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Taiwan, China

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This article is about the term "Taiwan, China". For the Republic of China, see Taiwan. For the province administered by the Republic of China, see Taiwan Province. For the province claimed by the People's Republic of China, see Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China. For other uses, see Taiwan (disambiguation).

Taiwan, China
Territory controlled by the People's Republic of China (purple) and the Republic of China (orange). The size of minor islands has been exaggerated in this map for ease of identification.
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese中國臺灣
Simplified Chinese中国台湾
PostalChungkuo Taiwan
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Táiwān
Bopomofo[ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (help)
Gwoyeu RomatzyhJong'gwo Tair'uan
Wade–GilesChung1-kuo2 T'ai²-wan¹
Tongyong PinyinJhongguó Táiwan
IPA[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ] [tʰǎɪ.wán]
Wu
Romanization[Tson平-koh入 The平-uae平] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (help)
Xiang
IPATan33-kwɛ24/ dwɛ13 ua44
Hakka
RomanizationDung24-gued2 Thòi-vàn
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationJūng-gwok Tòiwāan
JyutpingZung1-gwok3 Toi4waan1
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTiong-kok Tâi-oân
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUCDṳ̆ng-guók Dài-uăng
Taiwan, Province of China
Traditional Chinese中國臺灣省
Simplified Chinese中国台湾省
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Táiwānshěng
Tibetan name
Tibetanཐའེ་ཝན, ཀྲུང་གོ་
Transcriptions
WylieTha'e wan, Krung-go
Zhuang name
ZhuangDaizvanh Cunggoz
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicТайвань Хятад
Mongolian scriptᠲᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCTaivan Khyatad
Uyghur name
Uyghurتەيۋەن، جۇڭگو
تەيۋەن، خىتاي‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiTeywen, Junggo
Teywen, Xitay
Siril Yëziqi[Тәйвән, Җунгго
Тәйвән, Хитай] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (help)
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᠩᡬᠣ
RomanizationTaiwan Jungg'o
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

"Taiwan, China", "Taiwan, Province of China", and "Taipei, China" are controversial political terms that claim Taiwan and its associated territories as a province or territory of "China".

The term "Taiwan, China" (Chinese: 中国台湾) is used by Chinese state media even though the People's Republic of China (PRC) – which is widely recognized by the international community as the legitimate representative of "China" – does not exercise jurisdiction over Taiwan and other islands controlled by the Republic of China (ROC).

Such terms are ambiguous because of the political status of Taiwan and cross-Strait relations between "Taiwan" and "China". Since 1949, two political entities with the name "China" exist:

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officially sanctions the use of these terms. In contrast, the ROC government, along with supporters of Taiwan Independence, rejects them; citing that it denies the ROC's sovereignty and existence while reducing both its political and territorial status to a province of mainland China.[1]

Claims of two "China"

Further information: Chinese Civil War

The dispute and ambiguity over the meaning of "China" and which "China" stemmed from the division of Republic of China into two Chinas at the "end" of the Chinese Civil War in 1955.[note 1] (Fighting between the two merely eased off after 1949 and no signing of a peace treaty or armistice ever occurred; the PRC still threatens attack on ROC/Taiwan when it deems necessary.) The term "China" historically meant the various regimes and imperial dynasties which controlled territories in mainland Asia prior to 1911, when the imperial system was overthrown and the Republic of China (ROC) was established as the first republic in Asia. In 1927, the Chinese Civil War started between the Kuomintang (KMT, founding party of the ROC) and the CCP. The CCP eventually won control of most of ROC's original territory (mainland China) in 1949, when they proclaimed the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) on that territory.

Since then, two Chinas have existed, although the PRC was not internationally recognized then. The Republic of China government retrieved Taiwan in 1945 back from Japan, then fled in 1949 to Taiwan with the aim to retake mainland China. Both the ROC and the PRC still officially (constitutionally)[citation needed] claim mainland China and the Taiwan Area as part of their respective territories[citation needed]. In reality, the PRC rules only Mainland China and has no control of but claims Taiwan as part of its territory under its "One China Principle".[2] The ROC, which rules only the Taiwan Area (composed of Taiwan and its nearby minor islands), became known as "Taiwan" after its largest island, (an instance of pars pro toto)[citation needed]. Constitutional reform in 1991 amended electoral laws to focus on the territory controlled by the Republic of China, increasingly referred to as "the Republic of China on Taiwan" or simply "Taiwan" .[3][4]

After the 2008 election of Ma Ying-jeou, he again asserted that mainland China is part of Republic of China territory according to its constitution, and, in 2013, he stated that relations between PRC and ROC are not between countries but "regions of the same country".[5][6]

In 1971, the People's Republic of China won the United Nations seat as "China" and the ROC withdrew from the UN.[citation needed] Since then the term "Taiwan, China" is a designation officially used in international organizations including the United Nations and its associated organs to refer to the Republic of China.[citation needed] (The term "Chinese Taipei" was similarly created for the same purpose.[citation needed] ) However, the political status of Taiwan is a complex and controversial issue and currently unresolved[citation needed] , in large part due to the United States and the Allies of World War II handling of the surrender of Taiwan from Japan in 1945 [citation needed] (which was to be a temporary administration by the ROC troops[citation needed]), and the Treaty of Peace with Japan ("Treaty of San Francisco") in 1951[citation needed], for which neither the ROC nor the PRC was invited[citation needed], and left Taiwan's sovereignty legally undefined in international law and in dispute [citation needed].

The "Province of Taiwan"

Main article: Taiwan Province

The term "Taiwan, (Province of) China" is also potentially ambiguous because both the ROC and the PRC each has administratively a "Taiwan Province", Taiwan Province, Republic of China and "Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China", and neither of these provinces covers the Matsu Islands, Wuchiu, Kinmen, all of which have been retained by the Republic of China. Geographically speaking, they both refer to the same place. Without more specific indication, it is unclear to which "Taiwan Province" is being directed. However, since China (PRC) has never had sovereignty over Taiwan and its "Taiwan Province" exists only as a claim, as a practical matter, "Taiwan Province" refers only to the Taiwan Province under Republic of China's administration.

Although the word "China" could also possibly be interpreted to mean "Republic of China", this interpretation is no longer common since "China" is typically understood as referring to the PRC after the ROC lost its UN seat as "China" in 1971, and is considered a term distinct from "Taiwan", the name with which the ROC has become identified. Also, only the ROC's Taiwan Province exists in reality and is under the ROC's actual territorial control, whereas the PRC's "Taiwan Province" exists only on paper, under the PRC's administrative structure but without an actual provincial government. Instead, the PRC has a Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council to deal with issues and policy guidelines relating to Taiwan.

The ROC also does not refer to its Taiwan Province as "Taiwan, China" in English but rather as "Taiwan Province, Republic of China" (中華民國臺灣省; Zhōnghuá Mínguó Táiwānshěng), and typically such reference only occurs in the Chinese language in the ROC's official documents and as the marquee in the administrative offices of Taiwan Province government. However, references to the province is now rare since the Taiwan Provincial Government has largely been dissolved and its functions transferred to the central government or county governments since 1997. Therefore, recent uses of the term "Taiwan, Province of China" appears mainly in PRC-controlled media like CCTV (Chinese Central Television) and in the ISO 3166-1 codes.[7]

Taipei, China

Main article: Chinese Taipei § Translation compromise

The term "Taipei, China" (中國台北/中国台北), sometimes also translated as "China Taipei",[8] is the PRC's unilaterally preferred Chinese translation for the English term "Chinese Taipei"(中華台北/中华台北). It is one of the PRC's officially endorsed terms when referring to Taiwan politically,[9] and has been used in state media in much the same manner as "Taiwan, China" or "Taiwan, Province of China".

Claims of Objection

The Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

The Republic of China (ROC) is not allowed to use its official name internationally and uses "Chinese Taipei" in other organizations like the Olympics and FIBA. The ROC sees its use as a denial of the ROC's status as a separate sovereign state, diminishing it under "China", which implicitly is the PRC.

In an incident on 10 May 2011, the World Health Organization referred to Taiwan as "Taiwan, China" in its documents. (The ROC participates in the WHO under the name "Chinese Taipei") ROC president Ma Ying-jeou protested the WHO's action and accused the PRC of "pressuring the UN body into calling" the ROC "Chinese territory", and stated that Beijing's moves were "very negative" for bilateral ties.[10]

In August 2023, Amid escalating tensions, China strongly objects to Taiwan Vice President William Lai's US visit, vowing forceful actions and labeling Lai a "troublemaker" for advocating Taiwan's independence. The visit coincides with increased Chinese military activity near Taiwan, underscoring the ongoing strained relations and Beijing's determination to suppress sovereignty efforts.[11]

Proponents of Taiwan Independence

Further information: Taiwan independence

The confusion and fight over use of the "China" name and the lack of name recognition of "Republic of China" itself and recognition as a country are part of the reason for the supporters of Taiwan independence to push for an identity apart from "China" and for renaming the ROC and gaining international recognition as "Republic of Taiwan". Some supporters also reject the legitimacy of Republic of China's takeover of Taiwan from Japan at the end of World War II since 1945 (due to the lack of transfer of sovereignty in the Treaty of Peace with Japan). They also view that Taiwan is no longer part of China since "China" is recognized by the UN as being the People's Republic of China (PRC) rather than the ROC/Taiwan, so placing "Taiwan" and "China" together in one term is incorrect.

Usage

The United Nations and the ISO

The Chinese and Taiwanese entries in the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 country codes and ISO 3166-2:TW subdivision codes are as follows because its information source, the publication UN Terminology Bulletin-Country Names, lists Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China" due to the PRC's political influence in the United Nations[12] as a member of the UN Security Council. Since the ISO 3166-1 code is commonly used as the data source for a complete list of country and territory names for computer programs and websites, "Taiwan, Province of China" is sometimes seen on dropdown menus instead of "Taiwan" for this reason.[13][14]

Governing Authority Short name upper case in ISO 3166 Short name lower case in ISO 3166 Full name in ISO 3166 Listed as independent in ISO 3166 Local short name Language(s) Links to ISO 3166-2
People's Republic of China CHINA China the People's Republic of China Yes[15] Zhongguo Putonghua ISO 3166-2:CN
Republic of China TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA Taiwan (Province of China) No[16] Taiwan Guoyu ISO 3166-2:TW

Taiwanese reactions

In 2007, the Republic of China filed a lawsuit before a Swiss civil court against the ISO, arguing that the ISO's use of the United Nations name rather than "Republic of China (Taiwan)" violated Taiwan's name rights.[17] On 9 September 2010, a panel of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland decided, by three votes to two, to dismiss the suit as presenting a political question not subject to Swiss civil jurisdiction.[18][19][20] As of 2009, the Chinese and Taiwanese entries in CNS 12842 based on ISO 3166 with some differences are as follows with 11 columns meaning:

  1. English short name upper case
  2. Chinese full name
  3. English full name
  4. Alpha-2 code
  5. Alpha-3 code
  6. Numeric code
  7. Remark
  8. Independent
  9. Administrative language alpha-2
  10. Administrative language alpha-3
  11. Local short name
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHINA 中華人民共和國 the People's Republic of China CN CHN 156 # zh zho Zhongguo[21]
TAIWAN, ROC 中華民國 the Republic of China TW TWN 158 包括澎湖群島、金門、馬祖。[22] # zh zho TAIWAN, ROC[23]

The Taipei-based government of the Republic of China encodes the subdivisions of Taiwan with some systems different from ISO 3166-2:TW:

  • A national identification card has a unique number prefixed by an alphabet for a city or county.
  • The three-digit postal codes in Taiwan usually encode townships and the equivalents.
  • The national Code of Household Registration and Conscription Information System (HRCIS Code) covers more than Taiwanese subdivisions.[24]

People's Republic of China

The term is often used in Chinese media whenever the word "Taiwan" is mentioned, as in news reports and in TV shows. Particularly, when Taiwanese entertainers are on talk shows or being interviewed, the Chinese subtitles on the TV screen would always say "Taiwan, China" (中国台湾 / 中國台灣) despite the fact the person never mentioned the word "China" (中国 / 中國).[25] (It is standard practice for Chinese television to display subtitles in all programs.) Also, there has been controversy about Chinese talent shows forcing Taiwanese contestants to introduce themselves as from "Taiwan, China" or "Taipei, China". For example, Taiwanese singer Uni Yeh [zh] introduced herself as being from "Pingtung District, Taipei, China" (中国台北屏东区 /中國台北屏東區)[note 2] on her first appearance on The Voice of China in 2013, despite Pingtung and Taipei being completely distinct areas on opposite sides of Taiwan, causing an uproar among Taiwanese netizens. Her response was that she was instructed to say so by the directors and was nervous.[26]

In a reversal of this tendency, in July 2017 the PRC's state news agency Xinhua issued a style guide stating that for geographical references, the region should be named "Taiwan Area" or "Taiwan" and that it was 'generally now not called' "Taiwan Province". Its reason for doing so was ostensibly to "[take] into account the psychological feelings of Taiwanese."[9] However, the same style guide stated that for any political references, all three of "Taiwan", "Taipei", and "Chinese Taipei" were prohibited in favor of the PRC's preferred "Taiwan, China" or "Taipei, China". (The PRC only permits the term "Chinese Taipei" in the context of international organizations, such as the IOC and the WTO.) In addition, it stated that for publishing maps or statistics that include the mainland but exclude Taiwan to depict the People's Republic of China solely, any disclaimer should be explicitly labeled "Taiwan Province not included" with the word "province".

United States

If a place of birth on a United States passport application is written as "Taiwan, China", which cannot be shown in passports as per the One-China policy, the United States Department of State requires its officials to contact the applicant to ascertain whether "Taiwan" or "China" is the preferred place of birth to be printed.[27]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, some government documents and some state media[28][29] may use the forms Đài Loan (Trung Quốc) ["Taiwan (China)"] or Đài Loan, Trung Quốc ("Taiwan, China") to refer to Taiwan or Republic of China in contexts such as music and entertainment coverage.[30][31][32] In other media, they often use the term vùng lãnh thổ ("territory")[33] or đảo ("island")[34][35] to refer to Taiwan when wanting to avoid repeating the term "Taiwan" many times in their article. The term Tỉnh Đài Loan ("Taiwan Province")[36] sometimes appear in media to refer to all of "Taiwan Area" (not only referring to the Taiwan Province of ROC). "Đài Loan" remains the official name of Taiwan in Vietnamese in most cases.

International airlines

In April 2018, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) wrote a letter to approximately 36 airlines throughout the world, including American Airlines, Air Canada, All Nippon Airways, Air New Zealand, British Airways, Delta Airlines, Japan Airlines, Lufthansa, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, and United Airlines, among others, requesting that they change travel destination cities in Taiwan on their websites to list them under "Taiwan, Province of China", or directly list them as, for example, "Taipei, China" and "Kaohsiung, China" instead of the existing "Taipei, Taiwan" and "Kaohsiung, Taiwan".[37] The request was made under the possibility that if the demands were not met, the airlines could be banned from flying into China or along its airspace.

Most airlines quickly complied, although there was some initial resistance among some U.S. airlines. They requested a time extension to consider the issue, and replied to the Authority that they will confer with the U.S. government regarding the course of action. The White House under the Trump administration responded by labeling the move as "Orwellian nonsense".[38] The CAAC therefore extended the deadline for U.S. airlines to 25 July 2018 for compliance.[39] Eventually, all of the resisting U.S. airlines partially gave in to Beijing's demand by the deadline, and dropped all references to Taiwan as a country, but rather listing the city names only (for example, just "Taipei" or "Kaohsiung" without any mention of which country the city is in).[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There is some debate whether the war has ended since the two Chinas are still fighting for international recognition and assurance of sovereignty. See Chinese Civil War for details.
  2. ^ ISO 3166-2:TW considered counties of Taiwan as "districts" before correcting the subdivision category on 15 November 2016.

References

  1. ^ "Taiwan protests to WHO over 'province of China' label". ABS-CBN. Agence France-Presse. May 17, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  2. ^ "What is the 'One China' policy?". BBC News. October 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  3. ^ "A Pivotal President-- Lee Teng-hui's 12 Years". Taiwan Panorama (Sino). June 5, 2000. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  4. ^ Ogasawara, Yoshiyuki. "Constitutional Reform and Democratization in Taiwan". Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  5. ^ "Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma". China Post. September 4, 2008. Archived from the original on September 10, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
  6. ^ "Taiwan President: Mainland China is Still Our Territory". ChinaSmack. October 29, 2013. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
  7. ^ 请央视自律 关于正确使用涉台宣传用语的意见. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  8. ^ "Beijing seeks to downgrade Taiwan's status: Report - Taipei Times". August 8, 2021. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  9. ^ a b "China forbids terms 'Formosa' and 'Republic of China'". Taiwan News. July 21, 2017. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  10. ^ "Taiwan president protests China pressuring UN body into calling island a Chinese territory". The Associated Press. Reading Eagle. May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  11. ^ "China vows 'forceful measures' over Taiwan VP's US visit". TARTWORLD. August 13, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  12. ^ "ISO 3166 – FAQs – Specific". ISO. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012.
  13. ^ Lin, Keng-yu; Tsai, Rex (November 2, 2011). "Taiwan listed as "Taiwan, Province of China"". Launchpad. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  14. ^ "Taiwan is not a province of China". Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  15. ^ "ISO 3166 information for CN". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  16. ^ "ISO 3166 information for TW". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2020. Independent: No; Administrative language(s) alpha-2: zh; Administrative language(s) alpha-3: zho; Local short name: Taiwan
  17. ^ "Taiwan sues ISO over incorrect reference". Taipei Representative Office in the UK. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
  18. ^ Felber, René (September 10, 2010). "Umweg über Zivilrichter unzulässig: Taiwans Kampf um seinen Namen". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). p. 14.
  19. ^ "Urteil vom 9. September 2010 (5A_329/2009)" [Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)] (PDF) (in German). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2011.
  20. ^ "Arrêt du 9 septembre 2010 (5A_329/2009)" [Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)] (PDF) (in French). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2010.
  21. ^ "CNS 12842 X5014 Codes for the representation of names of countries". Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  22. ^ This Chinese phrase means "including Penghu Islands, Kinmen, and Matsu."
  23. ^ "CNS 12842 X5014 Codes for the representation of names of countries". Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection. July 7, 2009. p. 22. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020. TAIWAN, ROC | 中華民國 | the Republic of China | TW | TWN | 158 | 包括澎湖群島、金門、馬祖。 | # | zh | zho | TAIWAN, ROC
  24. ^ "戶役政資訊系統資料代碼內容清單" (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  25. ^ Mangapower. "Pressured by "higher-ups paying attention", so UNI Yeh said "Taipei, China"". Apple Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  26. ^ Wu, Jianhong (July 21, 2013). "葉瑋庭《好聲音》自我介紹出包 「中國屏東」被譙翻". Apple Daily (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  27. ^ "8 FAM 403.4 Place of Birth". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. June 27, 2018. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2018. d. If an applicant born in Taiwan writes "Taiwan, China" as her/his POB on a passport application, you must contact the applicant to ascertain whether she/he prefers either TAIWAN or CHINA as her/his POB (Information Request Letter 707-06)." "f. Passports may not be issued showing the POB as "Taiwan, China," "Taiwan, Republic of China," or "Taiwan, ROC."
  28. ^ Trần Nga theo Ap. "Đài Loan, Trung Quốc quyên góp 26 triệu USD cho Nhật Bản" (in Vietnamese). Vov.vn. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  29. ^ "Danh Sách Công Dân Việt Nam Được Thôi Quốc Tịch Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Moj.gov.vn. March 25, 2005. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  30. ^ "Trung Quốc, Đài Loan khai trương triển lãm đèn lồng" (in Vietnamese). vietnamplus.vn. February 12, 2010. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  31. ^ "VietNam Airlines tổ chức đoàn khảo sát điểm đến Đài Loan (Trung Quốc)". Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  32. ^ "Dị nữ Lady Gaga khuấy động thị trường Đài Loan" (in Vietnamese). Vietnamplus.vn. November 9, 2008. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  33. ^ "Đài Loan dùng sức mạnh mềm chống Trung Quốc?" (in Vietnamese). Baodatviet.vn. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  34. ^ "Tên lửa Hsiungfeng 2E của đảo Đài Loan có gì mạnh?" (in Vietnamese). Baodatviet.vn. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  35. ^ "Tên lửa Hsiungfeng 2E của đảo Đài Loan có gì mạnh?" (in Vietnamese). Vtc.vn. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  36. ^ "4 người Việt bị bắt ở Đài Loan" (in Vietnamese). Vietbao.vn. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  37. ^ JAMES PALMER, BETHANY ALLEN-EBRAHIMIAN (April 27, 2018). "China Threatens U.S. Airlines Over Taiwan References". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  38. ^ "White House: China push on Taiwan is 'Orwellian nonsense'". The Seattle Times. May 5, 2018. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  39. ^ "Beijing's demand to refer to 'China Taiwan' still being defied by US airlines". South China Morning Post. June 26, 2018. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  40. ^ Wee, Sui-Lee (July 25, 2018). "Giving In to China, U.S. Airlines Drop Taiwan (in Name at Least)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
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