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1952 Winter Olympics

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The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games, was a winter sports festival celebrated in Oslo, Norway. The Games were held from 14 February to 25 February 1952. Discussions about Oslo hosting the Winter Olympic Games started in 1935 with a target set for the city to host the 1948 Games, but after World War II this was deemed unfeasible. Instead it was awarded the right to host the 1952 Games when it beat out Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, United States. The city of Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games. Most of the venues were in the metropolitan area with the exception of the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell, a 113 km (70 mi) drive from the capital. A new hotel was built for members of the press and traveling dignitaries, and three buildings were converted into quarters for athletes and coaches.

Thirty countries and 694 athletes participated in six sports and twenty-two events.[1] Japan and Germany made their return to Olympic competition after being forced to miss the 1948 Games due to their involvement in World War II. Germany was represented by West German athletes because East Germany had declined to compete with West Germany as a unified team. Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debut. King George VI of Great Britain, who died eight days prior to the start of the Games, was honoured during the opening ceremonies.

Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events. His three gold medals were the largest total for an athlete at the Games. Germany regained its former bobsleigh glory with wins in both the four- and two-man events. Dick Button, of the United States, performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title. Women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing for the first time. The 1952 Games featured one demonstration sport, bandy, but only the three Scandinavian countries competed in the tournament. Norway dominated the medal count with sixteen medals, seven of which were gold. The Games were closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed from one Winter Olympics host city to the next. The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been preserved and continues to travel from host city to host city where it is displayed during the Games.

Host city selection

Main article: Bids for the 1952 Winter Olympics
A map of Norway with Oslo marked in the south east of the country.
A map of Norway with Oslo marked in the south east of the country.
Oslo
class=notpageimage|
Location of Oslo in Norway

Oslo is the capital city of Norway. It had originally petitioned the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to host the 1936 Winter Olympics,[2] but was rejected due to the tradition of allowing the host nation of the Summer Olympics to host the Winter Games.[2] World War II put the Olympics on hiatus until 1948, when the Games were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[3] London, host of the 1948 Summer Olympics, recommended that Oslo host the 1948 Winter Games, but the city council demurred citing a desire to focus their resources on rebuilding after the war.[2]

Support a Winter Olympics in Norway was mixed.[4] Despite Norwegian success at previous Games, cultural sentiment ran against competitive winter sports, especially competitive skiing.[5] Despite this resistance the organisers saw the 1952 Games as a chance to promote national unity, and to showcase to the world that Norway had recovered from the recent war.[6] Vying with Oslo for the right to host the Games were Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, United States.[7] The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 1 June 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden.[8] Lake Placid would host the 1980 Winter Olympics and Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected as the host of the 1956 Games. The 1952 Winter Games were the first to be held in a nation's capital.[1] Norway was the first Scandanavian country to host a Winter Olympics.[2]

1952 Winter Olympics Bidding Results[7]
City NOC Name Round 1
Oslo  Norway 18
Cortina d'Ampezzo  Italy 9
Lake Placid, New York  United States 1

Organisation

The responsibility of organising the 1952 Games was assigned to a special organising committee consisting of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including the mayor Brynjulf Bull.[8] The committee was in place by December 1947.[9] Funding for the organisation of the Games came entirely from the city of Oslo in exchange for all revenues generated during the Games.[10] In order to accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches it was decided that quarters designated for competitors and support staff would be constructed. Three new facilities (forerunners to the athlete's villages of later Games) were built, and housed all of the athletes and coaches.[11] The city of Oslo undertook the construction of a new hotel, the Viking, which was used for IOC delegates, out-of-town dignitaries, the communication hub of the Games.[12][13] A new indoor ice hockey arena, a first for the Games, was constructed and hosted the eight-team tournament.[14][15] Since Oslo already had a central arena, Bislett Stadion, there was no need to construct a new venue to host the opening and closing ceremonies and speed skating events. Improvements to Bislett included an overhaul of the lighting and sound system, a remodel of the club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical office, which acted as the center for all Olympic medical work done in Oslo during the Games.[16]

Politics

The pall of World War II hung over the preparations for the 1952 Winter Olympics. Anti-German sentiment was prevalent during the discussions on whether or not to allow Germany to participate in the Games.[17] In 1950 the West German Olympic Committee requested recognition by the IOC. Debate regarding this request was centered on concerns that Germany's involvement in the Olympic Games would spark political boycotts.[18] Eventually the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee and invited West Germany to compete at the 1952 Winter Games.[19] East Germany was invited to participate with West Germany as a unified team, but they declined.[20]

Norway was reticent to welcome German athletes and Nazi sympathizers back into the Olympic fold.[17] For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed a spot on the Norwegian speed skating team due to his collaboration with the Nazis during the war.[17] Despite its concerns Norway agreed to allow both German (represented only by West German athletes), and Japanese athletes to compete.[17] The Soviet Union was recognised by the IOC but they did not send athletes. The Soviets attempted to enter a team in the hockey tournament but their application to join the International Ice Hockey Federation was received late, and they were denied admittance in time for the Games.[21][22]

Events

Opening ceremonies

The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadion on 15 February.[14] King George VI of Great Britain died on 6 February 1952, eight days before the start of the Games.[23] As a result all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild performed the honour of opening the Games in place of her grandfather, King Haakon VII, who was in London attending the funeral.[24] This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a woman.[1] The parade of nations was held according to tradition with Greece first, the rest of the nations proceeding by Norwegian alphabetical order, and the host nation last.[25] Due to the death of their monarch, the British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies.[26] After the parade of nations the Olympic flame was lit.[14] The Olympic torch had been lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim.[1] The first Winter Olympic torch relay lasted two days and took place entirely on skis.[1][25] The final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic flame and skied to a set of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended the stairs, and ignited the flame.[27]

Due to scheduling conflicts, bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held on 14 February.[28] The competitors in these events were unable to attend the opening ceremonies in Oslo, consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events.[29]

Bobsleigh

Main article: Bobsleigh at the 1952 Winter Olympics

After a 16-year hiatus from Olympic competition, Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning both the two and four-man events.[30] The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively.[30] Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland participated in both the two and four-man competitions. His two bronze medals were the culmination of an Olympic career that spanned sixteen years and three Olympics. He finished with five medals.[31] There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, and the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was 117 kg (258 lb), which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952.[30] Seeing the undue advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics.[32]

Ice hockey

Main article: Ice hockey at the 1952 Winter Olympics
The jersey of Canada's Edmonton Mercurys, the ice hockey gold medal winners

A majority of the ice hockey tournament matches took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Olympics.[33] The rest of the games were played at the following stadiums: Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm stadion and Marienlyst Stadion.[34] Eight teams played in the tournament and Canada repeated as gold medal champions.[35] Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament held thus far. 1952 would mark the end of the Canadian hockey hegemony at the Olympics though, as the Soviet Union would emerge as the dominant force in international hockey at the 1956 Games.[36] The gold medal game was played to a 3–3 tie, which, based on international rules at the time, gave the gold to Canada and the silver to the United States. Sweden and Czechoslovakia played for the bronze medal, which went to Sweden.[35] This result was decried by the Soviet press who accused the Canadian and American teams of conspiring to reach a tie in order to prevent a team from a Communist country from winning the tournament.[15] Teams from North America were castigated for their rough play.[15][35] While body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams. Opponents and spectators alike took a dim view to this style of play.[15][35]

Speed skating

Main article: Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics

All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett Stadion.[37] Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning three out of the four events.[37][38] His margins of victory in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter events were the largest in Olympic history.[1] Dutch skaters Wim van der Voort and Kees Broekman placed second to Andersen in every race.[37] They won the first Olympic medals for Netherlands in speed skating.[37] Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor. The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long distances at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden.[37] He was unable to gain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952.[37]

Alpine skiing

Main article: Alpine skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics

There were three events on the Olympic programme for alpine skiing; the slalom, giant slalom and downhill. Both men and women competed in all three events. Norfjell and Rødkleiva were the sites of the apline events.[39] Austrian skiers dominated the competition winning seven out of a possible eighteen medals. Othmar Schneider won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill, while Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom.[39] Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos became infamous when he fell eighteen times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards.[40] American skier Andrea Mead-Lawrence was the only double gold medallist when she won both the giant slalom and the slalom. She was the first skier from the United States to ever win two alpine skiing gold medals.[41]

Cross-country skiing

Main article: Cross-country skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics
A man skiing with wooden skis and poles
Nils Karlsson skiing at the 1952 Winter Games

All of the cross-country events were held adjacent to the ski jump hill. As had been the case in 1948 there were three events, 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay.[42] Added to the Olympic programme for the first time was a 10 kilometer race for women.[43] Finnish skier Lydia Wideman became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing.[42] Her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze.[42] All the cross-country medals were won by Scandinavians; with skiers from Finland taking eight out of the twelve possible medals.[42] Veikko Hakulinen won the 50 kilometer race to inaugurate an Olympic career that would garner seven medals, three of them gold.[43] Hallgeir Brenden won the 18 kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4 × 10 kilometer relay. Brenden would go on to win another gold in the men's 15 kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960.[44]

Nordic combined

Main article: Nordic combined at the 1952 Winter Olympics

The nordic combined event at the 1952 Games was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues. The event started with an 18 kilometer cross-country race. The next day the competitors took three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken. The best two marks were scored, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner.[45] Norway dominated the event when Simon Slåttvik took gold and his teammate, Sverre Stenersen won the bronze.[46] Stenersen would go on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event.[47] Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver to prevent a Norwegian sweep of the medals.[46]

Ski jumping

Main article: Ski jumping at the 1952 Winter Olympics

Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted ski jumpers as they competed at Holmenkollbakken.[48] In 1952 there was only one competition, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February.[49] The King, Crown Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance.[48] The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, as Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second with Swedish jumper Karl Holmström taking the bronze.[50] Norwegian athletes won the ski jumping gold medal in every Olympics from 1924 to 1952.[51]

Figure skating

Main article: Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics
A gold disk with the words "Jeux Olympique citius altius fortius Olympia" along with a torch and the five interlocking rings symbolic of the Olympic Games
Dick Button's gold medal from the 1952 Winter Olympics

There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition: men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs. The competition was held at the Bislett Stadion on a rink constructed inside the speed skating track.[52] This marked the first time computers were used to judge the competition and tabulate scores instantly.[1] The collusion of judges to influence results was an emerging trend in the years leading up to the Oslo Games. From 1949 to 1952 the International Skating Union had banned five judges for attempting to fix scores.[52]

The men's competition was won by Dick Button of the United States. Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won the bronze.[53] Dick Button became the first person to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate.[54][55] British skater Jeannette Altwegg became the women's figure skating champion. The silver was awarded to American Tenley Albright, who would go on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo,[56] while Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze.[57] The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition.[58] They defeated Americans Karol and Peter Kennedy, who placed second,[59] and Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy, who won the bronze medal.[60]

Bandy

Main article: Bandy at the 1952 Winter Olympics

Bandy is a game played by teams of eleven on a sheet of ice the size of a soccer field. The aim is to get a ball the size of a tennis ball into the opposing team's net using sticks that are about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long.[61] The IOC lobbied the organising committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport.[22] The organising committee rejected this proposal and instead selected bandy.[62] As a demonstration sport the participants were not eligible to receive medals. Three nations participated, Finland, Norway and Sweden.[63] All three teams won one game and lost one game, so the final outcome, determined by goals scored, was Sweden in first place, Norway in second and Finland third.[64] Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga stadion and one was played at Bislett.[64]

Closing ceremonies

White flag hanging from the ceiling with the five interlocking rings symbolic of the Olympic Games. The rings are each a different color with blue, yellow, black, green, and red.
The "Oslo flag" used during the closing ceremonies of the 1952 Winter Games

At every Winter Games the closing ceremonies were appended to the final event on the Olympic programme. This changed in 1952 when the closing ceremonies were given a unique listing on the programme, with special tickets sold for the event.[65] They took place on Monday evening, 25 February, in Bislett Stadion.[66] Flag bearers for all the nations marched into the stadium in the order in which they arrived at the opening of the Games. Four medal ceremonies were held to honour the winners of the ladies' cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament.[66]

A new tradition was started at the closing ceremonies. The Summer Olympics had a flag, the "Antwerp flag", which was passed from host city to host city at the close of the Games.[67] The organising committee inticed the city of Oslo to provide a similar flag in order to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games. Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström. Upon receipt of the flag, Edström declared that this particular flag would be used to officially pass the Games from one Winter Olympic host city to the next. The flag used for this ceremony, known as the "Oslo flag", has since been preserved and a replica is now used in its place. The Oslo flag resides in a display case that carries the names of each Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques. The flag travels from one Winter Olympics host city to the next and is displayed during the Games.[68]

After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished and a special speed skating race was held. The figure skating competitors then took to the ice for an exhibition.[69] This was followed by forty children in national costumes who performed an ice dance.[70] For a finale the lights were extinguished and a twenty-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky.[69]

Calendar

The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, though two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules.[71] From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day.[72]

 OC  Opening ceremonies   ●  Event competitions  1  Event finals‡  CC  Closing ceremonies
February 1952[72] 14
Thu 		15
Fri 		16
Sat 		17
Sun 		18
Mon 		19
Tue 		20
Wed 		21
Thu 		22
Fri 		23
Sat 		24
Sun 		25
Mon 		Events
Ceremonies OC CC
Bobsleigh   1 ●  1 2
Ice hockey ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  ●  1 1
Figure skating ●  ●  ●  1 1 1 3
Speed skating 1 1 1 1 4
Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
Cross-country skiing 1 1 2 4
Nordic combined ●  1 1
Ski jumping 1 1
Bandy† ●  ●  ● 
Total event finals 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 22
Cumulative Total 1 3 5 7 10 12 15 16 18 20 21 22 22

† Bandy was a demonstration sport at the 1952 Winter Games, and no medals were awarded.
‡ The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day.

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 1952 Winter Olympics
Gate into Bislett Stadion, above is the symbol of the Olympics, five interlocking rings
An entry gate to Bislett Stadion

The Bislett Stadion was the centrepiece of the Games. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, all of the speed skating events, and the figure skating competition. With a capacity of roughly 29,000 spectators, Bislett was large enough to contain a 400 m (1,300 ft) speed skating track.[73] Within the track there was a 30 by 60 m (98 by 197 ft) rink used for figure skating. The track and the rink were separated by snow banks.[73] Because it was an outdoor arena, a secondary location had to be designated should the weather not allow athletic competition. Tryvann stadion and Hamar stadion were selected as replacement venues.[34] Hamar would host the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.[1]

At the demands of the International Ice Hockey Federation, an artificial ice hockey rink was constructed. The Oslo Games would be the first to feature an Olympic ice hockey tournament on artificial ice.[14] The stadium was called Jordal Amfi and was built in a residential part of eastern Oslo.[74] The rink accommodated 10,000 spectators situated in stands that rose steeply from the ice surface.[75] Four other arenas hosted hockey games during the Olympics but of the thirty-six matches in the tournament, twenty-three were played at Jordal Amfi.[34] The remaining matches were played at the following arenas: Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm stadion and Marienlyst stadion.[34]

A view of a ski jump hill with crowds surrounding the landing area
The Holmenkollbakken two weeks after the Games

Holmenkollen National Arena hosted the ski jump and cross-country races. Holmenkollbakken was located roughly 8 km (5.0 mi) from the centre of Oslo.[76] It was built in 1892 and was in need of upgrades to meet international standards. Originally built of wood, the structure was replaced with a concrete tower and jump run.[77] Stands were erected to seat 13,000 people. Capacity for an additional 130,000 standing spectators was created at the base of the hill.[78] As traffic was a concern given the expected crowds, a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare was widened.[79]

All of the cross-country and nordic combined races started and ended at the base of the ski jump hill.[79] The surrounding hills met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event.[79] A switch board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors during the races.[80] Most of the stands built for the ski jump competition had to be removed for the cross-country races. As a result there was little room for spectators to sit and watch the cross-country events. Spectators were therefore allowed to walk within the course to cheer on the competitors.[79]

The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva. Downhill and giant slalom, which was making its Olympic debut, were at Norefjell, while Rødkleiva hosted the slalom events.[81] Rødkleiva was located on the same hill as Holmenkollen; the Frognerseter hill. The elevation difference between the start and finish was 200 m (660 ft) and the length of the course was 480 m (1,570 ft).[81] A tow rope was installed to transport competitors from the bottom to the top of the hill. The rest of the alpine events were at Norefjell, which was 113 km (70 mi) from Oslo, and the only venue located away from the capital city.[13] Considerable work was done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition. A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help with transportation concerns. A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were constructed.[81]

There was no permanent bobsleigh run in Norway as there was little interest in the sport.[82] This dearth of facilities forced the organisers to build a temporary course out of snow.[17] Korketrekkeren was selected as the site for the bobsleigh events. The length of the course was 1,508 m (4,948 ft) and had thirteen turns.[83] The run was built and tested in 1951. It was then rebuilt in 1952 in time for the Games.[17]

Participating nations

A total of 30 nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participating nations at a Winter Games.[14] New Zealand and Portugal participated at the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a sixteen-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games.

Medal count

Main article: 1952 Winter Olympics medal table

These are the nations that won medals at the 1952 Winter Games.[14]

1  Norway (host nation) 7 3 6 16
2  United States 4 6 1 11
3  Finland 3 4 2 9
4  Germany 3 2 2 7
5  Austria 2 4 2 8
6  Canada 1 0 1 2
 Italy 1 0 1 2
8  Great Britain 1 0 0 1
9  Netherlands 0 3 0 3
10  Sweden 0 0 4 4
11  Switzerland 0 0 2 2
12  France 0 0 1 1
13  Hungary o 0 1 1

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Oslo 1952". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 252
  3. ^ "St. Moritz, 1948". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  4. ^ Klausen (1999), p. 28
  5. ^ Klausen (1999), pp. 28–29
  6. ^ Klausen (1999), p. 29
  7. ^ a b "Past Olympic Host City Election Results". Gamesbids.com. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  8. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 20
  9. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 21
  10. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 57
  11. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 23
  12. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 42–43
  13. ^ a b Ringstad, J. "Telecommunications for the VI Olympic Winter Games, Oslo 1952" (PDF). Telenore.com. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  15. ^ a b c d Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 256
  16. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 29–30
  17. ^ a b c d e f Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 254
  18. ^ Espy (1981), p. 32
  19. ^ Hill (1992), p. 34
  20. ^ Hill (1992), p. 35
  21. ^ Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 254–255
  22. ^ a b Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 255
  23. ^ "1952: King George VI dies in his sleep". BBC. 6 February 1952. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  24. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 175
  25. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 176
  26. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 178
  27. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 177
  28. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 172
  29. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 180
  30. ^ a b c "Bobsleigh at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  31. ^ "Fritz Feierabend". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  32. ^ Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 255–256
  33. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 41
  34. ^ a b c d Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 31-32
  35. ^ a b c d "Ice Hockey at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sport Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-32. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  36. ^ "1952-Winter Olympics VI (Oslo, Norway)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  37. ^ a b c d e f "Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  38. ^ "Speed Skating History". National Speed Skating Museum. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  39. ^ a b "Alpine Skiing at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  40. ^ Bainbridge, Jim (5 February 2002). "A Record Unlikely Ever to be Broken". CBS News. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  41. ^ Heinemann (1996), p. 281
  42. ^ a b c d "Cross Country Skiing at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  43. ^ a b Judd (2008), p. 27
  44. ^ "Hallgeir Brenden". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  45. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 203
  46. ^ a b "Nordic Combined at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  47. ^ "Sverre Stenersen". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  48. ^ a b Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 207
  49. ^ Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 206
  50. ^ "Ski Jumping at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  51. ^ Judd (2008), p. 230
  52. ^ a b "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  53. ^ "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games-Men's Singles". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  54. ^ "Oslo 1952-Overview". ESPN. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  55. ^ Judd (2008), p. 95
  56. ^ Zillgitt, Jeff (24 February 2006). "Skating Great Albright steps back". USA Today. USAToday.com. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  57. ^ "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games-Women's Singles". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  58. ^ "Germany Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  59. ^ "United States Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  60. ^ "Hungary Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  61. ^ "What is Bandy". American Bandy Association. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  62. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 215
  63. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 147
  64. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p.216
  65. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 182
  66. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 183
  67. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 187
  68. ^ "The Olympic Flag and Emblem". The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  69. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 184
  70. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 185
  71. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 180-181
  72. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 75
  73. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 28
  74. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 30
  75. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 31
  76. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 32
  77. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 32–33
  78. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games(1952), p. 33
  79. ^ a b c d Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 34
  80. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 35
  81. ^ a b c Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 35–36
  82. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 38
  83. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 39

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1952 Winter Olympics.
Preceded by Winter Olympics
Oslo
IV Olympic Winter Games (1952) 		Succeeded by

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