | ![]() |
Martti Ahtisaari | Finland | "for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[106] |
Notes
^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel Laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel Laureate at nobelprize.org.
^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation.
References
- General
- "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- "Nobel Prize winners by category (peace)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- Specific
- ^ "Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (2000-06-29). "Controversies and Criticisms". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "The Nobel: Dynamite or damp squib?". BBC News. 2000-10-08. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (1999-12-01). "Controversies Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
- ^ a b c "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1902". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1904". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "Peace Prize is divided; Teodoro Moneta of Italy and Louis Renault of France Share It". The New York Times. 1907-12-11. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1912". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1913". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1917". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1919". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1920". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1925". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1920". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1929". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1933". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1934". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1935". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1937". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1949". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1957". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1974". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1975–Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1982–Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1988–Press release". Nobel Foundation. 1988-09-29. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1989–Press release". Nobel Foundation. 1989-10-05. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
External links
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