List of Solar System extremes
Appearance
![]() |
This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.
By feature
Record | Data | Feature | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Largest canyon | 4000 km long, 200 km wide | Valles Marineris, Mars | [1] |
Tallest mountain | 22 km (13.6 mi) | Rheasilvia central peak, Vesta | [2][3] |
Tallest volcano | 25 km (15.5 mi) | Olympus Mons, Mars | [4] |
Tallest cliff | 20 km (12.4 mi) | Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus | [5] |
Largest impact crater | 2,700 km (1,700 mi) | North Polar Basin, Mars | [6] |
By class
Type | Average density | Average temperature | Average surface gravity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
Star | 1.4 g/cm3 Sun [7][8] |
5778 K Sun [9][10] |
274 m/s2 Sun [11] | |||
Major planet | 0.7 g/cm3 Saturn [12][13] |
5.51 g/cm3 Earth [14][15] |
73 K Neptune [16][17][18] |
733 K Venus [19] |
3.70 m/s2 Mercury [18] |
23.1 m/s2 Jupiter [18] |
Dwarf planet | 2 g/cm3 Pluto |
3 g/cm3 Haumea |
30 K Makemake |
167 K Ceres |
0.27 m/s2 Ceres |
0.8 m/s2 Eris |
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] | 0.98 g/cm3 Tethys |
3.53 g/cm3 Io [20][21] |
38 K Triton [22] |
250 K Moon [23] |
0.064 m/s2 Mimas |
1.796 m/s2 Io |
Type | Escape velocity | Mass | Volume (radius) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
Star | 617.7 km/s Sun [11] |
332,830 MEarth Sun [24][25] |
695,000 km Sun [25] | |||
Major planet | 4.3 km/s Mercury [18] |
59.5 km/s Jupiter [18] |
0.055 MEarth Mercury [26] |
318 MEarth Jupiter [24] |
2500 km Mercury [27] |
69911 km Jupiter [26] |
Dwarf planet | 0.51 km/s Ceres |
1.3 km/s Eris |
0.0002 MEarth Ceres |
0.0028 MEarth Eris |
487.3 km Ceres |
1187 km Pluto |
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] | 0.16 km/s Mimas |
2.74 km/s Ganymede |
0.000006 MEarth Mimas |
0.0250 MEarth Ganymede [28] |
198 km Mimas |
2634 km Ganymede [20][28] |
Extreme characteristic | Major planet | Dwarf planet | Major moon (of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 1] |
---|---|---|---|
Densest atmosphere | Venus [NB 2] [29][30] |
Pluto | Titan [29] |
By object
Astronomical body | Elevation (height above/below datum) |
Elevation (height above/below base) |
Surface temperature | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | |||
Sun | N/A | 100,000,000 K In a solar flare [31] |
1240 K In a sunspot [32] | |||||
Mercury | 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains [33][34] |
723 K Dayside of Mercury [35] |
89 K Permanently shaded polar craters [36] | |||||
Venus | 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra [37][38][39][40] |
3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra [40][41] |
755 K lowlands of Venus [36] |
644 K Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra [36] | ||||
Earth | 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China [42] |
10,971 metres (35,994 ft) Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean [43] |
10,200 metres (33,500 ft) Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America [42] |
7 kilometres (4.3 mi) Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean [44] |
330 K Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley, United States (more info) |
184 K Vostok Station, Antarctica (more info) | ||
Mars | 27 kilometres (17 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis [42] |
6 kilometres (3.7 mi) Hellas Planitia [45] |
24 kilometres (15 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis [46] |
9 kilometres (5.6 mi) Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris [47] |
293 K Martian equator in midsummer day [48] |
120 K Martian poles in the depths of winter night [48] | ||
Jupiter | N/A | 152 K [49] |
110 K [49] | |||||
Saturn | N/A | 143 K [50] |
82 K [50] | |||||
Uranus | N/A | 68 K [51] |
59 K [51] | |||||
Neptune | N/A | 53 K [52] |
50 K [52] | |||||
Moon | 10,786 metres (35,387 ft) 5.4125°, 201.3665° [53][54] |
9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi) Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S) |
400 K midday on the equator [55] |
26 K Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice [55] | ||||
Io | 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi) Boosaule Montes [56][57] |
|||||||
Europa | 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W) [58] |
132 K Subsolar temperature [59] |
||||||
Ganymede | 156 K Subsolar temperature [59] |
80 K Nighttime temperature [60] | ||||||
Callisto | 168 K Subsolar temperature [59] |
80 K Predawn nighttime temperature [61] | ||||||
Titan | 2 km (1.2 mi) Mithrim Montes, Xanadu[62] |
|||||||
Mimas | ||||||||
Enceladus | 110 K Tiger Stripes [63] |
|||||||
Tethys | ||||||||
Dione | ||||||||
Rhea | ||||||||
Iapetus | 20 kilometres (12 mi) Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge [64][65][66] |
|||||||
Ariel | ||||||||
Umbriel | ||||||||
Titania | ||||||||
Oberon | ||||||||
Miranda |
[5] |
|||||||
Triton | ||||||||
Nereid | ||||||||
Proteus | ||||||||
Charon | ||||||||
Ceres | 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) Ahuna Mons [67][68] |
235 K [69] |
||||||
Pluto | 3.4 km (2.1 mi) Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio[70] |
45 K [71] |
35 K [71] | |||||
Eris | 41 K [72] |
30 K [72] | ||||||
Makemake | ||||||||
Haumea | ||||||||
The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line. |
By distance
See also
- Solar System
- Lists of geological features of the Solar System
- List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
Notes
References
- ^ NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ Vega, P. (11 October 2011). "New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission". Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission website. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ Schenk, P.; Marchi, S.; O'Brien, D.P.; Buczkowski, D.; Jaumann, R.; Yingst, A.; McCord, T.; Gaskell, R.; Roatsch, T.; Keller, H. E.; Raymond, C.A.; Russell, C.T. (1 March 2012), Mega-Impacts into Planetary Bodies: Global Effects of the Giant Rheasilvia Impact Basin on Vesta, The Woodlands, Texas: LPI, p. 2757, Bibcode:2012LPI....43.2757S, contribution 1659, id.2757
{{citation}}
: Unknown parameter|booktitle=
ignored (help) - ^ Universe Today, "The Largest Volcano in the Solar System", Fraser Cain, 16 July 2008 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Astronomy Picture of the Day, "2007 July 23", NASA, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-10)
- ^ Chandler, David (June 25, 2008). "Solar System's biggest impact scar discovered". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Sun", May Ko, 1999 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 24 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" Archived 2016-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "What is the Coldest Planet of Our Solar System?", Fraser Cain, 28 May 2010 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b c d e Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System" Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine, Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Planet Facts, "Temperature on Venus – The Hottest Planet" Archived 2011-01-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.10
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Moon", Fraser Cain, 3 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Praxis, "Distant Worlds", Peter Bond, 2007, Catalog record for Distant worlds : milestones in planetary exploration at the United States Library of Congress , ISBN 0-387-40212-8 , pg.247
- ^ ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.2
- ^ a b Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.6
- ^ Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.4
- ^ a b the neighborhood, "g a l i l e a n m o o n s o f j u p i t e r" Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)
- ^ University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21)
- ^ Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Serbian Astronomical Journal, "On the Effective Temperature of Sunspot Umbrae using Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines", Sangeetha, R.; Sriramachandran, P.; Bagare, S. P.; Rajamanickam, N.; Shanmugavel, R., vol. 179, pp. 95-99, December 2009, doi:10.2298/SAJ0979095S , Bibcode:2009SerAJ.179...95S
- ^ Icarus, "The morphology of Mercury’s Caloris basin as seen in MESSENGER stereo topographic models", Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank; Phillips, Roger J.; et al., Volume 209, Issue 1, p. 230-238, September 2010, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.009 , Bibcode:2010Icar..209..230O
- ^ Lerner Publications, "Mercury", Gregory Vogt, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7613-5705-6 , pp.31
- ^ World Book at NASA, "Mercury" Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Maria T. Zuber, 2004, World Book Online Reference Center Archived 2012-09-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b c Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b National Academy Press, "Physics Through the 1990s: Scientific Interfaces and Technological Applications", National Research Council, 1986, pp.100, ISBN 0-309-03580-5
- ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b c Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth" Archived 2012-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench", Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Hawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ a b NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ The Register, "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest", Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!" Archived 2012-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ a b BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Springer-Praxis, "Io After Galileo", Rosaly M. C. Lopes, John Robert Spencer, 2007, ISBN 9783540346814 , pp.110
- ^ Cambridge University Press, 'Planetary Tectonics', "Tectonics of the outer planet satellites", Paul M. Schenk et al., 2009, `ed. Thomas R. Watters, Richard A. Schultz`, ISBN 0521765730 , pp.289
- ^ Icarus, "Europa: Initial Galileo Geological Observations", Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Klemaszewski, James;, Volume 135, pp. 4-24, September 1998, doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5969 , Bibcode:1998Icar..135....4G
- ^ a b c Astrophysical Journal, "Callisto: New Insights from Galileo Disk-resolved UV Measurements", Hendrix, Amanda R.; Johnson, Robert E., Volume 687, Issue 1, pp. 706-713, November 2008, doi:10.1086/591491 , Bibcode:2008ApJ...687..706H
- ^ OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-22)
- ^ "17 Callisto", Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25)
- ^ Mitri, G.; Bland,M. T.; Showman, A. P.; Radebaugh, J.; Stiles, B.; Lopes, R. M. C.; Lunine, J. I.; Pappalardo, R. T. (2010). "Mountains on Titan: Modeling and observations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (E10002): E10002. Bibcode:2010JGRE..11510002M. doi:10.1029/2010JE003592. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ^ Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28)
- ^ Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus" Archived 2015-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus" Archived 2015-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Robert Burnham (1 September 2016). "Ceres: The tiny world where volcanoes erupt ice". Arizona State University.
- ^ "Ahuna Mons: A Geologically-Young Extrusive Dome on Ceres" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (47): 2279. March 2016. Bibcode:2016LPI....47.2279R. 2279.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27)
- ^ Talbert, Tricia (July 15, 2015). "The Icy Mountains of Pluto". NASA. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
- ^ a b Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27)
- ^ a b Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27)
External links
- Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" by Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- Journey Through the Galaxy: "Planets of the Solar System" by Stuart Robbins and David McDonald, 2006 (accessed November 2010)
- The Nine Planets, "Appendix 2: Solar System Extrema" by Bill Arnett, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- EnchantedLearning.com, "Solar System Extremes", 2010 (accessed November 2010)