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Ismail Kadare

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Ismail Halit Kadare

DFK
Born (1936-01-28) 28 January 1936 (age 88)
Gjirokastër, Kingdom of Albania
OccupationNovelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter, playwright
NationalityAlbanian
Period1954–present
Notable worksThe General of the Dead Army

The Siege
Chronicle in Stone
The Palace of Dreams
The File on H.
The Pyramid
Spiritus

The Fall of the Stone City
Notable awardsPrix mondial Cino Del Duca
1992
Man Booker International Prize
2005
Prince of Asturias Awards
2009
Jerusalem Prize
2015
The Order of Legion of Honour
2016
Park Kyong-ni Prize
2019
Neustadt International Prize for Literature
2020
SpouseHelena Kadare
Children2; including Besiana Kadare
Signature

Ismail Kadare (Albanian pronunciation: [ismaˈil kadaˈɾe], also spelled Ismaïl Kadaré in French; born 28 January 1936) is an Albanian novelist, poet, essayist and playwright. He has been a leading literary figure in Albania since the 1960s. He focused on poetry until the publication of his first novel [1], The General of the Dead Army[2] which made him a leading literary figure in Albania and famous internationally. In 1996, he became a foreign associate of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France.

In 1992, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca; in 1998, the Herder Prize; in 2005, he won the inaugural Man Booker International Prize; in 2009, the Prince of Asturias Award of Arts; in 2015, the Jerusalem Prize, and in 2016, he was a Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur recipient. Furthermore, Kadare has been awarded the famous 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the Park Kyong-ni Prize in 2019.

Kadare is regarded by some, as one of the greatest European writers and intellectuals of the 20th century and, in addition, as a universal voice against totalitarianism.[3][4].

Early years

Ismail Kadare was born on 28 January 1936 in Gjirokastër in Albania, to Halit Kadare, a post office employee,[5] and Hatixhe Dobi, a homemaker. On his mother's side of the family, his great-grandfather was a bejtexhi known as Hoxhë Dobi.[6] When he was 13 years of age, he read Macbeth and so he was attached with literature. At this age he wrote his first short stories that were published at the Pionieri journal in Tirana,[7] In 1954 he published his first collection of poems Boyish inspirations ("Frymëzime djaloshare"). He attended primary and secondary schools in Gjirokastër and studied Languages and Literature at the Faculty of History and Philology of the University of Tirana. In 1956 Kadare received a teacher's diploma. Kadare then studied literature during the Khrushchev era at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow from 1958, until Albania broke off its political and economic ties with the Soviet Union in 1960. There he met all kinds of writers united under the banner of Socialist Realism. In Moscow he had the opportunity to read contemporary Western literature that had been translated into Russian during the thaw period.[8] Kadare regarded Maxim Gorky's teachings as deadly to true literature.[9] He rejected the canon of Socialist Realism and committed himself internally to do the opposite of what dogmatics taught in the field of "good literature". [10][11] While studying literature in Moscow he managed to get a collection of his poems published in Russian, and there he also wrote his first novel The City with no Signs in 1959, intentionally defying the rules of socialist realism.[12]

Early Literary Career (1960-1970)

At the Gorky Institute, Kadare had made up his up about what not to write and what was not real literature. Rejecting the canons of socialist realism, he undertook to do the opposite of what communist dogmatics taught about "good" literature".[13] Kadare returned home in October 1960 on Albanian orders, before the Soviet ultimatum in late 1961 he worked as a journalist and then embarked on a literary career.[5] At that time Kadare had a reputation for poetry. The youth liked his works and, for them he had something new to say. He entered the circles of writers and had good relations with literary figures. In 1961 he published a volume of poetry entitled My Century.[14]

He managed to publish an excerpt from his first novel camouflaged as a short story under the title "Coffeehouse Days", but upon being published in the literary magazine Zëri i Rinisë in 1962, it was immediately banned by the authorities.[15][16] He was advised by his close friends not to tell anybody about the actual novel, so it stayed in his drawers for decades until the communist regime fell in 1990.

In 1963, he published his novel titled The General of the Dead Army. The novel was criticized by official literary critics and then ignored as if it did not exist. Reason for that was that Kadare had avoided the realist socialist style while the Communist Party had also been intentionally ignored. Kadare's novel was in stark contrast to other writers of that time who glorified the communist revolution. Apart from that, while the poets and novelists of that time used to write about the ideological sun that warmed all communists, in this novel, Kadare, as in his other novels, removed neither the clouds nor the rain from the Albanian countryside.[17][18] His next novel, The Monster, published in the magazine Nëntori in 1965, was labeled 'decadent' and banned upon publication.

In writings by literary critics throughout the 60s, Kadare is sometimes advised how to write in the future but mostly ignored, in favor of the "Great writers" of the time which critics preferred.[19]

In 1967, Albania launched its Cultural Revolution, and writers were forced by the authorities to live in the countryside, among the people. Kadaré was sent to Bérat where he spent two years.[13] Writers and artists at the time faced indifference from the democratic world outside, which did not react in their defense. They realized that they were at the mercy of the state, who could do with them whatever it pleased without facing repercussions.[20]

International breakthrough

The French translation by Isuf Vrioni,[21] published by Albin Michel in 1970 led to Kadare's international breakthrough.[22] After the success of The General of The Dead Army in the West in 1970, the older generation of Albanian writers and dogmatic literary critics became extremely embittered:"This novel was published by the bourgeoisie and this cannot be accepted ", says a report by the secret police. The writers united against the "darling of the West."[23] After offending the authorities with a political poem in 1975, as a punishment he was sent to do manual labor deep in the countryside for a period of time, and he was also forbidden to publish any novels in the future. In response, after his return to Tirana, Kadare began to camouflage his novels as "novellas" and publish them as such.[13]

In the '70s, Kadare would abandon contemporary themes in his literature and escape to myths, legends and the distant past, in order to create a nobler Albania, of the era of European humanism, as a challenge and counterweight to the official glorification of the socialist period as the most glorious period in the history of nation. He would take historical themes from the Ottoman Empire in order to denounce communist Albania with allusions. [24]

The Great terror

In 1981, he published The Palace of Dreams, an anti-totalitarian novel written and published in the heart of a totalitarian country.[25] Kadare camouflaged an excerpt of The Palace of Dreams as a short story and published it, alongside some of his other new novels', in his 1980 collection of four novellas, Gjakftohtësia (Cold-bloodedness). Due to its seemingly historical nature, the excerpt went unnoticed by the censors. The following year, under the same title, Kadare managed to sneak the whole novel in the second edition of Emblema e dikurshme (Signs of the past); due to the fact that the story had already been green-lighted once, it managed to escape the attention of the censors once again.[26] Due to the novel's obvious allusions to the situation in Albania at that time, an emergency meeting of the Albanian Writers Union was called and The Palace of Dreams was expressly and severely condemned, in the presence of some members of the Politburo. Kadare was accused of attacking the socialist government in a covert manner.[27] As a result, the work was banned.[28] The same year he had sent the novel The Concert to the publisher. It was viewed by the authorities as an anticomunist work, a mockery of the political system and an open opposition to communist ideology.[29] The authorities were initially reluctant to imprison or purge Kadare, as he had become an internationally recognized literary figure and it would have caused an international backlash, which, given the country's rapid economic decline, the authorities wanted to avoid at all costs.[30] Kadare was also accused by the president of the League of Albanian Writers and Artists of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore. Western press reacted to the condemnation of the novel and protests mounted in the West in defense of the author.[13] Around this time, the communist ruler Enver Hoxha had initiated the process of eliminating Kadare, but backed off due to Western reaction.[31]

In January 1985 his novel A Moonlit Night was published, only to be banned by the authorities.[32] [33] The same year he wrote Agamemnon's Daughter – a direct critique of the oppressive regime in Albania, which was smuggled out of the country with the help of Kadare's French editor Claude Durand.[34] In early 1990 Kadare requested a meeting with Ramiz Alinë and urged him to end human rights abuses, to implement democratic and economic reforms and to end the isolation of the country. Kadare was disappointed with Alia's slow reaction. In October 1990, Kadare claimed political asylum in France.[35] In 1990, Kadare claimed political asylum in France, issuing statements in favor of democratization. Some intellectuals, at great personal risk, publicly supported Kadare, whom the authorities had declared a traitor. Due to his popularity, the authorities did not find enough support against him and his books were not banned.[35][36] During the 1990s and 2000s he was offered multiple times by both major political parties in Albania to become a consensual president of the country, but he has declined.[37]

After getting political asylum and settling in France, he was able to exercise his profession in complete freedom. His exile in Paris was fruitful and enabled him to succeed further, both in Albanian and in French.[38] In 1994 he began to work on the first bilingual volume of his work with the French publishing house Fayard.[39]

Personal life

Kadare was born into a Muslim and bourgeois family.[40] On his mother's side of the family, his great-grandfather was a bejtexhi of the Bektashi Order known as Hoxhë Dobi.[41] Kadare himself is an atheist.[42] He is married to an Albanian author, Helena Kadare (née Gushi), and has two daughters. His daughter Besiana Kadare is the Albanian Ambassador to the United Nations, a Vice President of the United Nations General Assembly for its 75th session, and Albania's Ambassador to Cuba.[43] Kadare has been a resident of France since the early 90s.

Legacy

Kadare's literary works were conceived in the bedrock of a small literature like Albanian literature, almost unknown before in Europe or the rest of the World.[44] With Kadare it became known, read and appreciated. For the first time in its history, through Kadare, Albanian literature has been integrated into the wider European and World literature.[45] Ismail Kadare's oeuvre is a literature of resistance. Kadare managed to write normal literature in an abnormal country - a communist dictatorship. His oeuvre represents a continuous struggle to get his literary works published, going against state policy, at times even putting his own life at risk. Kadare devised numerous strategies and cunning stratagems in order to outwit communist censors .[46] His oevre in general has been in theoretical and practical opposition to the mandatory socialist realism.[44] Kadare challenged socialist realism for three decades and opposed it with his subjective realism, [47] [48] avoiding state censorship by using allegorical, symbolic, historical and mythological means.[49] The conditions in which Kadare lived and published his works were not comparable to other European communist countries where at least some level of public dissent was tolerated, rather, the situation in Albania was comparable to North Korea or the Soviet Union in the 1930s under Stalin. Despite all of this, Kadare used any opportunity to attack the regime in his works, by means of political allegories, which were picked up by educated Albanian readers.[50] Henri Amouroux, a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France, pointed out that Soviet dissidents including Solzhenitsyn had published their works during the era of de-Stalinization, whereas Kadare lived and published his works in a country which remained Stalinist until 1990.[51]

Recognition

Kadare on Albania's Postal stamps

In 1996 Kadare became a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France, where he replaced the philosopher Karl Popper. In 1992, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca, and in 2005 he received the inaugural Man Booker International Prize. In 2009, Kadare was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature.[52] In the same year he was awarded an Honorary Degree of Science in Social and Institutional Communication by the University of Palermo in Sicily. In 2015, he was awarded the bi-annual Jerusalem Prize.[53] He won the 2019 Park Kyong-ni Prize, an international award based in South Korea.[54]

The London newspaper The Independent said of Kadare: "He has been compared to Gogol, Kafka and Orwell. But Kadare's is an original voice, universal yet deeply rooted in his own soil".[55]

In 2019, Kadare was nominated for the Neustadt International Prize for Literature by Bulgarian poet and writer Kapka Kassobova. He was selected as the 2020 Neustadt laureate by the Prize's jury on October 16, 2019.[56] In 2019, Kadare was nominated for the Neustadt International Prize for Literature by Bulgarian poet and writer Kapka Kassobova. He was selected as the 2020 Neustadt laureate by the Prize's jury on October 16, 2019.[57] He won the 2020 Prozart Award given by the International Literature Festival "PRO-ZA Balkan" for his contributions to the development of the literature in Balkans.[58]

Literary themes

The central theme of his works is totalitarianism and its mechanisms.[59] Kadare's novels draw on legends surrounding the historical experiences of Albanian people, the representation of classical myths in modern contexts, and the totalitarian regime in Albania. They are obliquely ironic as a result of trying to withstand political scrutiny. Among his best-known books are The General of the Dead Army (1963), The Siege (1970), The Ghost Rider (1980), Broken April (1980),[11] The Palace of Dreams (1981), The Pyramid (1992), and The Successor (2003).

The Pyramid (1992) is a political allegory set in Egypt in the 26th century BC and after. In it, Kadare mocked any dictator's love for hierarchy and useless monuments. In some of Kadare's novels, comprising the so-called "Ottoman Cycle", the Ottoman Empire is used as the archetype of a totalitarian state. Kadare's 1996 novel Spiritus, marks a narrative and compositional turning point in his literary career. The influence of this novel will be felt in all of Kadare's subsequent novels.[60] It deals with group of foreigners who are touring Eastern Europe after the fall of communism and hear exciting rumours during their stay in Albania about the capture of the spirit from the dead. As it turns out, the spirit is in fact a listening device known to the notorious secret service as a "hornet".[30]

The Fall of the Stone City (2008) was awarded the Rexhai Surroi Prize in Kosovo, and was shortlisted for Independent Foreign Fiction Prize in 2013.[61]


Oeuvre

Kadare has been mentioned as a possible recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature several times. His works have been published in about 45 languages.[62] [63][64] In English, some of works have been translated by David Bellos.[65] although not from the Albanian original, but from French translations.

The following Kadare novels have been translated into English:

English translations

Works published in Albanian

The complete works (except for the essays) of Ismail Kadare were published by Fayard, simultaneously in French and Albanian, between 1993 and 2004.[67] Omitted from the list are the poetry and the short stories. Kadare's original Albanian language works have been published exclusively by Onufri Publishing House since 1996,[68] as single works or entire sets. Being published in 2009 the complete works in 20 volumes.[69]

The dates of publication given here are those of the first publication in Albanian, unless stated otherwise.

Novels and novellas

  • Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur (The General of the Dead Army) (1963)
  • Përbindëshi (The Monster) (1965)
  • Lëkura e daulles (The Wedding) (1967)
  • Kështjella (The Siege) (1970)
  • Kronikë në gur (Chronicle in Stone) (1971)
  • Dimri i vetmisë së madhe (The Winter of Great Solitude) (1973)
  • Nëntori i një kryeqyteti (November of a Capital) (1975)
  • Muzgu i perëndive të stepës (Twilight of the Eastern Gods) (1978)
  • Komisioni i festës (The Feast Commission) (1978)
  • Ura me tri harqe (The Three-arched Bridge) (1978)
  • Kamarja e turpit (The Traitor's Niche) (1978)
  • Prilli i thyer (Broken April) (1980)
  • Kush e solli Doruntinën? (The Ghost Rider) (1980)
  • Pallati i ëndrrave (The Palace of Dreams) (1981)
  • Nata me hënë (A Moonlit Night) (1985)
  • Viti i mbrapshtë (The Dark Year) (1985)
  • Krushqit janë të ngrirë (The Wedding Procession Turned to Ice) (1985)
  • Koncert në fund të dimrit (The Concert) (1988)
  • Dosja H. (The File on H.) (1989)
  • Qorrfermani (The Blinding Order) (1991)
  • Piramida (The Pyramid) (1992)
  • Hija (The Shadow) (1994)
  • Shkaba (The Eagle) (1995)
  • Spiritus (1996)
  • Qyteti pa reklama (The City with no Signs) (1998, written in 1959)
  • Lulet e ftohta të marsit (Spring Flowers, Spring Frost) (2000)
  • Breznitë e Hankonatëve (2000)
  • Vajza e Agamemnonit (Agamemnon's Daughter) (2003)
  • Pasardhësi (The Successor) (2003)
  • Jeta, loja dhe vdekja Lul Mazrekut (Life, Game and Death of Lul Mazrek) (2003)
  • Çështje të marrëzisë (A Question of Lunacy) (2005)
  • Darka e Gabuar (The Fall of the Stone City) (2008)
  • E penguara: Rekuiem për Linda B. (A Girl in Exile) (2009)
  • Aksidenti (The Accident) (2010)
  • Mjegullat e Tiranës (Tirana's Mists) (2014, originally written in 1957–58)
  • Kukulla (The Doll) (2015)

Plays

  • Stinë e mërzitshme në Olimp (Dull Season in Olympus) (1998)

Screenplays

  • Sorkadhet e trembura (Frightened Gazelles) (2009)

Poetry

  • Frymëzime djaloshare (1954)
  • Ëndërrimet (1957)
  • Princesha Argjiro (1957)
  • Shekulli im (1961)
  • Përse mendohen këto male (1964)
  • Shqiponjat fluturojnë lart (1966)
  • Motive me diell (1968)
  • Koha (1976)
  • Ca pika shiu ranë mbi qelq (2004)
  • Pa formë është qielli (2005)
  • Vepra poetike në një vëllim (2018)

Essays

  • Autobiografia e popullit në vargje (The People's Autobiography in Verse) (1971)
  • Eskili, ky humbës i madh (Aeschylus, The Lost) (1985)
  • Ftesë në studio (Invitation to the Writer's Studio) (1990)
  • Nga një dhjetor në tjetrin (Albanian Spring) (1991)
  • Kushëriri i engjëjve (The Angels' Cousin) (1997)
  • Kombi shqiptar në prag të mijëvjeçarit të tretë (The Albanian Nation on the Threshold of the Third Millennium) (1998)
  • Unaza në kthetra (The Ring on the Claw) (2001)
  • Poshtërimi në Ballkan (Abasement in the Balkans) (2004)
  • Identiteti evropian i shqiptarëve (The European Identity of Albanians) (2006)
  • Dantja i pashmangshëm (Dante, The Inevitable) (2006)
  • Hamlet, le prince impossible (Hamlet, The Impossible Prince) (2007)
  • Don Kishoti në Ballkan (Don Quixote in the Balkans) (2009)
  • Mosmarrëveshja, mbi raportet e Shqipërisë me vetveten (2010)
  • Mbi krimin në Ballkan; Letërkëmbim i zymtë (On Crime in the Balkans)(2011)
  • Çlirimi i Serbisë prej Kosovës (Serbia's Liberation from Kosovo) (2012)
  • Mëngjeset në Kafe Rostand (Mornings in Cafe Rostand) (2014)
  • Arti si mëkat (Art as a Sin) (2015)
  • Uragani i ndërprerë: Ardhja e Migjenit në letërsinë shqipe" (The Interrupted Hurricane: The Advent of Migjeni in Albanian Literature) (2015)
  • Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore (Essays on World Literature) (2017)
  • Kur sunduesit grinden When Rulers Quarrel (2018)

Story collections

  • Emblema e dikurshme (1977)
  • Ëndërr mashtruese (1991)
  • Tri këngë zie për Kosovën (1998)
  • Vjedhja e gjumit mbretëror (1999)
  • Përballë pasqyrës së një gruaje (2001)
  • Bisedë për brilantet në pasditen e dhjetorit (2013)
  • Koha e dashurisë (Rrëfim Trikohësh) (2015)
  • Proza e shkurtër, në një vëllim (2018)

Quotes

  • “Literature led me to freedom. Not the other way round.”

See also

References

  1. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 25 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFApolloni2012 (help)
  2. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 25 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFApolloni2012 (help)
  3. ^ Fundacion Princessa de Asturias (24 June 2009). "Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature". Fundacion Princessa de Asturias. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  4. ^ Jose Carlos Rodrigo Breto (2018). Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones del Subsuelo. pp. 317–318. ISBN 978-84-947802-0-2. Y que este libro sea el principio de toda una serie de ensayos que pueda cosntruir para abundar y ahondar en la obra del escritor que considero como más importante del Siglo XXI, y uno de los más importantes de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX.
  5. ^ a b Ismail Kadare, Albanian writer, Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  6. ^ Novruz Shehu (11 August 2006). "Gjenealogji krijuese hoxhë Dobi, stërgjyshi poet i Kadaresë: duke gërmuar në rrënjët e shpirtit letrar të shkrimtarit të njohur". Shqip. p. 42. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  7. ^ Kryeziu-Shkreta, Jorina (3 February 2015). "Bibliografi e veprës së Kadaresë". panorama.com.al. Panorama.
  8. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 39
  9. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 33-34 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFApolloni2012 (help)
  10. ^ Fayé, Éric (1993). Kadaré, Ismail (ed.). œuvres completes: tome 1. Editions Fayard. pp. 10–25.
  11. ^ a b c d Liukkonen, Petri. "Ismail Kadare". Books and Writers. Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015.
  12. ^ Ndue Ukaj (27 May 2016). "Ismail Kadare: Letërsia, identiteti dhe historia". Gazeta Ekspress (in Albanian). Retrieved 12 March 2017. Except from the book Kadare, leximi dhe interpretimet.
  13. ^ a b c d Fayé, Éric (1993). Kadaré, Ismail (ed.). œuvres completes: tome 1. Editions Fayard. pp. 10–25.
  14. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 66
  15. ^ shtepiaelibrit.com
  16. ^ Kadare 2011, p. 128
  17. ^ Apolloni, Ag (2012). Paradigma e Proteut (in Albanian). Prishtinë: OM. pp. 33–34. "Romani Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur i Ismail Kadaresë, i botuar në vitin 1963, u kritikua nga kritika zyrtare, mandej u hesht sikur të mos ekzistonte fare, për t'u shfaqur prapë në vitin 1967 si një version i ri i romanit, natyrisht me disa kompromise të vogla, të cilat prapë nuk e kënaqën kritikën zyrtare, por as nuk e dëmtuan dukshëm veprën; assesi romani nuk arriti të deformohej siç e donte doktrina socrealiste. Ndryshe nga Shuteriqi, Musaraj, Abdihoxha etj., që glorifikonin revolucionin dhe socializmin; ndryshe nga idealisti Petro Marko që udhëhiqej nga ideja e internacionales komuniste; ndryshe nga Dritëro Agolli që kritikonte lëshimet e sistemit, por jo sistemin, - Ismail Kadare me romanin e parë kishte injoruar stilin socrealist, kishte shmangur heroin pozitiv, kishte harruar qëllimisht rolin e Partisë në zhvillimet aktuale dhe kishte treguar se mund të shkruhej roman edhe pa e përmendur Partinë dhe pa pasur nevojë për mësimet e Gorkit, të cilat ai i kishte konceptuar si vdekjeprurëse për letërsinë e vërtetë. Ashtu si e kishte injoruar ai Partinë, edhe Partia do ta injoronte atë. Në shkrimet kritike që bëhen gjatë viteve '60, Kadare herë "këshillohet" si duhet të shkruajë në të ardhmen, herë përmendet kalimthi, e më shpesh injorohet fare. Derisa shkrimtarët zyrtarë të Shqipërisë, ndiheshin komod me sistemin dhe shkruanin për diellin ideologjik që i ngroh të gjithë komunistët njësoj, Kadare nuk ia hiqte retë as shiun tokës shqiptare. Përballë zhvillimit industrial të vendit, përballë peizazheve urbane dhe motit të mirë që proklamonte Partia dhe letërsia e saj, në romanet e Kadaresë ishte një truall i vështirë dhe vazhdimisht bënte mot i keq. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 1035 (help)
  18. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 89
  19. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 33-34 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFApolloni2012 (help)
  20. ^ Helena 2011, p. 169-170
  21. ^ Robert Elsie's comment, 1998 – Jusuf Vrioni: Back to Tirana, 1943–1947
  22. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 33-34. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFApolloni2012 (help)
  23. ^ Sinani, Shaban (2011). Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K". Naim Frashëri. pp. 94–96.
  24. ^ Sinani, Shaban (2011). Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K". Naim Frashëri. p. 98.
  25. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 24 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFApolloni2012 (help)
  26. ^ Kuçuku, Bashkim (1999). "Kryevepra e fshehur: odise kadareane". In Kadare, Ismail (ed.). Pallati i ëndrrave (in Albanian). Onufri. pp. 199–200. ISBN 99927-30-31-5.
  27. ^ Röhm, Joachim. "Nachwort zum 'Palast der Träume'" (PDF). Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  28. ^ Kadare 2011, p. 380
  29. ^ Sinani, Shaban (2011). Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K". Naim Frashëri. p. 100.
  30. ^ a b Robert Elsie (2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. I.B.Taurus. p. 180. ISBN 1-84511-031-5.
  31. ^ Sadik Bejko (2007). Disidentët e rremë. 55. p. 26.
  32. ^ Robert Elsie (Spring 1994). "Clair de lune by Ismaïl Kadaré, Jusuf Vrioni; La Grande Muraille, suivi de Le firman aveugle by Ismaïl Kadaré, Jusuf Vrioni" (PDF). 68 (2). World Literature Today: 406. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ Raymond Detrez (2001). "Albania". In Derek Jones (ed.). Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781136798641.
  34. ^ http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/20/chronicles-and-fragments
  35. ^ a b Ivo Banac (2019). Eastern Europe in Revolution. pp. 194–198.
  36. ^ Laço, Teodor (2012). "Kadare më tha: sakrifikohen më lehtë tre byroistë se sa unë: dy situatat kritike për Ismail Kadarenë, Pleniumi IV dhe arratisja në Francë: [raportet e shkrimtarit me regjimin, intervista]". shekulli.com.al. Interviewed by Leonard Veizin. Shekulli (gazetë). - Nr. 3810, 1 tetor 2012. pp. 4–5.
  37. ^ Kadare 2011, p. 183
  38. ^ Elsie, Robert (2005). Modern Albanian Literature and its reception in the english-speaking world (lecture) (PDF).
  39. ^ Bellos, David (May 2005). "The Englishing of Ismail Kadare: Notes of a retranslator". complete-review.com. The Complete Review.
  40. ^ "A Girl in Exile by Ismail Kadare, Reviewed by John Sutherland". The Times. 19 March 2016.
  41. ^ Novruz Shehu (11 August 2006). "Gjenealogji krijuese hoxhë Dobi, stërgjyshi poet i Kadaresë: duke gërmuar në rrënjët e shpirtit letrar të shkrimtarit të njohur". Shqip. p. 42. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  42. ^ John Murray (25 January 1998). "Books: The orphan's voice". The Independent.
  43. ^ "Besiana Kadare ambassador".
  44. ^ a b Bashkim Kuçuku (2015). Kadare në gjuhët e botës (in Albanian). Tirana: Onufri. p. 18. Kudo ku pati talente të fuqishme, të burgosur ose të paburgosur, në disa vende haptazi dhe me guxim, ndërsa në disa të tjera tërthorazi nëpërmjet simbolikës dhe alegorisë e kapërcyen atë. Ismail Kadareja nuk është ndonjë përjashtim. Vepra e tij që, në përgjithësi, ka qenë në kundërshtim teorik dhe praktik me realizmin socialist, është pjesë e asaj letërsie të madhe, që u krijua dhe u botua nën censurën e tij. Paradoksi i dytë që shoqëron kontekstin e leximit të saj, është se ajo është ngjizur në shtratin e një letërsie të vogël, thuajse, të panjohur më parë në Evropë dhe në kontinente të tjera. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 381 (help)
  45. ^ Bashkim Kuçuku (2015). Kadare në gjuhët e botës (in sq.). Tirana: Onufri. p. 8-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  46. ^ Breto, Jose Carlos Rodrigo (30 November 2018). Ex Libris,nr.2 (in Albanian). Tirana: Onufri: 10–11. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  47. ^ Apolloni, Ag (2012). Paradigma e Proteut (in Albanian). OM. p. 20. ISBN 9789951632041.
  48. ^ Alda Bardhyli (28 January 2018). "INTERVISTA/ Alda Bardhyli: Kadare, si shkroi letërsi i survejuar". Alpnews (in Albanian). Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  49. ^ Shatro, Bavjola (2016). Between(s) and Beyond(s) in Contemporary Albanian Literature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 8, 51. ISBN 9781443899970.
  50. ^ Robert Elsie (2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. London: I.B.Taurus. pp. 182–183. ISBN 1-84511-031-5.
  51. ^ Henri Amouroux (28 October 1996). "Installation de M.Islmail Kadare – Associé étranger" (PDF). Académie des Sciences morales et politiques. p. 7. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  52. ^ Price of Asturias awards laureates 2009
  53. ^ Rebecca Wojno (15 January 2015). "Albanian writer to receive Jerusalem Prize". The Times of Israel.
  54. ^ 2019 박경리문학상 수상자 이스마일 카다레 Ismail Kadare [Park Kyung-ri Literary Award winner Ismail Kadare 2019]. tojicf.org (in Korean). 19 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  55. ^ Shusha Guppy, "The Books Interview: Ismail Kadare – Enver's never-never land" The Independent, 27 February 1999.
  56. ^ "Albanian author Ismail Kadare has won the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature". Literary Hub. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  57. ^ "Albanian author Ismail Kadare has won the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature". Literary Hub. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  58. ^ Bisera Altiparmakova (11 June 2020). "Ismail Kadare wins top prize of Pro-Za Balkan Literature Festival". MIA.
  59. ^ Fundacion Princessa de Asturias (24 June 2009). "Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature". Fundacion Princessa de Asturias. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  60. ^ Jose Carlos Rodrigo Breto (2018). Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones del Subsuelo. pp. 199–204. ISBN 978-84-947802-0-2.
  61. ^ Flood, Alison (11 April 2013). "Independent foreign fiction prize 2013 shortlist announced". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  62. ^ Kadare feston ditëlindjen, 60 vjet krijimtari e përkthyer në 45 gjuhë të botës, mapo.al, 29 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  63. ^ Kuçuku, Bashkim (13 August 2012). "Historia reale e Gjeneralit që erdhi në Shqipëri në '60". Gazeta Mapo (655): 10. Retrieved 15 September 2017. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  64. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 74.
  65. ^ Wood, James (20 December 2010). "Chronicles and Fragments: The novels of Ismail Kadare". The New Yorker. Condé Nast: 139–143. Retrieved 11 August 2011.(subscription required)
  66. ^ "Central Europe Review: The Three-Arched Bridge". 10 May 1999. Retrieved 23 May 2006.
  67. ^ Ismail Kadaré. Oeuvres; introduction et notes de présentation par Eric Faye; traduction de l'albanais de Jusuf Vrioni ... [et al.] Paris: Fayard, 1993–2004
  68. ^ "Katalogu i Vepres se plote te Ismail Kadare nga Botime Onufri". Scribd.com. 22 May 1996. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  69. ^ Vepra e plotë e Ismail Kadare, shtepiaelibrit.com

Sources

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