Ndonga dialect

"Ndonga" redirects here. For other uses, see Ndonga (disambiguation).

Ndonga
ndonga
Native to	Namibia and southern Angola
Region	Ovamboland
Native speakers	810,000 (2006)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Southern Bantoid Bantu Kavango–Southwest Southwest Bantu Ovambo Ndonga
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ng
ISO 639-2	ndo
ISO 639-3	ndo
Glottolog	ndon1254
Guthrie code	R.22
Linguasphere	99-AUR-lc

Ndonga, also called Oshindonga, is a Bantu language spoken in Namibia and parts of Angola. It is a standardized dialect of the Ovambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Kwanyama, the other Ovambo dialect with a standard written form. With 810,000 speakers, the language has the largest number of speakers in Namibia.

Martti Rautanen translated the Bible into the Ndonga standard.

Phonology

Vowels

Oshindonga uses a five-vowel system:

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a

Consonants

Oshindonga contains the following consonant phonemes:

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	m̥		n̥		ŋ̊
	voiced	m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p		t		k	ʔ
	voiced	b		d		g
	affricate			ts
Fricative	voiceless	f	θ	s	ʃ	x	h
	voiced	v	ð	z	ʒ	ɣ
Approximant	central	w			j
	lateral			l

Prenasalized sounds are listed below:

• [m̥p]
• [mb]
• [ɱv]
• [n̥θ]
• [nð]
• [n̥ʃ]
• [n̥t]
• [nd]
• [nz]
• [n̥ts]
• [ŋk]
• [ŋɡ]

Oshindonga also contains many other consonant compounds, listed below:

• [m̥pʰ]
• [n̥tʰ]
• [n̥kʰ]
• [m̥pʰw]
• [n̥tʰw]
• [n̥kʰw]
• [n̥dz]
• [n̥tsʰ]
• [ndʒ]
• [xw]
• [tsʼ] (voiceless, ejective, alveolar affricate)
• [psʲ] (voiceless, palatalized, labio-alveolar affricate)

References

• Fivaz, Derek (2003). A Reference Grammar of Oshindonga (2 ed.). Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers.

External links

• Ndonga