List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia
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![]() | It has been suggested that this article should be split into articles titled List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia. (discuss) (January 2011) |
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This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia, along with other areas of special political status.
Eurasia is a continent compromised of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia. It is divided from Africa by the Isthmus of Suez. Some states such as Malta are traditionally part of Eurasia, however they lie on the African tectonic plate. It is separated from Australasia (Oceania) somewhere in the Malay archipelago, and is usually considered as including Indonesia and East Timor.
Some areas are associated with Eurasian states, being part of them or dependent upon them, but are not physically in it. Examples are the Danish territory of Greenland, French overseas departments, some British Overseas Territories, and the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla.
Sovereign states
Recognized states
The following is a list of internationally recognized sovereign states. All are members of the United Nations except for Vatican City.[1]
Flag | Location | English short name | English long name | Domestic short name | Domestic long name | Capital |
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Afghanistan | Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریتTemplate:Rom
Persian: جمهوری اسلامی افغانستانTemplate:Rom |
Kabul | |
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Albania | Republic of Albania | Albanian: Shqipëria | Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë | Tirana Albanian: Tiranë |
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Andorra | Principality of Andorra | Andorra | Catalan: Principat d'Andorra French: Principauté d'Andorre Spanish: Principado de Andorra |
Andorra la Vella Catalan: Andorra la Vella French: Andorre-la-Vieille Spanish: Andorra la Vieja |
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Armenia[n 1] | Republic of Armenia | Armenian: Հայաստան/ Հայք Armenian Transliteration: Hayastan/ Hayq |
Armenian: Հայաստանի ՀանրապետությունTemplate:Rom | Yerevan Armenian: Երևան or Երեւան |
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Austria | Republic of Austria | German: Österreich | German: Republik Österreich | Vienna German: Wien |
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Azerbaijan[n 1] | Republic of Azerbaijan | Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan | Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası | Baku Azerbaijani: Bakı |
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Bahrain | Kingdom of Bahrain | Arabic: مملكة البحرينTemplate:Rom | Manama | |
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Bangladesh | People's Republic of Bangladesh | Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ | Dhaka | |
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Belarus | Republic of Belarus | Belarusian and Russian: Беларусь Belarusian and Russian Transliteration: Byelarus |
Belarusian: Рэспубліка Беларусь Russian: Республика Беларусь Belarusian and Russian Transliteration: Respublika Byelarus |
Minsk Belarusian: Мінск Russian: Минск |
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Belgium | Kingdom of Belgium | Dutch: België French: Belgique German: Belgien |
Dutch: Koninkrijk België French: Royaume de Belgique German: Königreich Belgien |
Brussels Dutch: Brussel French: Bruxelles German: Brüssel |
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Bhutan | Kingdom of Bhutan | Dzongkha: ![]() |
Thimphu | |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnian, Serbian Latin, Croatian: BiH, Bosna Serbian Cyrillic: БиХ, Босна |
Bosnian, Serbian Latin, Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина |
Sarajevo Bosnian, Serbian Latin, Croatian: Sarajevo Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево |
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Brunei | State of Brunei, Abode of Peace | Malay: بروني دارالسلامTemplate:Rom | Bandar Seri Begawan | |
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Bulgaria | Republic of Bulgaria | Bulgarian: България | Bulgarian: Република България Bulgarian Transliteration: Republika Balgariya |
Sofia Bulgarian: София Bulgarian Transliteration: Sofiya |
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Cambodia | Kingdom of Cambodia | Khmer: ![]() |
Phnom Penh | |
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China[2] | People's Republic of China | Simplified Chinese: 中国 | Simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国
Traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國Template:Rom |
Beijing |
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Croatia | Republic of Croatia | Croatian: Hrvatska | Croatian: Republika Hrvatska | Zagreb |
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Cyprus | Republic of Cyprus | Greek: Κύπρος Greek Transliteration: Kýpros Turkish: Kıbrıs |
Greek: Κυπριακή ΔημοκρατίαTemplate:Rom
Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |
Nicosia Greek: Λευκωσία Turkish: Lefkoşa |
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Czechia[n 2] | Czech Republic | Czech: Česko | Czech: Česká republika | Prague Czech: Praha |
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Denmark | Kingdom of Denmark | Danish: Danmark | Danish: Kongeriget Danmark | Copenhagen Danish: København |
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Egypt[n 3] | Arab Republic of Egypt | Arabic: جمهورية مصر العربيةTemplate:Rom | Cairo | |
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Estonia | Republic of Estonia | Estonian: Eesti | Estonian: Eesti Vabariik | Tallinn |
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Finland | Republic of Finland | Finnish: Suomi Swedish: Finland |
Finnish: Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Republiken Finland |
Helsinki Finnish: Helsinki Swedish: Helsingfors |
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France | French Republic | French: France | French: République française | Paris |
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Georgia[n 1] | Georgia | Georgian: საქართველოTemplate:Rom | Tbilisi Georgian: თბილისი | |
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Germany | Federal Republic of Germany | German: Deutschland | German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland | Berlin |
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Greece | Hellenic Republic | Greek: Ελλάδα/ Ελλάς Greek Transliteration: Ellada/ Ellas |
Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greek Transliteration: Elliniki Dimokratia |
Athens Greek: Αθήνα Greek Transliteration: Athina |
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Hungary | Republic of Hungary | Hungarian: Magyarország | Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság | Budapest |
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Iceland | Republic of Iceland | Icelandic: Ísland | Icelandic: Lýðveldið Ísland | Reykjavík Icelandic: Reykjavíkurborg |
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India | Republic of India | Hindi: भारत गणराज्यTemplate:Rom | New Delhi | |
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Indonesia[n 4] | Republic of Indonesia | Indonesian: Republik Indonesia | Jakarta | |
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Iran | Islamic Republic of Iran | Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ايرانTemplate:Rom | Tehran | |
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Iraq | Republic of Iraq | Arabic: جمهورية العراقTemplate:Rom
Kurdish: كۆماری عێراقTemplate:Rom |
Baghdad | |
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Ireland[n 5][3] | Ireland | Irish: Éire[n 5]ref>"An tAcht Phoblacht na hÉireann, 1948". Uimhir 22 de 1948. 1948. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</ref> | Éire | Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath |
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Israel | State of Israel | Hebrew: יִשְרָאֵלTemplate:Rom
Arabic: إسرائيلTemplate:Rom |
Jerusalem | |
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Italy | Italian Republic | Italian: Italia | Italian: Repubblica Italiana | Rome Italian: Roma |
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Japan | Japan | Japanese: 日本国Template:Rom | Japanese: 日本国Template:Rom | Tokyo |
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Jordan | The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | Arabic: المملكة الأردنية الهاشميهTemplate:Rom | Amman | |
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Kazakhstan | Republic of Kazakhstan | Kazakh: Қазақстан Kazakh Transliteration: Qazaqstan Russian: Казахстан Russian Transliteration: Kazakhstán |
Kazakh: Қазақстан РеспубликасыTemplate:Rom
Russian: Республика КазахстанTemplate:Rom |
Astana Kazakh: Астана Russian: Астана |
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Korea, North | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국Template:Rom | Pyongyang | |
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Korea, South | Republic of Korea | Korean: 대한민국Template:Rom | Seoul | |
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Kuwait | State of Kuwait | Arabic: دولة الكويتTemplate:Rom | Kuwait City | |
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Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyz Republic | Kyrgyz: Кыргыз РеспубликасыTemplate:Rom
Russian: Кыргызская РеспубликаTemplate:Rom |
Bishkek | |
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Laos | Lao People's Democratic Republic | Lao:ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວTemplate:Rom | Vientiane | |
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Latvia | Republic of Latvia | Latvian: Latvija | Latvian: Latvijas Republika | Riga Latvian: Rīga |
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Lebanon | Lebanese Republic | Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانيةTemplate:Rom
French: République libanaise |
Beirut | |
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Liechtenstein | Principality of Liechtenstein | German: Liechtenstein | German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein | Vaduz |
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Lithuania | Republic of Lithuania | Lithuanian: Lietuva | Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika | Vilnius |
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Luxembourg | Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg French: Luxembourg German: Luxemburg |
Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg |
Luxembourg City Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg French: Ville de Luxembourg German: Luxemburg Stadt |
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Macedonia | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonian: Македонија Macedonian Transliteration: Makedonija |
Macedonian: Република Македонија Macedonian Transliteration: Republika Makedonija |
Skopje Macedonian: Скопје |
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Malaysia | Malaysia | Malay: مليسيا
Simplified Chinese:马来西亚 Traditional Chinese:馬來西亞 |
Malay: مليسيا
Simplified Chinese:马来西亚 Traditional Chinese:馬來西亞 |
Kuala Lumpur |
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Maldives | Republic of Maldives | Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމުހޫރިއްޔާTemplate:Rom | Malé | |
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Malta | Republic of Malta | Maltese: Malta | Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta | Valletta Maltese: Il-Belt Valletta |
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Moldova | Republic of Moldova | Romanian: Moldova | Romanian: Republica Moldova | Chisinau Romanian: Chişinău |
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Monaco | Principality of Monaco | French: Monaco Monégasque: Múnegu Occitan: Mónegue Italian: Monaco |
French: Principauté de Monaco Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu Occitan: Principat de Mónegue Italian: Principato di Monaco |
Monaco[n 6] |
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Mongolia | Mongolia | Mongolian: Монгол улс, ![]() |
Mongolian: Монгол улс, ![]() |
Ulan Bator |
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Montenegro | Montenegro | Montenegrin Latin: Crna Gora Montenegrin Cyrillic: Црна Гора |
Podgorica Montenegrin Cyrillic: Подгорица | |
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Myanmar (Burma) | Republic of the Union of Myanmar | Burmese: Pyi-daung-zu Myan-ma Naing-ngan-daw | Naypyidaw | |
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Nepal | Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal | Nepali:नेपालTemplate:Rom | Nepali: संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालTemplate:Rom | Kathmandu |
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Netherlands[n 7][4] | Kingdom of the Netherlands[n 8] | Dutch: Nederland | Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden | Amsterdam (capital) The Hague (seat of government) Dutch: 's-Gravenhage (Den Haag) |
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Norway | Kingdom of Norway | Bokmål: Norge Nynorsk: Noreg |
Bokmål: Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk: Kongeriket Noreg |
Oslo |
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Oman | Sultanate of Oman | Arabic: سلطنة عُمانTemplate:Rom | Muscat | |
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Pakistan | Islamic Republic of Pakistan | Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستانTemplate:Rom | Islamabad | |
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Philippines | Republic of the Philippines | Filipino: Pilipinas | Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas | Manila |
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Poland | Republic of Poland | Polish: Polska | Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska | Warsaw Polish: Warszawa |
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Portugal | Portuguese Republic | Portuguese: Portugal | Portuguese: República Portuguesa | Lisbon Portuguese: Lisboa |
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Qatar | State of Qatar | Arabic: دولة قطرTemplate:Rom | Doha | |
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Romania | Romania | Romanian: România | Bucharest Romanian: Bucureşti | |
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Russia | Russian Federation | Russian: Росси́я Russian Transliteration: Rossiya |
Russian: Российская ФедерацияTemplate:Rom | Moscow Russian: Москва Russian Transliteration: Moskva |
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San Marino | Republic of San Marino | Italian: San Marino | Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino | City of San Marino Italian: Città di San Marino[n 6] |
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Saudi Arabia | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Arabic: المملكة العربية السعوديةTemplate:Rom | Riyadh | |
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Serbia | Republic of Serbia | Serbian Cyrilic: Србија Serbian Latin: Srbija |
Serbian Cyrilic: Република Србија Serbian Latin: Republika Srbija |
Belgrade Serbian Cyrilic: Београд Serbian Latin: Beograd |
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Slovakia | Slovak Republic | Slovak: Slovensko | Slovak: Slovenská republika | Bratislava |
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Singapore | Republic of Singapore | Simplified Chinese: 新加坡
Malay: Singapura |
Simplified Chinese: 新加坡共和国 | Singapore City |
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Slovenia | Republic of Slovenia | Slovene: Slovenija | Slovene: Republika Slovenija | Ljubljana |
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Spain | Kingdom of Spain | Spanish: España | Spanish: Reino de España | Madrid |
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Sri Lanka | Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | Sinhalese: ![]() Tamil: இலங்கை ஜனநாயக சமத்துவ குடியரசு |
Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte | |
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Sweden | Kingdom of Sweden | Swedish: Sverige | Swedish: Konungariket Sverige | Stockholm |
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Switzerland | Swiss Confederation | Latin: Helvetica German: Schweiz French: Suisse Italian: Svizzera Romansh: Svizra |
Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica German: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft French: Confédération suisse Italian: Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Confederaziun svizra |
Bern or Berne German: Bern French: Berne Italian: Berna Romansh: Berna Bernese German: Bärn |
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Syria | Syrian Arab Republic | Arabic: جمهورية سوريا العربيةTemplate:Rom | Damascus | |
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Tajikistan | Republic of Tajikistan | Tajik: ТоҷикистонTemplate:Rom | Tajik: Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонTemplate:Rom | Dushanbe |
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Thailand | Kingdom of Thailand | Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทยTemplate:Rom | Bangkok | |
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Timor-Leste[n 4][n 9] | Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste | Tetum: Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e Portuguese: República Democrática de Timor-Leste |
Dili | |
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Turkey | Republic of Turkey | Turkish: Türkiye | Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti | Ankara |
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Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan | Turkmen: Türkmenistan | Turkmen: Türkmenistan | Ashgabat |
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United Arab Emirates | United Arab Emirates | Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدةTemplate:Rom | Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدةTemplate:Rom | Abu Dhabi |
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Ukraine | Ukraine | Ukrainian: Україна Ukrainian Transliteration: Ukrayina / Ukraina |
Kiev Ukrainian: Київ Ukrainian Transliteration: Kyiv | |
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United Kingdom[n 10] | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Welsh: Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon Scottish Gaelic: An Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath Irish: Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann Scots: Unitit Kinrick o Graet Breetain an Northren Ireland Cornish: An Rywvaneth Unys a Vreten Veur hag Iwerdhon Glédh |
London | |
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Uzbekistan | Republic of Uzbekistan | Uzbek: O‘zbekiston | Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi | Tashkent |
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Vatican City Holy See |
State of the Vatican City | Latin: Santa Sede | Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanæ Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano |
Vatican City[n 6] |
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Vietnam | Socialist Republic of Vietnam | Vietnamese: Việt Nam | Vietnamese: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam | Hanoi |
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Yemen | Republic of Yemen | Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنيةTemplate:Rom | San‘a’ |
States with limited recognition
The following entities are not UN member states and have limited or no recognition. However, they are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood.
Flag | Map | English short name | English long name | Legal status | Domestic short name | Domestic long name | Capital |
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Abkhazia[n 1] | De jure part of Georgia[s 1] | Abkhaz: АҧсныTemplate:Rom
Georgian: აფხაზეთიTemplate:Rom Russian: Абха́зияTemplate:Rom |
Sukhumi Abkhaz: АҟəаTemplate:Rom Georgian: სოხუმიTemplate:Rom Russian: Сухуми | ||
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Kosovo | Republic of Kosovo | De jure part of Serbia[s 2] | Albanian: Kosova, Kosovë Serbian: КосовоTemplate:Rom |
Albanian: Republika e Kosovës
Serbian: Република КосовоTemplate:Rom |
Pristina Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë Serbian Cyrilic: ПриштинаTemplate:Rom |
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Nagorno-Karabakh[n 1] | Nagorno-Karabakh Republic | De jure part of Azerbaijan[s 3] | Armenian: Լեռնային ՂարաբաղTemplate:Rom | Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ ՀանրապետությունTemplate:Rom | Stepanakert Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ Azerbaijani: XankəndiTemplate:Rom |
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Northern Cyprus | Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | De jure part of Cyprus[s 4] | Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs | Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti | Lefkoşa |
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Palestinian Authority | Palestinian Authority | Recognized as a legitimate government, and an observer at the United Nations, but not as a sovereign state | Arabic: دولة فلسـطينTemplate:Rom | Jerusalem (claimed) Ramallah (de facto) | |
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South Ossetia[n 1] | De jure part of Georgia[s 1] | Ossetian: Хуссар ИрыстонTemplate:Rom
Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთიTemplate:Rom Russian: Южная ОсетияTemplate:Rom |
Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстон Республика | Tskhinvali Ossetian: Цхинвал or Чъреба Ossetic Transliteration: Chreba | |
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Taiwan[5] | Republic of China | See Legal Status of Taiwan. | Traditional Chinese: 臺灣/台灣Template:Rom Taiwanese: 臺灣/台灣 Tâi-oân |
Traditional Chinese: 中華民國Template:Rom Taiwanese: 中華民國 Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok |
Taipei |
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Transnistria | Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic | De jure part of Moldova[s 5] | Romanian: НистрянэTemplate:Rom
Russian: ПриднестрóвьеTemplate:Rom Ukrainian: Придністрóв'яTemplate:Rom |
Romanian: Република Молдовеняскэ НистрянэTemplate:Rom
Russian: Приднестрóвская Молдáвская РеспýбликаTemplate:Rom Ukrainian: Придністровська Молдавська РеспублікаTemplate:Rom |
Tiraspol Romanian: Тираспол Russian and Ukrainian: Тирáсполь |
Dependent territories
The following places are territories in Eurasia that remain outside the controlling states integral area
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Akrotiri and Dhekelia | Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia | British overseas territory | Episkopi Cantonment | ||
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British Indian Ocean Territory | British Indian Ocean Territory | British overseas territory | English: British Indian Ocean Territory | English: British Indian Ocean Territory | Diego Garcia |
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Christmas Island[n 11] | Territory of Christmas Island | External territory of Australia | English: Territory of Christmas Island | English: Territory of Christmas Island | Flying Fish Cove |
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Cocos (Keeling) Islands[n 11] | Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands | External territory of Australia | English: Cocos Islands | English: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands | West Island |
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Faroe Islands | Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark | Faroese: Føroyar Danish: Færøerne |
Tórshavn Faroese: Tórshavn Danish: Thorshavn | ||
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Gibraltar | British overseas territory | Gibraltar | |||
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Guernsey[n 10] | Bailiwick of Guernsey | Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | Guernésiais: Guernesey | Guernésiais: Bailliage de Guernesey | Saint Peter Port Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port |
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Isle of Man[n 10] | Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | Manx: Mannin | Manx: Ellan Vannin | Douglas Manx: Doolish | |
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Jersey[n 10] | Bailiwick of Jersey | Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | Jèrriais: Jèrri | Jèrriais: Bailliage de Jersey | Saint Helier Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi |
Special areas of internal sovereignty
The following places are integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided by agreements with other states
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Åland | Åland Islands | Autonomous area of Finland | Swedish: Åland Finnish: Ahvenanmaa |
Swedish: Landskapet Åland Finnish: Ahvenanmaan maakunta |
Mariehamn Finnish: Maarianhamina |
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Hong Kong | Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China | Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China | Traditional Chinese: 香港 | Traditional Chinese: 香港特別行政區 | Hong Kong |
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Macau | Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China | Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China | Chinese: 澳門特別行政區 | Macau | |
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Svalbard | Svalbard | Special territory of Norway | Norwegian: Svalbard | Norwegian: Svalbard | Longyearbyen |
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Part of Transcaucasian Region, which is a border between Europe and Asia.
- ^ Czechia is the unofficial short name of the Czech Republic, but is not used very often.[citation needed]
- ^ Egypt is considered an African state, although it has territory in Eurasia on the Sinai peninsula
- ^ a b Some territory could be argued to be a part of Asia or Oceania.
- ^ a b The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are not official long names and are used only as a legal description meant to differentiate the state from the island.
- ^ a b c These countries are city-states.
- ^ the Netherlands is the name for the largest country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the short name for the Kingdom
- ^ Refers to the sovereign entity encompassing the countries the Netherlands (comprising the territory in Europe and 3 islands in the Caribbean), Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
- ^ Also known as East Timor.
- ^ a b c d The United Kingdom (UK) consists of the constituent countries England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales and controls the Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey. The mainlands of England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (often shortened to Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.
- ^ a b Debate exists as to whether Australian territories are integral areas of Australia of not
See also
- List of Asian countries and territories
- List of European countries and territories
- List of countries and territories in the Americas
References
- ^ http://www.un.org/en/members/
- ^ China is the short form name used internationally
- ^ "Republic of Ireland Act, 1948". No. 22/1948. 1948. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ United States CIA World Factbook -- Netherlands
- ^ Taiwan: Republic of China is the name recognised as official by the Taipei authorities; Taiwan is the name used by governments which broke off diplomatic relations with Taipei after the UN resolution of October 1971; the name Chinese Taipei is used for sporting events and membership of APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), and reputedly for Taiwan’s application to the WTO as the short form of Independent Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu. It competes as Chinese Taipei in sports.