Ilyushin Il-76
Il-76 | |
---|---|
Atlant-Soyuz Il-76 at Baghdad International Airport | |
Role | Strategic airlifter |
Manufacturer | Tashkent Aviation Production Association |
Designer | Ilyushin |
First flight | March 25, 1971 |
Introduction | June 1974[1] |
Status | Operational |
Primary users | Russian Air Force Ukrainian Air Force Indian Air Force TransAVIAexport Airlines |
Number built | 960[2] |
Variants | Ilyushin Il-78 Beriev A-50 KJ-2000 |
The Ilyushin Il-76 (NATO reporting name: Candid) is a 4-engined strategic airlifter designed in the Soviet Union and in widespread use in Europe, Asia and Africa. Originally built for the military, the plane has subsequently seen extensive service as a commercial freighter, especially for the delivery of outsized or very heavy cargo. A water-carrying version of the plane has proven effective in fire-fighting operations in many countries.
Design and development
The aircraft was first conceived by Ilyushin in 1967 to meet a requirement for a freighter able to carry a payload of 40 tons (88,000 lb) over a range of 5,000 km (2,700 nmi; 3,100 mi) in less than six hours, able to operate from short and unprepared airstrips, and capable of coping with the worst weather conditions likely to be experienced in Siberia and the Soviet Union's Arctic regions. It first flew on March 25, 1971.
Production of Il-76s was placed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (then a republic of the Soviet Union). Some 860 of basic transport variants were made[3]. In 1990s modernized variants were developed (MF, TF), with a cargo compartment sized 20 m (length) x 3.4 m (width) x 3.4 m (height), but were not produced in significant quantity due to financial problems of the major user, the Russian Air Force. The prototype of longer variant Il-76MF, with bigger capacity, first flew on 1 August 1995. The production ceased around 1997, and the factory since deteriorated. Some commercial aircraft were modernized to IL-76TD-90VD, starting from 2004, using new engines PS-90 to meet European noise limits[1]. In 2005, China ordered in Russia 34 new Il-76MD's and 4 tankers Il-78, and the factory in Tashkent completed 16 incomplete airframes. Production of the IL-76 at a new factory in Ulyanovsk in Russia, in cooperation with Tashkent works, is under consideration[3].
Operational history
First aircraft were delivered to the Soviet Air Force in June 1974[1]. It next became main Soviet strategic transport aircraft. From 1976 it was operated by the Aeroflot lines. Between 1979 and 1991, the Soviet Air Force Il-76s made 14,700 flights into Afghanistan, transporting 786,200 servicemen, and 315,800 tons of freight. The Il-76 carried 89% of Soviet troops and 74% of the freight that was airlifted.[4] Building on that experience, the bulk of the Canadian Forces equipment into Afghanistan is flown in using civilian Il-76[5]. As of 2006, the Russian Air Force had some 200 Il-76s, less than half airworthy, and civilian users in Russia have 108[3].
The Il-76 is also in use as an airborne tanker, otherwise known as a refueller (Il-78, some 50 were made[3]), and a waterbomber. Its airframe was used as a base for the Beriev A-50 'Mainstay' AWACS aircraft (some 25 were made[3]). Still more applications have been found in Antarctic support flights and simulated weightlessness training for cosmonauts.[6][7]. Beriev and NPO Almaz also developed an airborne laser flying laboratory designated A-60, of which two were built, although little is known about it, as the project is still classified[8].
1988 Maldives Coup
Also known as the Operation Cactus, on November 3, 1988, the Indian Air Force paratroopers were flown to the islands of Maldives in Il-76MD to foil an attempt to overthrow the government on the Republic Of Maldives after help was requested by the government of Maldives to India.[9]
Hurricane Katrina
On August 29, 2005, the day before the levees of New Orleans gave way to the forces of Hurricane Katrina, the Russian Federation offered humanitarian aid to the United States. Two EMERCOM Il-76 aircraft landed at a disaster aid staging area at Little Rock, Arkansas September 8. This marks the first time Russia has flown such a mission to North America. A second Emergency Situations ministry Il-76 first-aid shipment, specially arranged with the U.S. leadership, departed Russia for Little Rock September 14.[10][failed verification]
India also used an Il-76 to deliver aid on September 13, 2005 for Katrina victims.[11]
Variants
Prototypes and Development Variants
- Izdeliye-176 - prototype Il-76PP.
- Izdeliye-576 -
- Izdeliye-676 - Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes, (prototype).
- Izdeliye-776 - Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes, (prototype).
- IZdeliye-976 (SKIP)[2] - (СКИП - Самолетный Контрольно-Измерительный Пункт, Airborne Check-Measure-and-Control Center) - Il-76/A-50 based Range Control and Missile tracking platform. Initially built to support Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile tests.
- Izdeliye-1076 - Special mission aircraft for unknown duties.
- Izdeliye-1176 - ELINT electronic intelligence aircraft, a.k.a.Il-76-11
- Il-76TD-90 / Il-76MD-90 Engine upgrades to Perm PS-90's.
- Il-76 firebomber - Fire-fighting aircraft to drop exploding capsules filled with fire retardant.
- Il-76PSD' - SAR version of Il-76MF
- Il-96 - Early development of convertible passenger/cargo aircraft, (project only, designation re-used later)
- Il-150 - proposed Beriev A-50 with Perm PS-90 engines.
- Beriev A-60 - Airborne laser weapon testbed. (Il-76 version 1A)
Military variants
- Il-76-Tu160 tailplane transporter - One-off temporary conversion to support Tu-160 emergency modification programme.
- Il-76D - ('D' for "Desantnyi", Десантный - "Paratrooper transport") has a gun turret in the tail for defensive purposes.
- Il-76K / Il-76MDK/Il-76MDK-II - Zero-g trainer "Vomit Comet" ((dlya podgotovki) kosmonavtov)
- Il-76LL - Engine testbed, (ooniversahl'naya letayuschchaya laboratoriya).
- Il-76M - Military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy - modified).
- Il-76MD - Improved military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy Dahl'ny - modified ,long-range).
- Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT - Mobile Hospital
- Il-76M / Il-76MD - Built without military equipment but designated as m's and MD's (Gordon - 'Falsies')
- Il-76MD-90 - An Il-76MD with silenced and more economical Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines.
- Il-76MF - Stretched military version with 6.6m longer fuselage, PS-90 engines, maximum take-off mass 210 t and lift capability of 60 tonnes. First flew in 1995, not built in series so far[1].
- Il-76MKD - Zero-gravity training aircraft for Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center.
- Il-76PP - ECM aircraft, major problems with ECM equipment, Izdeliye-176 only.
- Il-76MD PS - Maritime Search and Rescue aircraft, (poiskovo-spasahtel'nyy).
- Il-76T/Il-76TD - Built as military aircraft but given civilian designations. (Gordon - 'Falsie')
- Il-78 / Il-78M - Aerial refuelling tanker.
- Il-82 - Airborne Command Post/communications relay aircraft, (alternative designation - Il-76VKP-'version65S').
- Beriev A-50/Beriev A-50M/Beriev A-50I/Beriev A-50E- Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft. Beriev given control over the program.
Civil variants
- Il-76MGA - Initial Commercial freighter. (2 prototypes and 12 production)
- Il-76MD to Il-76TD conversions. Complete removal of Military equipment, identified by crude cover over OBIGGS inlet in Starboard Sponson.
- Il-76P / Il-76TP / Il-76TDP / Il-76MDP - Firefighting aircraft. The Il-76 waterbomber is a VAP-2 1.5 hour install/removal tanking kit conversion. The Il-76 can carry up to 13,000 U.S. gallons (49,000 liters) of water; 3.5 times the capacity of the C-130 Hercules. Since this kit can be installed on any Il-76, the designation Il-76TP, Il-76TDP are also used when those versions of the Il-76 are converted into waterbombers. The Il-76P was first unveiled in 1990.
- Il-76T - ('T' for Transport, Транспортный) unarmed civil cargo transport version. NATO code-name Candid-A. It first flew on November 4, 1978.
- Il-76TD - The civil equivalent of the Il-76MD, first flew in 1982.
- Il-76TD-90VD - An Il-76TD with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines and a partial glass cockpit.
- Il-76TD-S - Civilian mobile Hospital, similar to Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT.
- Il-76TF - Civil transport stretched version with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines. It is the civil version of the Il-76MF (none produced).
Foreign Variants
Il-76 Phalcon
For the Indian Air Force. Hosts Phalcon radar for AWACS and Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines[12].
Il-76MD tanker
Iraqi Air Force tanker conversions.
KJ-2000
Domestic Chinese AWACS conversion of Il-76, developed after A-50I was cancelled and currently in service with the armed forces of China. Equipped with an active phased array (AESA) radar designed by China's Research Institute of Electronic Technology and arranged in the same way as that of A-50I.
CFTE Engine Testbed
China Flight Test Establishment (CFTE) currently operates a flying testbed converted from a Russian-made Il-76MD jet transport aircraft to serve as a flying testbed for future engine development programmes. The first engine to be tested on the aircraft is the WS-10A “Taihang” turbofan, currently being developed as the powerplant for China’s indigenous J-10 and J-11 fighter aircraft. The #76456 Il-76MD, acquired by the AVIC 1 from Russia in the 1990s, is currently based at CFTE’s flight test facility at Yanliang, Shaanxi Province.
Baghdad-1
Iraqi development with a radar mounted in the cargo hold, used in the Iran - Iraq war.
Baghdad-2
Iraqi development (with French assistance) with fibreglass-reinforced plastic radome over the antenna of the Thomson-CSF Tiger G surveillance radar with a maximum detection range of 350 km (189 nmi, 217.5 mi). One was destroyed on the ground during the Persian Gulf War but two others (Adnan-1 and Adnan-2) were flown to Iran where they remained, although it is not known if they are still operational.[13][14] It can be easily distinguished from the Beriev A-50 by having the IL-76 navigator windows in the nose, which the A-50 does not.
Operators
Military and Civil operators in 38 countries have operated 850+ Il-76 in large numbers. While Russia is the largest military operator of the Il-76, followed by Ukraine and India, Belarus' TransAVIAexport Airlines is the largest civilian operator. In the list below, known current operators are listed in bold.
- The United Nations Humanitarian Air Service have operated several of the type from the early to mid 90's to now. Most of them are either ex Aeroflot or one that the Russian Air Force has lent to the UN.
- The Algerian Air Force operates 11 Il-76 aircraft, including 3 Il-76MD, 8 Il-76TD, and 7 Il-78 Midas.
- The Angolan Air Force operated one Il-76 which crashed on 27/08/09 near 4 de Fevereiro Internacional Airport [15]
- Gira Globo operates 1 Il-76.[16]
- The Armenian Air Force operates 2 Il-76 aircraft.
- Dvin Airlines has operated an Il-76TD.
- Yerevan-Avia operates 1 Il-76.
- The Azerbaijan Air Force operates 3 Il-76 aircraft.
- Azal Avia Cargo operates 1 Il-76TD.
- Azerbaijan Airlines operates 1 Il-76M.
- Silk Way Airlines operates 9, including 1 Il-76MD and 7 Il-76TD and 1 Il-76TD-90.
- The Belarusian Air Force inherited a number of Il-76 aircraft from the Soviet Air Force. 4 in service.
- Belair operated the Il-76 before its closure in 1999.
- TransAVIAexport Airlines operates 1, including 5 Il-76MD and 18 Il-76TD.
- Gomelavia operates 5 Il-76TD.
- Faso Airways operates a single Il-76TD.
- Imtrec Aviation has operated a Laotian registered Il-76.
- The People's Liberation Army Air Force operates 17 Il-76 aircraft, including 3 KJ-2000 AWACS versions and some Il-78 tankers, with a further 30 due for delivery.
- China United Airlines has operated the Il-76, but does not currently.
- The Republic of the Congo operates an Il-76.
- Cubana de Aviación operates 1 Il-76MD.
- Ecuatorial Cargo operates 1 Il-76TD.[18]
- Express International Cargo
- Atlant Hungary has operated the Il-76.[19]
- Hungarian Ukrainian Air Cargo has operated the Il-76[20]
- The Indian Air Force operates 32 Il-76MD, 6 Il-78MKI aircraft and 3 others with Israeli Phalcon radars for AWACS. Mostly for transporting ration in high altitude regions in Jammu and Kashmir and Siachen region
- The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force operates 6 Il-76s, including some modified to carry AWACS radar.
- The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force operates 2 Il-76s.
- Atlas Air has operated at least 8 Il-76TD.[21]
- Chabahar Air has operated at least 2 Il-76TD.[22]
- Mahan Air has operated the Il-76.
- Payam Air operated 2 Il-76TD.
- Qeshm Air operates 2 Il-76TD.
- Safiran Airlines is a former operator.
- The Iraqi Air Force operated the Il-76, but none remain in service.
- Iraqi Airways operates a single Il-76.
- The Government of Kazakhstan operates 1 Il-76.
- Air Almaty operates an Il-76TD for leased operations.[23]
- Air Kazakhstan operated Il-76 aircraft until its closure in 2004.
- GST Aero operates 1 Il-76T.[24]
- Kazakhstan Airlines operated the Il-76TD before its closure in 1997.
- Sayakhat Airlines operated the Il-76 previously.
- Botir Avia operates 3, including 1 Il-76MD and 2 Il-76TD.
- Kyrgyzstan Airlines operates 1 Il-76TD.
- Reem Air
- Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Imtrec aviation of Cambodia operates Laos registered Il-76TD.[25]
- Inversija operates 3, including 2 Il-76T and 1 Il-76TD.
- Imtrec aviation of Cambodia operates Laos registered Il-76TD.
- The Libyan Air Force has operated the Il-76 although it may not remain in service.
- Jamahiria Air Transport operates the Il-76M, Il-76TD, and Il-78.[26]
- Libyan Air Cargo, the cargo division of Libyan Arab Airlines, operates 21, including 1 Il-76M and 15 Il-76TD.
- Aerocom operated an Il-76MD as well as an Il-76T until as late as January 2005.
- Airline Transport operated a number of Il-76 aircraft, losing 3 in accidents in 2004 and 2005.
- Jet Line International operates the Il-76[27]
- Tiramavia
- The Russian Air Force inherited large numbers of the aircraft from the Soviet Air Force in 1991, and 119 currently remain in service.
- The Ministry of Emergency Situations operates an Il-76TD.
- Abakan Avia operates 3 Il-76TD.
- Aeroflot operated large numbers of aircraft, especially during Soviet years, often on behalf of the Soviet military. However, none remain in service with the airline.
- Air STAN operated an Il-76TD.[28]
- Airlines 400 operates 2 Il-76TD.
- Airstars Airways operates 4 Il-76TD on cargo services.
- ALAK operated Il-76 aircraft before its closure in 1999.
- Alrosa-Avia operates 4 Il-76TD on charter services.
- Aram Air
- Atlant-Soyuz Airlines operates 6, including 2 Il-76MD and 4 Il-76TD.
- ATRAN Cargo Airlines operates 5, including 3 Il-76T and 2 Il-76TD. At least one Il-76M may have been operated in the past.
- Atruvera Aviation operates 3, including 1 Il-76MD and 2 Il-76TD.
- Aviacon Zitotrans operates 5, including 4 Il-76TD.
- Aviaenergo operated the aircraft, but none remain in service.
- Aviast operates 4, including 1 Il-76MD and 3 Il-76TD.
- Continental Airways has operated the Il-76 in the past, but does not do so currently.
- Dacono Air has operated the Il-76.
- Dobrolet Airlines operates 3 Il-76TD.
- Domededovo Airlines has operated the Il-76, but none is currently in service.
- East Line operates the Il-76.
- Ilavia Airline operates 6, including 2 Il-76MD and 4 Il-76TD.
- KrasAir operated the Il-76, but none is currently in service.
- Krylo Airlines operated 2 Il-76TD into 2005.
- Magadan Avia Leasing is a lease and charter operator of the Il-76.
- Moscow Airways operated an Il-76TD in the early 1990s.[29]
- Novosibirsk Air Enterprise operated the Il-76, but none is currently in service.
- Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise operated the Il-76, but none is currently in service.
- Samara Airlines operates 2 Il-76TD.
- Tesis Aviation Enterprise operates 9 Il-76TD.
- Tyumen Airlines
- Uralinteravia
- Volga-Dnepr operates 7 Il-76TD and 2 Il-76TD-90VD.
- Air Tomisko operates a single Il-76TD.
- Kosmas Air operates a single Il-76TD.
- The Soviet Air Force operated hundreds of the aircraft, with an inventory of 310 in 1987. Most were dispersed to the successor states upon the breakup of the Soviet Union.
- Aeroflot was the main civil user of the aircraft during the period of the Soviet Union, although many of its aircraft were operated on behalf of the military.
- Jet Air Cargo was one of the first civil operators of the Il-76 in Russia other than Aeroflot.[31]
- Air West operated a small number of aircraft, although it is unclear how many remain in service.
- Azza Transport operates 2 Il-76TD.
- East West Cargo operated a number of Il-76 aircraft.
- Juba Cargo operates the Il-76[32]
- Badr Airlines operates 1 Il-76,}[3]
- Trans Attico
- The Syrian Air Force operates the Il-76.
- Syrian Arab Airlines operates 4, including 3 Il-76M.
- Turkmenistan Airlines operates 8 Il-76TD.
- The Ukrainian Air Force inherited a large number of Il-76 aircraft from the Soviet Air Force, with as many as 100 remaining in service.
- Air Service Ukraine operated the Il-76MD.
- Air Ukraine and Air Ukraine Cargo operated the aircraft, although none were in service at the time of bankruptcy.
- ATI Aircompany operates a number of Il-76 models.
- Azov Avia Airlines operates 2 Il-76MD.
- BSL Airline operated as many as 6 Il-78.[33]
- Busol Airlines operated the Il-76 before its closure in 1998.
- Khors Aircompany operates 2 Il-76MD.
- Lviv Airlines operates 3 Il-76MD.
- South Airlines is a former operator.
- Ukraine Air Alliance operates 4, including 1 Il-76MD and 3 Il-76TD.
- Ukrainian Cargo Airways operates 21, including 19 Il-76MD.
- Veteran Airlines
- Volare Airlines operates 3, including 2 Il-76MD and 1 Il-76TD.
- Yuzhmashavia operates 2 Il-76TD.
- Air Support Systems, LLC operates the IL-76/78 in fire fighting duties in the USA.
- Gulf Aviation Technology and Services operates a number of Il-76 aircraft on charter or lease.
- Phoenix Aviation operates 2 Il-76TD.
- Avialeasing operates the Il-76 on a charter and lease basis.
- Uzbekistan Airways operates 14 Il-76TD.
- The Yemen Air Force operates 3 Il-76 aircraft.
- Yemenia operates 2 Il-76TD.
- Avient Aviation operates 1 Il-76.
Incidents and accidents
- On 19 August 1996, Il-76T Spair Airlines Flight PAR-3601, crashed and exploded while trying to land at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport killing all 12 crew members
- On 12 November 1996, Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907, an Il-76, had a mid-air collision near Delhi, India with a Boeing 747, resulting in the loss of all 349 lives aboard both aircraft.
- On 19 February 2003, an Ilyushin Il-76 crashed near Kerman, Iran under mysterious reasons (possibly weather-related). The crash killed 302 people, including hundreds of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.
- On 8 May 2003, the rear loading ramp of an Il-76 leased by the Congolese government unexpectedly opened at 10,000 feet, causing over 120 policemen and their families to be sucked out 45 minutes after taking off from the capital Kinshasa.[34]
- On 11 November 2005, A Royal Airlines Cargo Il-76MD, s/n 0053464926, crashed into a hill 30 km NW of Kabul, Afghanistan.
- On 9 March 2007, a Transaviaexport Il-76TD s/n 1003499991, registered EW-78826, on approach at Mogadishu, Somalia, was hit by a projectile, which was later confirmed to be a RPG by Belarus officials.[35] The aircraft landed safely but sustained substantial damage.
- On 23 March 2007, a Transaviaexport Il-76 was shot down by an anti-aircraft missile while taking off from Mogadishu, Somalia.[35]
- On 30 June 2008, an Ilyushin Il-76 exploded into a fireball on take-off from Khartoum International Airport in Sudan. All 4 crew were killed.[36]
- On 15 January 2009, two Il-76 collided and caught fire in Uytash Airport, Makhachkala, Russia.
- On 9 March 2009, an Ugandan Il-76 crashed into Lake Victoria after takeoff from Entebbe International Airport, killing 4 crew and several officials of peacekeeping forces.
- On 27 August 2009, Il-76 "T 906" of the Forças Armadas Angolanas aborted its take-off from Quatro de Fevereiro Airport. Luanda, Angola and overran the end of the runway. There were no casualties among the eight crew and 33 passengers.[37]
Specifications (Il-76D)
This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them. |
General characteristics
- Crew: 5–7
- Capacity: 40,000 kg (Il-76), 48,000 kg (Il-76M/T), 50,000 kg (Il-76MD/TD), 60,000 kg (Il-76MF/TF)
Performance
- Thrust/weight: 0.305 (Il-76), 0.282 (Il-76M/T), 0.252 (IL-76MD/TD), 0.228 (Il-76MF/TF)
Armament
- Guns: 2× 23 mm cannon in radar-directed manned turret at base of tail
Some military models have 2 hardpoints under each outer wing capable of supporting 500 kg bombs.
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References
- ^ a b c d Butowski, Piotr. Iliuszyn Ił-76 powraca. Lotnictwo nr. 9/2004, p.28-32 Template:Pl icon
- ^ [Ilyushin Il-76: Russia's Versatile Jet Freighter]
- ^ a b c d e Butowski, Piotr. Rosyjski kontrakt na Ił-76 i Ił-78 dla Chin. Lotnictwo nr. 1/2007, p.54-55 Template:Pl icon
- ^ [Ilyushin Il-76 Russia's Versatile Airlifter]
- ^ Canadian Parliament Website
- ^ "Ilyushin IL-76 transport". Virtual Aircraft Museum. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "File:Марка России 2006г №1073-Самолет ИЛ-76ТД и научно-экспедиционное судно "Академик Федоров"; панорама станции.jpg". Stamps of Russia. Publishing and Trading Centre "Marka". 2006-01-26. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ A-60 brief desription
- ^ Maldives airlift
- ^ [Il-76 to deliver aid on September 13, 2005 for Katrina Indian aid for hurricane Katrina victims delivered]
- ^ IAF crew on arrival at Boston Logan International Airport, September 13, 2005
- ^ Aviation and Aerospace
- ^ GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ AWACS and Hawkeyes - The Complete History of Airborne Early Warning
- ^ Airliners.net
- ^ "Ilyushin Il-76 D2-FEM", AirTeamImages.com.
- ^ "Air Congo Ilyushin Il-76", Airliners.net.
- ^ "Ecuatorial Cargo Ilyushin Il-76TD", Airliners.net.
- ^ "Atlant-Hungary Ilyushin Il-76TD", Airliners.net.
- ^ "HUK - Hungarian Ukrainian Air Cargo Ilyushin Il-76TD", Airliners.net.
- ^ "Atlas Air Ilyushin Il-76TD", Airliners.net.
- ^ "Chabahar Air Ilyushin Il-76TD", Airliners.net.
- ^ "Lease", Air Almaty
- ^ "GST Aero Ilyushin Il-76T", Airliners.net.
- ^ Airliners.net
- ^ "Jamahiria Air Transport Ilyushin Il-76/78", Airliners.net.
- ^ Jet Line
- ^ "Air STAN Ilyushin Il-76", Airliners.net.
- ^ "Moscow Airways Ilyushin Il-76", Airliners.net.
- ^ "Ilyushin 76", Aerolift
- ^ "Jet Air Cargo Ilyushin Il-76TD", Airliners.net.
- ^ JUBA Cargo
- ^ "BSL Airline Ilyushin Il-78", Airliners.net.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Hassan, Mohamed Olad. (2007-03-27). "Cargo Plane Shot Down in Somalia". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- ^ Cargo plane explodes in Khartoum, killing 4 crew | World | Reuters
- ^ "RECENT ACCIDENTS / INCIDENTS WORLDWIDE". JACDEC. Retrieved 28 August 2009.