Censorship in Iran
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Censorship in Iran is the limiting or suppressing of the publishing, dissemination, and viewing of certain information in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The majority of such censorship is implemented or mandated by the Iranian government.
Censored content often includes information that relates to pornography, certain news sources and certain religious content.
Censored media include essentially all capable of reaching an even marginal audience, including television, print media, radio, film, museum and gallery exhibits, and the Internet.[1] Most forms of media are vetted for acceptability by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. Reporters Without Borders ranks Iran's press situation as "very serious", the worst ranking on their five-point scale.[2]
Subject matter and agenda
Censorship in Iran encompasses a wide range of subject matter. The agendas behind such censorship are varied; some are stated outright by Iranian government itself and some are surmised by observers inside and out of the country.
Political
Censorship in Iran is largely seen as a measure to maintain the stability of the country. Censorship helps prevent unapproved reformist, counter-revolutionary, or religious proponents, peaceful or otherwise, from organizing themselves and spreading their ideals. In 2007, for example, five women were charged with "endangering national security" and sentenced to prison for collecting over a million signatures supporting the abolishment of laws discriminating against women.[3]
Some of the topics explicitly banned from discussion in the media by the Supreme National Security Council include Iran's economic troubles, the possibility of new international sanctions targeted at Iran's nuclear program, negotiations with the United States regarding Iraq, social taboos, unrest among Iran's ethnic minorities, and the arrests in 2007 of Haleh Esfandiari, Kian Tajbakhsh and Ali Shakeri.[3][4]
Media
Two notable crackdowns on the Iranian press occurred on 7-11 August 1979, early in the Islamic Revolution when the Khomeini forces were consolidating control and dozens of non-Islamist newspapers were banned under a new press law banning "counter-revolutionary policies and acts." [5]
Despite a ban on satellite television, dishes dot many Iranian rooftops and people have access to dozens of Persian-language channels, including the Voice of America, broadcasting a daily dose of politics and entertainment. 30 percent of Iranians watch satellite channels, but observers say the figures are likely to be higher.[6]
A number of unauthorised foreign radio services also broadcast into Iran on shortwave, and encounter occasional jamming by the Iranian government due to their controversial nature. Such services include a popular phone-in programme from Kol Israel (Voice of Israel), where callers must dial a number in Europe to be rerouted to the studio in Israel in order to protect against persecution for communicating with an enemy state.[7]
In March 2009, Amoo Pourang (Uncle Pourang), an Iranian children television show watched by millions of Iranian children three times a week on state TV was pulled off after a child appearing on the program called his pet monkey "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad", live on air.[8]
Religious
The agents of censorship are sometimes not official government employees, but religious organizations. In 2007, after student newspapers at Amirkabir University of Technology published articles suggesting that no human being—including Muhammad—could be infallible, eight student leaders were arrested and taken to Evin Prison.[3]
Internet Censorship in Iran
In the first decade of the 21st century, Iran experienced a great surge in Internet usage, and, with 20 million people on the Internet, currently has the second highest percentage of its population online in the Middle East, after Israel. When initially introduced, the Internet services provided by the government within Iran were comparatively open. Many users saw the Internet as an easy way to get around Iran's strict press laws.[9][10] In recent years, Internet service providers have been told to block access to pornographic and anti-religion websites. The ban has also targeted such popular social networking sites as Facebook and YouTube, as well as news sites.[6]
Banned media
Books
Films
- The Circle[12]
- Crimson Gold
- Half Moon[13][14]
- Offside
- Persepolis (film)
- Tcherike-ye Tara
- Ten
- Santouri
- Marmoulak
- Time of Love
Video games
See also
- Freedom of speech in Iran
- Nashravaran Journalistic Institute
- Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
- Islamic Revolutionary Court for slandering the Supreme Leaders
- Communications in Iran
- International rankings of Iran
- Iran Electoral Archive
References
- ^ Tait, Robert (4 December 2006). "Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks access to top websites". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Reporters sans frontières - Internet - Iran RSF
- ^ a b c MacFarquhar, Neil. (2007). "Iran Cracks Down on Dissent". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 June 2007.
- ^ Iran, Annual Report 2007 Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Reporters Without Borders
- ^ Schirazi, The Constitution of Iran, Tauris, 1997 p.51
- ^ a b Media and internet Archived 2016-02-20 at the Wayback Machine Yahoo!
- ^ "Listening to Iran" Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2008)
- ^ Robert Tait (11 March 2009). "Children's show falls foul of toy monkey called Ahmadinejad". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Feuilherade, P. (2002.) "Iran's banned press turns to the net". BBC.com. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
- ^ BBC News. (2003.) "Iran Steps Up Net Censorship". BBC. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
- ^ لیلی نیکونظر (18 November 2007). گزارش یک توقیف. Shahrvand-e Emrooz (in Persian). 2 (25): 12.
- ^ Curiel, Jonathan (11 February 2004). "In Iran, nightclubs are banned and concerts are rare, but movies abound. The Fajr festival is the country's Cannes". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
- ^ "با حکمیت میشود مشکل به رنگ ارغوان را حل کرد". Cinemaema.com. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Farzian, Behzad (6 May 2004). "Call for ban on film that mocks Iran's mullahs". Telegraph. London. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
- ^ "Iran bans US video game showing Tehran invasion". AFP. 28 November 2011.
- ^ http://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/9/19/3357600/arma-3-banned-in-iran
- ^ http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/2067248.html
External links
- Hejazi, Arash, ‘You don’t deserve to be published’ Book Censorship in Iran, LOGOS: The Journal of the World Book Community, Volume 22, Number 1, 2011 , pp. 53-62(10), doi:10.1163/095796511X562644
- Music censorship incidents in Iran - reported by Freemuse
- Committee against censorship (Iran Proxy) - ANti Censorship Committee in Iran
- Pictures of Iranian Censorship - Examples of Iranian Censorship in Western Magazines
- I will not register my site - Antiregistering website & blogs logo and Censorship google bombing.]
- Banned Magazine, the online journal of censorship and secrecy
- Iran's Digital Underground by David Feith, The Wall Street Journal, 10 August 2009
- Iran Electoral Archive - Media & Censorship
- Cultural Censorship in Iran: Iranian Culture in a State of Emergency[permanent dead link] - A report by Small Media detailing incidences of cultural censorship since the 2009 Iranian Presidential Elections.]
