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Selma (film)

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Selma
Teaser poster
Directed byAva DuVernay
Written by
  • Paul Webb
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyBradford Young
Edited bySpencer Averick
Music byJason Moran
Production
companies
Distributed byParamount Pictures (United States)
Pathé (United Kingdom)[1]
Release dates
  • November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11) (AFI Fest)
  • December 25, 2014 (2014-12-25) (United States)
Running time
127 minutes[2]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$20 million[3]
Box office$1,001,399[4]

Selma is a 2014 American historical epic drama film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Paul Webb. It is based on the 1965 Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches led by James Bevel,[5][6] Hosea Williams, and Martin Luther King, Jr. of SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC. The film stars David Oyelowo as King, Tom Wilkinson as President Lyndon Johnson, Common as Bevel, and Carmen Ejogo as Coretta Scott King.

Pathé financed the film, and Plan B Entertainment, Cloud Eight Films and Harpo Productions co-produced the project. Paramount Pictures distribute Selma in the United States and Canada.

Selma premiered at the American Film Institute Festival on November 11, 2014 and had a limited release in the U.S. over the 2014 Christmas holiday weekend. It is slated for a wide theatrical release on January 9, 2015.

Selma has garnered four Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director.[7]

Cast

Production

Development

On June 18, 2008, Variety reported that screenwriter Paul Webb had written an original story about Martin Luther King Jr. and Lyndon B. Johnson for Celador's Christian Colson, which would be co-produced with Brad Pitt's Plan B Entertainment.[31] In 2009 Lee Daniels was reportedly in early talks to direct the film, with financing by Pathé, and with Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner of Plan B as co-producers along with the participation of Cloud Eight Films.[32] In 2010 reports indicated The Weinstein Company would join Pathe and Plan B to finance the $22 million film,[33] but by the next month Daniels had signed on with Sony to re-write and direct The Butler.[34] In an interview in August 2010, Daniels said financing was there for the Selma project, but he had to choose between The Butler and Selma, and chose The Butler.[35]

In July 2013, it was announced that Ava DuVernay had signed on to direct the film for Pathe UK and Plan B, and that she was revising the script with the original screenwriter, Paul Webb. In 2009, King's estate licensed his speeches to DreamWorks and Warner Bros. for an untitled project to be produced by Steven Spielberg. Subsequent negotiations between those companies and Selma's producers did not lead to an agreement. Consequently, the dialogue in Selma differs markedly from King's actual words. Director DuVurnay is credited with writing alternative speeches that evoke the historic ones without violating the copyright. She recalled spending hours listening to King's words while hiking the canyons of Los Angeles. While she didn't think she would "get anywhere close to just the beauty and that nuance of his speech patterns", she did identify some of King's basic structure, such as a tendency speak in triplets: saying one thing in three different ways.[36][37] In early 2014, Oprah Winfrey came on board as a producer along with Brad Pitt,[38] and by February 25 Paramount Pictures was in final negotiations for the US and Canadian distribution rights.[39]

On April 4, 2014, it was announced that Bradford Young would be the director of photography of the film.[40]

Casting

In 2010, Daniels (who was the attached director at the time) confirmed that the lead role of Martin Luther King Jr. would be played by British actor David Oyelowo. Actors who had confirmed in 2010 but who did not appear in the 2014 production include Robert De Niro, Hugh Jackman, Cedric the Entertainer, Lenny Kravitz, and Liam Neeson.[8][41][42][43][44]

On March 26, 2014, Tom Wilkinson was added to the cast to play U.S President Lyndon B. Johnson.[9] On April 7, it was announced that Carmen Ejogo would play Dr. King's wife, Coretta Scott King.[12] On April 15, actor and rapper Keith Stanfield had reportedly joined the cast to play civil rights protester Jimmie Lee Jackson, who was shot and killed on a nighttime march and whose death led James Bevel to initiate the Selma to Montgomery marches.[20][45] On April 22, Lorraine Toussaint joined the cast to portray Amelia Boynton Robinson, who was very active in the Selma movement before SCLC arrived and was the first African-American woman in Alabama to run for Congress.[13] On April 25, it was announced that Ledisi had been added to the cast to play Mahalia Jackson, a singer and friend of King.[24] On May 7, Andre Holland joined the cast to play politician and civil rights activist Andrew Young.[21] On May 8, Tessa Thompson was cast to play the role of Diane Nash, a civil rights activist and founding member of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.[22] On May 9, Deadline confirmed the role of Common as James Bevel, the Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.[11] On May 16, Trai Byers was added to the cast to play James Forman, a civil rights leader active in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.[25] And on June 20, Deadline cites the role of Colman Domingo as SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy.[17]

On May 28, Stephan James was confirmed portraying the role of SNCC activist John Lewis in the film.[26] On May 29, Wendell Pierce joined the film to play civil rights leader Hosea Williams.[23] On May 30, Cuba Gooding, Jr. was set to play civil rights attorney and activist Fred Gray.[15] On June 3, Tim Roth signed on to play Alabama governor George Wallace.[10] On June 4, Niecy Nash joined the cast to play Richie Jean Jackson, wife of Dr. Sullivan Jackson played by Kent Faulcon, while John Lavelle joined to play Roy Reed, a reporter covering the march for The New York Times.[16][27] On June 10, it was announced that the film's producer, Oprah Winfrey, would also portray Annie Lee Cooper, a 54-year-old woman who tried to register to vote and was denied by Sheriff Clark – whom she then punched in the jaw and knocked down.[14] Jeremy Strong joined the cast to play James Reeb, a white Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston and murdered civil rights activist.[28] On June 12, it was reported that Giovanni Ribisi joined the cast to play Lee C. White, an adviser to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson on strategies regarding the Civil Rights Movement.[18] Alessandro Nivola also joined to play John Doar, a civil rights activist and attorney general for civil rights for the Department of Justice in the 1960s.[19] Dylan Baker was added to the cast to play FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover , who carried out extensive investigations of King and his associates on July 17.[29]

Four of the key roles are played by British actors - Martin Luther King, Coretta Scott King, Lyndon Johnson and George Wallace. David Oyelowo trained at LAMDA and Tom Wilkinson at RADA.

Filming

Principal photography began May 20, 2014, around Atlanta, Georgia.[46][47] Filming took place around Marietta Square[48] and Rockdale County Courthouse in Conyers. The Conyers scene involved a portrayal of federal judge Frank Minis Johnson, who ruled that the third and final march could go forward.[49] In Newton County, Georgia, filming took place at Flat Road, Airport Road, Gregory Road, Conyers, Brown, Ivy and Emory Streets, exteriors on Lee Street, and an interior night shoot at the Townhouse Café on Washington St.[50]

In Alabama, scenes were shot in Selma, centering on the Bloody Sunday march to the Edmund Pettus Bridge, and at Montgomery, Alabama, where, in 1965, King led civil rights demonstrators down Dexter Avenue toward the Alabama State Capitol at the conclusion of the third march from Selma.[51]

Music

Jason Moran composed the music for the film, marking his debut in the field.[52]

John Legend and Common released the accompanying track "Glory" in December 2014, ahead of the film's theatrical release. "Glory", which has been described as a protest anthem, references the 2014 Ferguson protests and earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song.[53][54]

Release

Selma premiered in Grauman's Egyptian Theatre at AFI Fest on November 11, 2014, in Los Angeles[55] for which it received a standing ovation.[56] The film opened in limited release in the USA, including Los Angeles, New York City, and Atlanta,[57] on December 25, 2014, before its scheduled opening wide on January 9, 2015.[58]

Reception

Selma has received wide acclaim from film critics. Praise has gone to the film's acting, cinematography, and screenplay. The film currently holds a perfect 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes (based on 64 reviews), with an average rating of 9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fueled by a gripping performance from David Oyelowo, Selma draws inspiration and dramatic power from the life and death of Martin Luther King, Jr. — but doesn't ignore how far we remain from the ideals his work embodied."[59] On Metacritic the film has a score of 91 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[60]

Controversies regarding historical accuracy

The historical accuracy of the film's portrayal of Lyndon Johnson as an obstructionist to the Civil Rights Movement was debated.

LBJ Library Director Mark Updegrove alleged the film portrayed US President Lyndon Johnson as an obstructionist and stated, "When racial tension is so high, it does no good to suggest that the president of the U.S. himself stood in the way of progress a half-century ago. It flies in the face of history."[61] While acknowledging King and Johnson had disagreements,[61] for example after Johnson stripped an important voting rights provision from the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[62] Updegrove argued such disagreements were not as tense as the film suggests and that the two in fact had a close partnership.[62][61] Updegrove also wrote in an article for Politico that Johnson felt it was best to "break the back of Jim Crow" before pushing for voting rights legislation and cited a taped phone conservation between Johnson and King on January 15, 1965 which described the strategy the two had formulated to pressure Congress into passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[62] Joseph A. Califano, Jr., who was Johnson’s top assistant for domestic affairs from 1965 to 1969, also wrote a piece in the Washington Post that highlighted historical inaccuracies in Johnson's portrayal. He stated: "In fact, Selma was LBJ’s idea, he considered the Voting Rights Act his greatest legislative achievement, he viewed King as an essential partner in getting it enacted — and he didn’t use the FBI to disparage him." [63]

Accolades

Awards and nominations
Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) and nominee(s) Result
African-American Film Critics Association[64] December 8, 2014 Best Picture Selma Won
Best Director Ava DuVernay Won
Best Actor David Oyelowo Won
Best Music John Legend/Common, “Glory” Won
Black Film Critics Circle[65] December 23, 2014 Best Picture Selma Won
Best Director Ava DuVernay Won
Best Actor David Oyelowo Won
Best Supporting Actress Carmen Ejogo Won
Best Original Screenplay Paul Webb Won
Best Ensemble Cast Won
Critics' Choice Movie Awards[66] January 15, 2015 Best Picture Selma Pending
Best Director Ava DuVernay Pending
Best Actor David Oyelowo Pending
Best Acting Ensemble Cast Pending
Best Song "Glory" Pending
Golden Globe Award[67] January 11, 2015 Best Actor in a Drama Motion Picture David Oyelowo Pending
Best Director Ava DuVernay Pending
Best Drama Motion Picture Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner, Christian Colson, and Oprah Winfrey Pending
Best Original Song "Glory" – John Legend and Common Pending
Independent Spirit Awards[68] February 21, 2015 Best Film Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner, Christian Colson, and Oprah Winfrey Pending
Best Director Ava DuVernay Pending
Best Actor David Oyelowo Pending
Best Supporting Actress Carmen Ejogo Pending
Best Cinematography Bradford Young Pending
NAACP Image Award[69] February 6, 2015 Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture David Oyelowo Pending
Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture Ava DuVernay Pending
Outstanding Motion Picture Selma Pending
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture André Holland Pending
Common Pending
Wendell Pierce Pending
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Carmen Ejogo Pending
Oprah Winfrey Pending
Satellite Awards[70] February 15, 2015 Best Film Selma Pending
Best Director Ava DuVernary Pending
Best Actor – Motion Picture David Oyelowo Pending
Best Screenplay – Original Paul Webb Pending
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[71] December 8, 2014 Best Film Selma Nominated
Best Director Ava DuVernay Nominated
Best Actor David Oyelowo Nominated
Best Ensemble Nominated
The Joe Barber Award for Best Portrayal of Washington, DC Won
Women Film Critics Circle[72] December 16, 2014 Best Movie by a Woman Selma Won
Best Female Action Star Oprah Winfrey Won

References

  1. ^ "Films Coming Soon: Selma". Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  2. ^ "SELMA (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  3. ^ Dargis, Manohla (December 3, 2014). "Making History". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=selma.htm
  5. ^ "James L. Bevel The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement" by Randy Kryn, a paper in David Garrow's 1989 book We Shall Overcome, Volume II, Carlson Publishing Company.
  6. ^ Randy Kryn, "Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel", published by Middlebury College, October 2005.
  7. ^ "Golden Globe: 'Birdman,' 'Boyhood' and 'Imitation Game' Top Nominations". Variety. December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  8. ^ a b Kit, Borys. "Lee Daniels' 'Selma' finds its King". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  9. ^ a b Kit, Borys (26 March 2014). "Mlk Drama 'Selma' Casting Its President Johnson". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  10. ^ a b Fleming Jr, Mike (June 3, 2014). "Tim Roth To Play Alabama Governor George Wallace In MLK Pic 'Selma'". deadline.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  11. ^ a b Fleming Jr, Mike (9 May 2014). "Common Is James Bevel, Andre Holland Is Andrew Young In Ava DuVernay's Mlk Tale 'Selma'". deadline.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  12. ^ a b Ford, Rebecca; Kit, Borys (April 7, 2014). "Mlk Biopic 'Selma' Casts Coretta Scott King". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  13. ^ a b A. Obenson, Tambay (April 22, 2014). "It's A 'Middle of Nowhere' Reunion! Lorraine Toussaint Will Play Amelia Boynton In Ava DuVernay's 'Selma'". indiewire.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
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  15. ^ a b "Cuba Gooding Jr Boards MLK Pic 'Selma'". deadline.com. May 30, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  16. ^ a b c A. Obenson, Tambay (June 4, 2014). "Niecy Nash Signs Up To Play Richie Jean Jackson In Ava DuVernay's 'Selma'". indiewire.com. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  17. ^ a b Team, Deadline (June 20, 2014). "Paramount Dates MLK Jr. Pic 'Selma' For Christmas 2014". deadline.com. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  18. ^ a b Kroll, Justin (June 12, 2014). "Giovanni Ribisi to Play Presidential Adviser Lee C. White in 'Selma' (EXCLUSIVE)". variety.com. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  19. ^ a b Kit, Borys (June 12, 2014). "Alessandro Nivola Joins Cast of Civil Rights Drama 'Selma'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  20. ^ a b Sneider, Jeff (April 15, 2014). "'Short Term 12' Star Keith Stanfield Joins Ava DuVernay's Mlk Movie 'Selma'". thewrap.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  21. ^ a b Kit, Borys (May 7, 2014). "'42' Actor Joins Martin Luther King Drama 'Selma'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  22. ^ a b Greeves, Natasha (May 8, 2014). "Andre Holland, Tessa Thompson Join Cast Of Ava DuVernay's 'Selma' Playing Andrew Young & Diane Nash". indiewire.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  23. ^ a b Ford, Rebecca (May 29, 2014). "'The Wire' Star Wendell Pierce Joins Mlk Film 'Selma'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  24. ^ a b Hobdy, Dominique (April 25, 2014). "Ledisi to Play Mahalia Jackson in MLK Biopic, 'Selma'". essence.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  25. ^ a b Kroll, Justin (16 May 2014). "Trai Byers Joins the Cast of 'Selma'". variety.com. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  26. ^ a b Sneider, Jeff (May 28, 2014). "'Star Wars' Hero John Boyega to Be Replaced by 'Selma' Actor in Jesse Owens Biopic". thewrap.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  27. ^ a b "John Lavelle joins 'Selma'". deadline.com. June 4, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  28. ^ a b Yamato, Jen (June 10, 2014). "Jeremy Strong Joins 'Selma,' 'Black Mass,' 'Time Out Of Mind'". deadline.com. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  29. ^ a b Yamato, Jen (June 17, 2014). "Dylan Baker Set For J Edgar Hoover Role In MLK Pic 'Selma'". deadline.com. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  30. ^ Jim Cook, "Enterprise actor stars with Oprah, Martin Sheen in 'Selma'", Dothan Eagle, August 29, 2014.
  31. ^ Dawtrey, Adam (June 18, 2008). "Screenwriting is the third career for Paul Webb". variety.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  32. ^ Jaafar, Ali (November 17, 2009). "Lee Daniels on march to 'Selma'". variety.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  33. ^ Sergio (May 4, 2010). "Lee Daniels' Selma slated for fall shoot". shadowandact.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  34. ^ Fischer, Russ (July 30, 2010). "Lee Daniels Lines up 'The Butler'; Will it Edge Out 'Selma'?". slashfilm.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  35. ^ Smith, Rob (August 30, 2010). "Prince of Broadway – An Interview With Lee Daniels". blackfilm.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  36. ^ Appelo, Tim; Golloway, Stephen (December 16, 2014). "Oscars: How 'Selma' Filmmakers Made a Movie About MLK Without Using His Words". The Hollywood Reporter.
  37. ^ Norris, Michele (December 23, 2014). "A Vital Chapter Of American History On Film In 'Selma'". NPR.
  38. ^ Shaw, Lucas (January 19, 2014). "Oprah Winfrey Joins Brad Pitt as Producer of Mlk Drama 'Selma'". thewrap.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  39. ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (February 25, 2014). "Paramount To Make Mlk Pic 'Selma'; Oprah Winfrey Producing". deadline.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  40. ^ Mumin, Nijla (4 April 2014). "Talented Cinematographer Bradford Young To Shoot Ava DuVernay's Upcoming Feature 'Selma'". indiewire.com. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  41. ^ Freydkin, Donna (March 3, 2010). "Lee Daniels at the Oscars: New film, new shoes, new shirt". usatoday.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  42. ^ Fischer, Russ (March 8, 2010). "Lenny Kravitz and Hugh Jackman Join Selma, Lee Daniels' Next Film; De Niro Confirmed". slashfilm.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  43. ^ Graham, Bill (March 11, 2010). "Hugh Jackman to Play Sheriff Jim Clark in Lee Daniels' Upcoming Civil Rights Drama Selma". collider.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  44. ^ Rosenberg, Adam (March 23, 2010). "Lee Daniels Confirms Liam Neeson, Cedric The Entertainer For 'Selma'". mtv.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  45. ^ Kryn in Middlebury
  46. ^ Trumbore, Dave (May 20, 2014). "Production Begins on Paramount's Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Biopic, SELMA, Starring David Oyelowo". collider.com. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  47. ^ "Paramount and Pathe Start Principal Photography on Selma". comingsoon.net. 20 May 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  48. ^ Brett, Jennifer (May 23, 2014). ""Selma" filming closes Marietta Square streets". accessatlanta.com. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  49. ^ "'Selma' filming in Olde Town; Oprah expected to be on set". newtoncitizen.com. May 30, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  50. ^ "Dr. MLK Jr. movie 'Selma' filming in Covington". Rockdale Citizen. May 6, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |publicationdate= ignored (|publication-date= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Sutton, Amber (June 27, 2014). "Dexter Avenue revisits the 1960s as 'Selma' begins filming in Montgomery". al.com. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  52. ^ "Jason Moran Scoring Ava DuVernay's 'Selma'". filmmusicreporter.com. November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  53. ^ Strecker, Erin. "Golden Globes: John Legend Calls 'Selma' Song 'A Labor of Love'". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  54. ^ Zo. "John Legend & Common Deliver The Anthemic Collaboration 'Glory'". okayplayer. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  55. ^ McNary, Dave (October 31, 2014). "Oprah Winfrey's 'Selma' Set for First Look at AFI Fest". variety.com. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  56. ^ Hammond, Pete (November 10, 2014). "Oscars: Paramount's Contender 'Selma' To Debut In Its Entirety Tuesday At AFI Fest". deadline.com. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  57. ^ Brett, Jennifer (December 24, 2014). "Timely "Selma" opens at two Atlanta theaters Christmas Day". ajc.com. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  58. ^ "'Selma' Release Date: Paramount Dates MLK Jr. Pic For Christmas". Deadline.com. February 18, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  59. ^ "Selma". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  60. ^ "Selma Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  61. ^ a b c Associated Press (December 26, 2014). "Historian questions accuracy of 'Selma'". Press Herald. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  62. ^ a b c Mark Updegrove (December 23, 2014). "What 'Selma' Gets Wrong". Politico.com. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  63. ^ Joseph A. Califano Jr. (December 26, 2014). "The movie 'Selma' has a glaring flaw". Washington Post.
  64. ^ "'Selma' African American Film Critics Association". Deadline. December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  65. ^ "'Selma dominates Black Film Critics Circle awards'". 'HitFix'. December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  66. ^ Gray, Tim (December 15, 2014). "'Birdman,' 'Grand Budapest' Top Critics Choice Awards Nominations". Variety. Retrieved December 15, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  67. ^ "Golden Globes 2015 nominations". BBC News. December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  68. ^ "Independent Spirit Award Nominations 2015:Full List of Nominees". Deadline.com. November 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  69. ^ Jue, Teresa (December 9, 2014). "NAACP Image Awards announce nominations for film and TV". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  70. ^ Pond, Steve (December 1, 2014). "'Birdman' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations". The Wrap. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  71. ^ Adams, Ryan (December 6, 2014). "Washington DC Film Critics announce 2014 Award Nominees". The Awards Circuit. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  72. ^ "'Still Alice' cleans up at the Women Film Critics Circle Awards". Hitfix. December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
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