Jump to content

Education in Tibet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Honoredebalzac345 (talk | contribs) at 23:00, 13 August 2020 (→Bilingual Education: Added a new source from the International Campaign for Tibet. Added blockquote. Other minor changes.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Education in Tibet is the public responsibility of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Education of ethnic Tibetans is partly subsidized by the government. Primary and secondary education is compulsory, while preferential policies aimed at Tibetans seek to enroll more students in vocational or higher education.

History

Lhasa (1922)
English school in Gyantse, classroom photo between 1923 to 1926

Some form of institutionalized education was in place in Tibet since 860 CE, when the first monasteries were established. However, only 13% of the population (less for girls) lived there, and many still were manual laborers educated only enough to chant their prayer books. Five public schools existed outside of the monasteries: Tse Laptra trained boys for ecclesiastical functions in the government, Tsikhang to prepare aristocrats with the proper etiquette for government service. Some villages have small private schools. Some choose to educate their children with private tutors at home. In the 20th century, the government in Tibet allowed foreign groups, mainly English, to establish secular schools in Lhasa. However, they were opposed by the clergy and the aristocracy, who feared they would "undermine Tibet's cultural and religious traditions."[1] The parents who could afford to send their children to England for education were reluctant because of the distance.

Chinese records indicate that in 1951, the illiteracy rate was 90% and the enrollment rate of school-age children was less than 2%.[2] The Seventeen Point Agreement signed at that time pledged Chinese help to develop education in Tibet. Primary education has been expanded in recent decades.

Overview

Frank Ludlow with Tibetan pupils between 1923 to 1926

In 2015, the literacy rate in Tibet for the 15-60 age group was 99.48%.[3]

Since the China Western Development program in 1999, 200 primary schools have been built, and enrollment of children in public schools in 2010 has reached 98.8%.[4]

By 2017, there were 2,200 schools across Tibet providing different levels of education to roughly 663,000 students.[2] By 2018, the gross student enrollment rate in Tibet was 99.5% in primary school, 99.51% in middle school, 82.25% in senior high school and 39.18% in colleges and universities.[2]

Bilingual Education

A bilingual teaching system with Tibetan as the principal language is widespread throughout the region. In much of Tibet, primary school education is conducted either primarily or entirely in Standard Tibetan. In middle schools, classes are taught in both Tibetan and Mandarin Chinese. As of 2012, 96.88% of all primary school students and 90.63% of all middle school students had received bilingual education.[2]

The Free Tibet campaign and other Tibetan human rights groups have criticised the education system in Tibet for eroding Tibetan culture.[5] There have been protests against the teaching of Mandarin Chinese in schools and the lack of more instruction on local history and culture.[6] The International Campaign for Tibet accused Chinese authorities of "marginalizing the Tibetan language by withdrawing it from the curriculum".[7]

However, scholars have rejected such views. According to Professor Barry Sautman, writing in the Texas Journal of International Law:

"None of the many recent studies of endangered languages deems Tibetan to be imperiled, and language maintenance among Tibetans contrasts with language loss even in the remote areas of Western states renowned for liberal policies...Claims that primary schools in Tibet teach Mandarin are in error. Tibetan was the main language of instruction in 98% of TAR primary schools in 1996...In six years of Tibetan primary school, pupils are said to spend a total of 1598 hours studying in Tibetan and 748 hours studying in Chinese, a two-to-one ratio. Because less than four out of ten TAR Tibetans reach secondary school, primary school matters most for their cultural formation."[8]

Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has noted that "within certain limits the PRC does make efforts to accommodate Tibetan cultural expression" and "the cultural activity taking place all over the Tibetan plateau cannot be ignored."[9]

Higher education

English School in Gyantse between 1923 and 1926

The central government held the Second National Conference on Work in Tibet in 1984, and Tibet University was established the same year.[10] Tibet had six institutes of higher learning as of 2006. When the National Higher Education Entrance Examination was first established in 1980, ethnic Tibetans filled only 10% of the higher education entrant quota for the region, despite making up 97% of the region's population. However, in 1984, the Chinese Ministry of Education affected policy changes including affirmative action and Tibetan language accommodations. In 2008, the number of ethnic Tibetans sitting the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) reached 14248, with 10211 being accepted into university, making the enrollment proportion of ethnic Tibetans 60%.[11]

See also

Further reading

  • Alice Travers (Jan 2016). "Between Private and Public Initiatives? Private Schools in pre-1951 Tibet". Himalaya. 35 (2).
  1. ^ Bass, Catriona (1998). Education in Tibet: policy and practice since 1950. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-674-2.
  2. ^ a b c d "In Tibet: The road to modern education". news.cgtn.com. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  3. ^ "Tibet sees remarkable reduction of illiteracy rate - China - Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  4. ^ "PLA contributes to better primary education in Tibet". TibetCulture. Retrieved 9 August 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ http://www.freetibet.org/about/education
  6. ^ Policy Research Group, Trouble over patriotic education in Tibet Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine, 26 October 2010
  7. ^ "Tibetan Language: The Struggle for Survival". International Campaign for Tibet. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 13 August 2020 suggested (help)
  8. ^ Barry, Sautman (2003). ""Cultural Genocide" and Tibet" (PDF). Texas International Law Journal. 38 (2): 173–246. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014.
  9. ^ Elliot Sperling, "Exile and Dissent: The Historical and Cultural Context", in TIBET SINCE 1950: SILENCE, PRISON, OR EXILE 31–36 (Melissa Harris & Sydney Jones eds., 2000).
  10. ^ "Facts & Figures 2002: Education". China's Tibet. China Internet Information Cente. 2002.
  11. ^ Mei, Wu (2008). "The Development of Higher Education in Tibet: From UNESCO Perspective (Draft)" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 2010-07-12.

[1]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Tibet&oldid=972815084"