History of merit badges (Boy Scouts of America)

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For history regarding individual merit badges, see Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America).
Merit badge
OwnerBoy Scouts of America
Created1910
 Scouting portal

The history of merit badges in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) has been tracked by categorizing them into a series of merit badge types. In addition to the Boy Scouts of America, many other Scouting and Scouting-like organizations around the world, such as Pathfinders, Baden-Powell Scouts and Royal Rangers, issue merit badges or their equivalent; though they are sometimes called honors or proficiency badges. Other organizations, such as fire brigades, issue badges or awards that they refer to as merit badges, but that are in some respects different from the badges awarded by the BSA.

Merit badges have been an integral part of the Scouting program since the start of the movement in the United Kingdom on August 1, 1907. Scouting came to the United States in 1910; the BSA quickly issued an initial list of just 14 merit badges, but did not produce or award them. In 1911, the BSA manufactured the first official 57 merit badges and began awarding them.[1][2] The number of badges available has been as high as 140 and, as of April 2011, is 126.[3][4] Merit badge types are identifiable by the cloth and manufacturing process used to make them. The classification of badges into types came about as a way for collectors to categorize and classify their collections. Merit badge collectors often collect other Scouting memorabilia as well.

Purpose of merit badges

Merit badges exist to encourage Scouts to explore areas that interest them and to teach them valuable skills in Scoutcraft.,[5] The award of merit badges sometimes leads to careers and lifelong hobbies.[6] Scouts earn a merit badge by satisfying specified criteria; a Court of Honor is then held to present the badge. Scouts can earn badges at any point in their Scouting career, although this was not always the case — in the 1960s, Scouts first had to earn the rank of First Class Scout before being allowed to work on and earn badges.[7] The higher ranks of Star, Life Scout and Eagle require merit badges be earned. Certain badges are mandatory to receive these higher ranks. For a few years during the 1980s and 90s, First Aid merit badge was a requirement for the First Class Scout rank.[8] Other mandatory badges include Citizenship in the Community and Environmental Science (see full list). The number of merit badges required for each of these higher ranks has varied historically, as has the ratio of mandatory merit badges and non-mandatory badges for those ranks.[9] As of 2005, Scouts must earn a total of 21 merit badges for the Eagle Scout rank, 12 of which must be from the mandatory list. Once Scouts attain the Eagle rank, they can earn Eagle Palms, a core requirement of which is earning more merit badges.[10]

Badge history

The BSA changes the design, name, and availability of merit badges depending on various factors such as their popularity, shifts in the focus of the Scouting program, and changes in society.[11] Of the original 57 merit badges from 1911,[2] only 11 are still available that also still have the same basic design motif (Architecture, Art, Athletics, Chemistry, First Aid, Lifesaving, Music, Plumbing, Public Health, Scholarship, and Surveying).[1] Of those 11, only five were made available in each "generation" of the 10 merit badge types (these are Architecture, Art, Chemistry, Plumbing, and Public Health). The remaining six were not reproduced in a short lived "generation" of merit badges, Type I.[1]

Examples of merit badge change due to the degree of popularity/interest in a subject include "Interpreting", which only existed from 1911–1952, when it was dropped; and "Genealogy" which was added in 1972 when interest in that subject increased.[12]

An example of merit badges reflecting changes in the focus of the Scouting program is "Civics", which was originally the only citizenship-related merit badge. In 1952, the BSA placed more emphasis on this area by splitting "Civics" into four separate badges, which were in turn modified several times. Since 1991, the badges in this group are "Citizenship in the Community", "Citizenship in the Nation", "Citizenship in the World", and "Family Life", all four of which are currently on the mandatory list for Eagle Scout.[13]

The "First Aid to Animals" and "Plant Science" merit badges have both evolved due to societal changes. "First Aid to Animals" was one of the original merit badges in 1911 but was dropped because of its agricultural focus in 1972. It was resurrected as "Veterinary Science" in 1973 with a focus on small pet-type animals vs. farm animals. It was renamed "Veterinary Medicine" in 1995.[14] Merging of merit badges can be seen in "Plant Science", into which all crop growing merit badges were merged in the 1970s.[15] Similarly, most of the merit badges related to animal husbandry were merged into "Animal Science".[16][17]

Sometimes the design of or requirements for a merit badge seem to change for no apparent reason. An example of this is "Personal Health", which was an original 1911 merit badge with a heart motif. In 1952 it became "Personal Fitness". In 1969 it was redesigned, displaying a youth in gym gear doing what looks like a jumping jack exercise.[18][19]

The merit badges on the mandatory list for Eagle rank have changed several times; "First Aid" is the only merit badge that has always been on the mandatory list for Eagle. In 1969, the BSA began manufacturing those merit badges that are required in order to obtain the rank of Eagle Scout with a silver border instead of the green border used on other merit badges.[20] In honor of the 100th anniversary of the BSA, a historical merit badge program was announced by BSA. Scouts could earn any of the four merit badges: Carpentry, Pathfinding, Signaling, and Tracking. Each had been previously retired in 1952, except Signaling, which was discontinued in 1992. These could be used as electives for Star, Life and Eagle ranks, and had to be started and completed during 2010; after which these badges would again be retired.[21][22]

A new merit badge for Robotics was announced by NASA and the Boy Scouts of America in July, 2011.[23] This new badge recognizes the importance of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) and the 'wide-reaching impact of robotics'.[24] The BSA worked for 14 months to develop this new badge, collaborating with organizations such as iRobot, Vex Robotics, the Boston Museum of Science, Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy and NASA.[25] The Boy Scouts currently have 31 STEM related merit badges.

Types of merit badges

There have been 11 major styles of merit badges: Types A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,[16] I, J,[26] and K.[27]

Type A

Front/Reverse (Gardening) Essential facts Description
[28] Nickname: square
Years of Issue:
1911[28]–1933 		Background Type A merit badges were manufactured in rolls and then cut into squares approximately 2" (5 cm) square, hence its nickname square.
Front Type A badges are known by their square or rectangular shaped cloth with the circular embroidered design. During one period of time, these badges were distributed in a roll containing many badges, with each individual badge being cut from the roll. Uncut rolls are said to exist.[29]
Reverse Some Type A, B, and C badges bear black watermarks or partial watermarks of the BSA emblem on the back as these were printed on the back of the rolls at certain intervals

Type B

Front/Reverse (Public Health) Essential facts Description
Nickname: wide border
Years of Issue:
1934–1935 Unusually large size 		Background Some Type B and C badges retained the same cloth color as Type A, but most came in a darker tan/brown cloth.
Front Type B merit badges were the first badges to be manufactured with a smooth, round shape, which the manufacturer produced by folding the badge's edge under the back and crimping it. Type C, D, and E badges were also manufactured in this manner, hence Types B–E are referred to as crimped. Type B badges have a diameter of 1¾" (44 mm) after crimping. Type B has a margin of 3/16" to 1/4" (5–6 mm) between the edge of the badge and the embroidered green ring; because this margin is wider than in the Type C badge.[30]
Reverse As with Type A, some Type B badges bear watermarks on the back.

Type C

Front/Reverse (Civics) Essential facts Description
Nickname: narrow border, narrow tan
Years of Issue:
1936–1946 		Background Type C merit badges were made from the same type of cloth as Type B badges, but were a little smaller in width.[31]
Front The diameter of a Type C badge from outer edge to outer edge is about 1½" (38 mm), with the distance from the crimp to the outer edge of the green ring being 1/8" (3 mm). Size is the only difference in a Types B and C; hence the nicknames narrow border and narrow tan. In fact, all Type C, D and E badges are the same size. Compare Types B and C side-by-side; the difference in the distance from the outer crimp edges to the green rings is obvious. Beginning with Type C, all merit badges have been made with a diameter of 1½" (38 mm), except for a few Type I designs (see below). Most Type C badges were not made after 1942 (see Type D section below); only the Air Scout aviation blues, which came in four designs, were made in Type C from 1942–46. These had the standard Type C cloth, but were fully embroidered with blue backgrounds inside a blue ring. This is the only time badges were made with blue rings.[11][31]
Reverse As with Type A, some Type C badges bear watermarks on the back. Type C, D, and E merit badges all have sizing on the back, which serves as a stiffener to help the badge retain its crimp.[31]

Type D

Front/Reverse (Camping) Essential facts Description
Nickname: fine twill, sand twill
Years of Issue:
1942–1946 		Background Type D merit badges were made from a lighter weight cloth with a much finer weave and lighter tan color than Type C badges because the heavier, thicker weave material that Type C badges were made from was needed to make uniforms needed during World War II. This is the only difference in a Type C and Type D.[32] [33]
Front Because of its finer weave twill material, Type D badges are called fine twill. Another name for them is sand twill because of their sandy color. The only Type C badges made during this era were the afore–mentioned Type C aviation–blues. Because sand twills were made for such a short time many decades ago; they are rather rare.[33]
Reverse As with Type C, Type D badges have sizing on the back.

Type E

Front/Reverse (Dog Care) Essential facts Description
[34] Nickname: khaki green, khaki
Years of Issue:
1947[35] –1960 Last type with crimped edges 		Background Type E merit badges were made from the same material as Type C badges, but the color is a decidedly darker green, hence the nickname khaki green. This is the only difference in a Type C and Type E. [32]
Front Serious collectors have Type B, C, D, and E merit badges recrimped to restore their original appearance as many badges lose their neat appearance over the years if the merit badge is not cared for properly. If a Type E badge has had significant washings or sun exposure it can be hard to tell from a Type C.[36]
Reverse As with Type C, Type E badges have sizing on the back.

Type F

Front/Reverse (Swimming) Essential facts Description
Nickname: khaki twill, rolled edge twill
Years of Issue:
1961–1968 Not all badges appeared in this type 		Background Type F badges replaced the earlier crimped edge badges with a "rolled" edge, which is stitched around the outside to prevent unraveling.[37]
Front Type F was introduced concurrently with Type G (see below), and both types were manufactured together for several years. The difference in the motif is that whereas Type F badges had a plain background, Type G badges were completely embroidered inside the green ring. Some badge motifs had been made this way since Type A; they moved directly to Type G and never appeared in Type F.[37]
Reverse The BSA introduced an extra layer of cloth backing underneath the khaki cloth. Type F used gauze or cheese cloth and subsequent badge types used a fuller solid cloth backing.[37]

Type G

Front/Reverse (Forage Crops) Essential facts Description
[38] Nickname: cloth back
Years of Issue:
1961[39]–1971 		Background While all Type G badges have full embroidery inside the green ring, there were a few Type A, B, C, D, and E merit badges with full embroidery and hence do not exist as Type F merit badges; examples are: "Foundry Practice", "Grasses, Legumes, and Forage Crops" (later shortened to "Forage Crops"), "Farm Layout and Building Arrangement", and "Farm Home and its Planning".
Front In 1969, the BSA started issuing silver-bordered badges for those badges that were on the mandatory list for Eagle rank. Silver–bordered badges appear in Type G, H, and J. Consequently, the border color of a badge will change when it goes on and off the mandatory list. A good example is "Camping" Type H, which had a green border from 1973–1977, yet silver border before and after that; so this particular green border "Camping" variety is fairly rare.[40]
Reverse Type G badges were the first to appear with a full cloth backing hence the nickname cloth back.

Type H

Front/Reverse (Collections) Essential facts Description
Nickname: plastic back
Years of Issue:
1972[40][41]–2002 		Background Type H merit badges were the first badges made with a plastic–coated backing, hence the nickname plastic back. The plastic coating is most commonly clear, but is also found in a milky white color and from 1972 until about 1977 blue plastic–coated merit badges were often issued. The blue–coated badges are fairly rare since they were only made for a few years. On merit badges that have a blue embroidered background, it is extremely difficult to tell if the plastic coating is blue or clear. [32][29]
Front Type G, H, I and J badges are all fully embroidered. As they were made for 30 years, Type H merit badges are by far the most common.
Reverse Type H and all subsequent badges have both the full cloth back of a Type G and a plastic coated backing as a stiffener.

Type I

Front/Reverse (White Water) Essential facts Description
Nickname: computer design
Years of Issue:
1993–1995 		Background Type I merit badges were designed using computers, hence the nickname computer design. The background stitching is flatter from that of Type G, H, and J badges and has the appearance of having punched holes, but the most obvious difference is in the green border––it is no longer rolled, but flat.
Front The BSA decided to phase in these badges beginning in 1993 and were discontinued in 1995. Only 30 varieties appear as Type I. So while not that old, they are also not that common. They were made in two sizes: 38 mm and 42 mm. Two different sizes of merit badges can not be lined up neatly on the same sash. These badges came indvidually packaged in plastic bags with identification labels.[29]
Reverse There is a lockstitch and a brown ring stitched just inside the green ring on the obverse side of a Type I badge.

Type J

Front/Reverse (Fish and Wildlife Management) Essential facts Description
Nickname: Scout Stuff
Years of Issue:
2002–2009 		Background The BSA started putting its supply division logo on all patches (ranks, position, numerals, etc.) in 2002 to reduce counterfeiting and show support for the American labor force.[42]
Front The front of a Type J looks just like the front of Type H badges.
Reverse The only difference in a Type J merit badge and a Type H badge is that a Type J has some variation of the BSA Supply Division's Scout Stuff logo stamped on the back; hence the nickname "Scout Stuff". The new logo variation verifies that the insignia was produced by Boy Scout of America official suppliers and guarantees the supplier meets with BSA standards and fair labor practices.[29]

Type K

Front/Reverse (Scuba Diving) Essential facts Description
Nickname:2010, 100-year anniversary
Years of Issue:
2010–present 		Background In 2010 BSA held a contest and changed the logo to the winner's brand new design to commemorate the BSA centennial.[27][43][44]
Front The front did not change from the type J.
Reverse The reverse has parts of the centennial logo, which consists of: the BSA fleur-de-lis in gold, "2010" in red, "BSA" in blue, and "100 years of scouting" in blue.[44]

Historical

Front/Reverse (Tracking) Essential facts Description
Nickname:Historical
Year of Issue: 2010 		Background As part of the BSA centennial, four discontinued original merit badges were available only for 2010: Carpentry, Pathfinding, Signaling and Tracking.[45]
Front The fronts use the original 1911 designs on a twill background with a gold mylar border.
Reverse The reverse has the centennial logo.

Errors vs variations

Manufacturing error on the First Aid to Animals merit badge, Type H, 1972

The visual appearance of a merit badge may alter due to several reasons.[29] A "variation" is a minor change, whether intentional or not. A "manufacturing error" is a mistake or significant deviation from the BSA-approved badge design during production. A "design error" is when a badge is manufactured the way it was designed, but the design had a significant flaw.

Specimen variations

Variations do not appreciably alter the badge's appearance or design.[29] Two types of variations include positional changes and stitching changes. These are often caused by manufacturing variations and not classified separately. However, some variations have attained notoriety, such as the waffle weave variation found among Type C badges and the large people vs. slender people variations among Family Life badges.[46] Such variations were very common up until the 1940s and still occur, though not as often. Collectors find these variations interesting and collect such badges. Examples of positional shifts among the objects comprising the motif of a merit badge include changes in the precise positioning of the tent and the mountains among Camping Type H merit badges. Another example is the shift among the Scout, the mountains, and the clouds in Hiking Type H merit badges.

Stitch patterns and thread type such as silk or cotton are not always consistent.[29] There are three known stitching variations among the Type C Personal Health merit badges: "vertical heart", "horizontal heart", and "split heart"; the variation creates the appearance of a split down the middle of the heart. A similar error appears in both Type H and Type J Citizenship in the Nation badges, where colors vary in order from red, white, and blue to blue, white, and red; the reasons for this are unknown. Large and small bell varieties also exist.[47] Most Type C badges come in both cotton and silk thread variations. Emergency Preparedness was made with a red cross from 1972 until 1979,[48] when it was replaced with a green cross in 1980. This change was intentionally made. However, the color of the green is not consistent; even today, it varies between dark green, medium green, light green, and yellow green.[49]

Manufacturing errors

Genuine manufacturing errors occur from time to time. Some Atomic Energy Type G badges were made without a nucleus. The only time a merit badge was made without a silver, green, blue (aviation blues only), or gold (2010 historicals only) border was in 1987 when Whitewater Type H badges were made with a black border. Dairying appears in Type H with the cheese in both orange and burgundy. It is supposed to be orange.[50]

There have been at least three Type H badges made with little or no plastic; called plasticizing or Type G errors: American Cultures, Colonial Philadelphia, and Journalism. The Colonial Philadelphia patch was only available from 1975 until 1976 to Scouts in the Philadelphia region and could only be used for Eagle Palms.[51]

First Aid to Animals (FATA) Type H was made in error with a silver border in 1972. This is one of the most famous errors. It has a slight blue tint in the plastic back (see photos). It is believed that only about 100 of these were made and that only about 50 have survived to this day. Counterfeit versions of this badge error also exist.[52][53] "Beekeeping" Type G is also known in silver border error.

Design errors

The known design errors are all from the early years. Beekeeping was made from 1914–1938 with only four legs instead of six simply because of human design error. Beekeeping also exists in thick and thin bodies in Type C. Insect Life was first made, from 1923–1924, with a spider on it. Since a spider is an arachnid, not an insect, the design was changed to an aphid the following year. As this particular merit badge specimen was only issued for one year, it is extremely rare.[54]

Spoof merit badges

Spoof merit badges are created and sold by various third-parties. These are not fakes of genuine merit badges, though they are the same size and have an outer green ring. To the unsuspecting buyer, these parodies appear to be real. Dozens of varieties exist, including badges for snoring, surfing, computer viruses, citizenship in the universe, snow art, text messaging, and whining.[55] Although a proposal for a duct tape merit badge was rejected by the Boy Scout Council, the creator of the proposed badge drafted requirements for the badge and continues to lobby for support.[56][57] The badge has received support from scout troops>[58] and humorists such as the Duct Tape guys.[59] When scuba diving became a merit badge on December 1, 2009, it was the first spoof badge to become a real badge.[60]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. i–xi.
  2. ^ a b The Official Handbook for Boys Doubleday, Page & Company Garden City, New York, 1911 (for The Boy Scouts of America)
  3. ^ "New Composite Materials merit badge". U.S. Scouting Service Project.
  4. ^ "Boy Scout Advancement Requirements Changes Effective January 1, 2010". U.S. Scouting Service Project. April 4, 2010.
  5. ^ The Official Handbook for Boys Doubleday, Page & Company Garden City, New York, 1911 (for The Boy Scouts of America) page 23
  6. ^ Ratcliffe, Jere B. (1998). Official Boy Scout Handbook (Eleventh edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. p. 185. ISBN 0-8395-3105-2. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ Hillcourt, William (1965). Boy Scout Handbook (Seventh edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. p. 357. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Hillcourt, William (1979). Official Boy Scout Handbook (Ninth edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. p. 533. ISBN 0-8395-3227-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ "History of Required Merit Badges for Eagle Scouts".
  10. ^ Peterson, Robert (2002). "Evolution of the Eagle Scout Award". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America.
  11. ^ a b "Merit Badges, Past and Present, and Their Evolution". Scouters' Pages.
  12. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 36, 40.
  13. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 18–29.
  14. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 33–62.
  15. ^ Hillcourt, William (1979). Official Boy Scout Handbook (Ninth edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. p. 470. ISBN 0-8395-3227-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  16. ^ a b Hillcourt, William (1979). Official Boy Scout Handbook (Ninth edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. p. 465. ISBN 0-8395-3227-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  17. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 7–65.
  18. ^ Hines, Frederick L. Scout Handbook Boy Scouts of America 1972, Eighth edition, 1973 printing ISBN 0-8395-6500-3 page 443
  19. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. p. 48.
  20. ^ Hillcourt, William (1979). Official Boy Scout Handbook (Ninth edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. p. 467. ISBN 0-8395-3227-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  21. ^ "Historical Merit Badges Help Boy Scouts Celebrate Scouting's Past". Boy Scouts of America. April 1, 2010.
  22. ^ "Merit Badges". U.S. Scouting Service Project.
  23. ^ Netting, Ruth (April 12, 2011). "NASA and BSA introduce Robotics Merit Badge". NASA Science. NASA. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  24. ^ "Boy Scouts of America Introduces Robotics Merit Badge" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. NASA. April 11, 2011). Retrieved 2011-07-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ Katz, Leslie (April 10, 2011). "Boy Scouts can now earn robotics merit badge". CNET News. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  26. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 1–6.
  27. ^ a b "National Logo Contest Winners". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  28. ^ a b The Official Handbook for Boys Doubleday, Page & Company Garden City, New York, 1911 (for The Boy Scouts of America) page 34
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Duersch, Jr., Fred (2008). Merit Badge Field Guide (3 ed.). Hyrum, Utah: Downs Printing. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  30. ^ Duersch, Jr., Fred (March, 2005). "Wide Crimped Merit Badges". International Scouting Collectors Association. 5 (1). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ a b c Duersch, Jr., Fred (March, 2007). "Narrow Crimped Merit Badges". International Scouting Collectors Association. 7 (2). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ a b c Kuhfeld, Warren F. "The ISCA Getting Started Collecting Series: Collecting Merit Badges" (PDF). International Scout Traders Association. Retrieved 2011-07-30. Publication # ISCA-RA025R0-0105
  33. ^ a b Duersch, Jr., Fred (June, 2005). "Fine Twill Crimped Merit Badges". International Scouting Collectors Association. 5 (2). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ Handbook for Boys Fifth Edition Boy Scouts of America p480
  35. ^ Handbook for Boys Fifth Edition Boy Scouts of America p456-526
  36. ^ Duersch, Jr., Fred (November, 2004). "Khaki Crimped Merit Badges 1947-1960". International Scouting Collectors Association. 4 (4): 10–12. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ a b c Duersch, Jr., Fred (March, 2006). "Rolled Twill Edge Merit Badges". International Scouting Collectors Association. 6 (1). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Hillcourt, William (1965). Boy Scout Handbook (Seventh edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. p. 376. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  39. ^ Hillcourt, William (1965). Boy Scout Handbook (Seventh edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. pp. 370–377. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  40. ^ a b Hines, Frederick L. Scout Handbook Boy Scouts of America 1972, Eighth edition, 1973 printing ISBN 0-8395-6500-3 pages 374-473
  41. ^ Hillcourt, William (1979). Official Boy Scout Handbook (Ninth edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. pp. 464–472. ISBN 0-8395-3227-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  42. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. p. 6.
  43. ^ "National Logo Contest Winner - Philip Goolkasian". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  44. ^ a b Murg, Stepanie (February 29, 2008). "Nailing Graphic Design Badge, Eagle Scout Designs Centennial Logo for Boy Scouts". Media Bistro. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  45. ^ "Historical Merit Badge Program". Boy Scouts of America. 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  46. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. p. 29.
  47. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 18–19.
  48. ^ Hillcourt, William (1979). Official Boy Scout Handbook (Ninth edition ed.). Boy Scouts of America. pp. 466–467. ISBN 0-8395-3227-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  49. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. p. 28.
  50. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 11, 26, 63.
  51. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. p. 21.
  52. ^ "Spotting fake BSA insignia, including the fake "First Aid to Animals" merit badge". Fake and Reproduction Boy Scout Insignia. Mitch Reis. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  53. ^ Duersch Jr., Fred (2005). "Comparisons Between Fake and Genuine First Aid to Animals Merit Badges". International Scouting Collectors Association Journal (Vol. 5, No. 4, ed.). {{cite journal}}: Text "page 31" ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  54. ^ Duersch, Jr., Fred (2003). Merit Badge Field Guide. Downs Printing. pp. 14–15, 40.
  55. ^ "Spoof Merit Badges and other patches". Boy Scout Store.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
  56. ^ Dean, Allan (October 3, 2002). "Seeks Recognition of Duct Tape Merit Badge". Atlantic Highlands Herald. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  57. ^ Adams, Rick (May 9, 2002). "The DUCT TAPE Merit Badge". Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  58. ^ Adams, Rick (May 9, 2002). "Links to Supporters of DTMB". Retrieved 2011-07-30.
  59. ^ Nyberg, Tim. "Boy Scouts: Would you like a duct tape merit badge?". Retrieved 2011-07-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Scuba Diving Boy Scout Merit Badge Series (2009 ed.). Boy Scouts of America. December, 2009. p. 18. ISBN 9780839559696. 0839559690. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |work= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)

References

External links

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