Croatian wine
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Croatian wine (vino, pl. vina) has a history dating back to the Ancient Greek settlers, and their wine production on the southern Dalmatian islands of Vis, Hvar and Korčula some 2,500 years ago.[1] Like other old world wine producers, many traditional grape varieties still survive in Croatia, perfectly suited to their local wine hills. Modern wine-production methods have taken over in the larger wineries, and EU-style wine regulations[2] have been adopted, guaranteeing the quality of the wine.
There are currently over 300 geographically defined wine regions, and a strict classification system to ensure quality and origin. The majority of Croatian wine is white, with most of the remainder being red, and only a small percentage is rosé wines. In 2010, Croatia ranked 30th in wine producing countries with an estimated 50,000 tonnes.[3]
Wine is a popular drink in Croatia, and locals traditionally like to drink wine with their meals. Quite often, the wine is diluted with either still or sparkling water - producing a drink known as gemišt (a combination of white wine and carbonated water), and bevanda (a combination of red wine and still water).
History
Like the rest of Central Europe and Southern Europe, viticulture in the present-day Croatia existed hundreds of years before the rise of the Roman Empire. Recent research has shown that the Illyrians living in Dalmatia during the Bronze Age and Iron Age may already have grown grapevines. However, the true beginning of grape cultivation and wine production in Croatia is related to the Ancient Greeks settlers, who arrived on the Croatian coast in the 5th century BC.[1] The Greek writer Athenaeus wrote 18 centuries ago about the high quality wine produced on the Dalmatian islands of Vis,[4] Hvar and Korčula. Coins from the period have motifs related to grape cultivation and wine, demonstrating the importance of wine in the economics of the ancient Greek colonies.
Under the Roman Empire, wine production grew, becoming more organized. Wine was exported to other parts of the empire. Artifacts from this time include stone presses for squeezing grapes and amphoras from sunken Roman galleys. Decorations on numerous religious and household items bear witness to the wine-making culture.
As the Croatians arrived and settled the area, they learned from their predecessors, and wine production continued to expand. During the Middle Ages, there was a royal court official called the "royal wine procurer", whose responsibilities included the production and procurement of wine. Free towns adopted legal standards on winegrowing and protected it accordingly. For example, a statute of the town and island of Korčula in 1214 contains strict rules protecting the vineyards.
In the 15th century, the Ottoman Turks arrived in South Eastern Europe, and imposed strict anti-alcohol laws as part of the new Islamic law. Fortunately, the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of Christianity. Catholic church traditions involving wine may have “saved” local wine production from complete extinction—as priests and monks were permitted to continue making wine for church services.
In the 18th century, much of present-day Croatia came under control of the Habsburg Empire, where wine production flourished through the 19th and 20th centuries. The history of wine changed dramatically in 1874, when phylloxera, a hazardous grapevine pest, started to appear in Europe. Wine production dropped, first in France and Germany, as growers struggled with the blight. For a time, Croatian vineyards remained unaffected, and wine exports greatly increased to fill the extra demand. Some French companies even planted vines in Croatia with a view to expanding operations in the safe area. However, by the turn of the 20th century, Croatian vines had also succumbed to phylloxera, leading to the destruction of the vineyards and the collapse of the local economy in many areas. Large numbers of wine growing families moved to the new world, contributing to the growth of wine production there.
Under the communist system of Yugoslavia, wine production was centered in large cooperatives, and private ownership of vineyards was discouraged. Quantity rather than quality became the main focus. The Croatian War of Independence in the early 1990s saw many vineyards and wineries once again destroyed. However, with the move back to small, independent producers, Croatian wines are once again competing with the best in the world wine market.
Geography and climate
Croatia is a Mediterranean country, lying to the east of Italy, across the Adriatic Sea. Towards the north lie the Alps, and to the north-east the country forms the western end of the great Pannonian Plain.
The interior of Croatia has a continental climate, with cold winters, and hot summers with enough rain to make it a major agricultural area. Wine-growing is concentrated in the hilly areas bordering on the Pannonian Plain.
The Dalmatian Coast is typically Mediterranean in climate, though the Dinaric Alps mountain range creates pockets of alpine climate at higher altitudes. The coastline of the Adriatic Sea is ideal for grape cultivation with its hot, humid summers and mild winters. Further down the coast, and on the islands, grapes are grown on the karst hillside, sometimes steep slopes with little rainfall. Some of the best-known wine-production areas are on the Dalmatian islands. Located along hillsides and slopes, wine regions along the coast receive many hours of sunlight, ideal for grape production. Croatia is also home to the Slavonian oak forest, which provides oak for the casks favoured by many European winemakers for aging their finest wines.
The average inland temperature is between 0 and 2 °C in January, and between 19 and 23 °C in August. Average coastal temperatures range from 6–11 °C in January to 21–27 °C in August. Sea temperature averages 12 °C in winter and 25 °C in summer.
Wine styles
There are two distinct wine-producing regions in Croatia. The continental region in the north-east of the country, produces rich fruity white wines, similar in style to the neighbouring areas of Slovenia, Austria and Hungary. On the north coast, Istrian wines are similar to those produced in neighbouring Italy, while further south production is more towards big Mediterranean-style reds. On the islands and the Dalmatian coast, local grape varieties, microclimates and the rather harsh nature of the vineyards leads to some highly individual wines, and some of Croatia's best known.
The majority (67%) of wine produced is white and produced in the interior, while 32% is red and produced mainly along the coast. Rosé is relatively rare. Some special wines, such as sparkling wine (pjenušavo vino or pjenušac) and dessert wine are also produced.
Wine Regions
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Croatia has two main wine regions: Continental (Kontinentalna) and Coastal (Primorska), which includes the islands. Each of the main regions is divided into sub-regions, which are divided yet further into smaller vinogorje, (literally wine hills).[5] Altogether, there are more than 300 geographically-defined wine-producing areas in Croatia. More than half of the wine production is concentrated in three counties: Istria, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem County.[6]
Continental Croatia
The inland wine region, stretching from north-west to south-east along the Drava and Sava rivers, has a typical continental climate with cold winters and hot summers. Production is concentrated in white wine varieties. The best-known area within this region is Slavonia, and the most widely planted grape is Graševina, which yields light, crisp, refreshing, mildly aromatic wines.
The continental region is divided into the following sub-regions:
| Sub-region | Winehills (Vinogorje) |
|---|---|
| Moslavina | Čazma, Voloder-Ivanić Grad |
| Plešivica | Krašić, Ozalj-Vivodina, Plešivica-Okić, Samobor, Sveta Jana |
| Podunavlje | Baranja, Erdut, Srijem |
| Pokuplje | Karlovac, Petrinja, Vukomeričke Gorice |
| Prigorje - Bilogora | Bilogora, Dugo Selo-Vrbovec, Kalnik, Koprivnica-Đurđevac, Zagreb, Sv. Ivan Zelina |
| Slavonia | Daruvar, Đakovo, Feričanci, Kutjevo, Nova Gradiška, Orahovica-Slatina, Pakrac, Požega-Pleternica, Slavonski Brod, Virovitica |
| Zagorje - Međimurje | Klanjec, Krapina, Ludbreg, Međimurje, Pregrada, Stubica, Varaždin, Zabok, Zlatar |
Coastal Croatia
The coastal wine region runs from Istria in the north to Dalmatia to the south. The Mediterranean climate, with long, hot dry summers and mild, short, wet winters is particularly well suited to wine production. In Istria and the north coast, the focus is on fruity, dry white wines from a wide range of grape varieties, but mostly Malvazija,[7][8] as well as bold, dry reds including Teran. Further south, in Dalmatia, the islands and hillsides have an infinite variety of microclimates resulting in a wine-growing area where terroir is a crucially important factor. A wide range of indigenous grape varietals are grown here, the best known being Plavac Mali, the child of Zinfandel and Dobričić.
The coastal region is divided into the following sub-regions (listed from north to south):
| Sub-region | Winehills (Vinogorje) |
|---|---|
| Istria ( Hrvatska Istra) | Western Istria (Zapadna Istra), Central Istria (Centralna Istra), Eastern Istria (Istočna Istra) |
| Croatian Coast (Hrvatsko Primorje) |
Opatija-Rijeka, islands Krk, Rab, Cres-Lošinj, Pag |
| Northern Dalmatia (Sjeverna Dalmacija) |
Benkovac-Stankovci, Drniš, Knin, Pirovac-Skradin, Primošten, Promina, Šibenik, Zadar-Biograd |
| Dalmatian Interior (Dalmatinska Zagora) |
Imotski, Sinj-Vrlika, Vrgorac |
| Central and South Dalmatia (Srednja i Južna Dalmacija) |
Kaštela-Trogir, Split-Omiš-Makarska, Neretva, Konavle, Pelješac peninsula, islands Brač, Hvar, Korčula, Lastovo, Mljet, Šolta, Vis |
The excerpt from the Wine Act, new classification of after joining the EU; : - Geographical area of wine growing the Croatia is divided into three regions: - Eastern Continental Croatia - Western Continental Croatia - Coastal Croatia.
Article 3: Wine Region Eastern Continental Croatia is divided into sub-regions: - Croatian Danube Region, - Slavonia. Wine Region West continental Croatia is divided into sub-regions: - Moslavina, - Prigorje - Bilogora, - Zagorje - Medjimurje - Plesivica, - Pokuplje. Wine-growing region Coastal Croatia is divided into sub-regions: - Croatia Istria, - Croatian coast - North Dalmatia - Dalmatian hinterland, - Central and South Dalmatia
Grape Varieties
The grape varieties in use in Croatia can be very confusing to foreigners, not simply because the Croatian names are unfamiliar, but because many of the varieties may not be in use beyond a very limited area. There are indeed many foreign "international" grape varieties grown in Croatia but its long history of wine production has left it with a rich tradition of indigenous varieties, especially in the more out-lying areas, or the more extreme growing conditions.[9] Some of these have been so successful that they are in widespread use within Croatia, yet remain relatively unknown outside the country. One such is Plavac Mali,[10] the foundation of many highly regarded Dalmatian red wines, such as Postup, Dingač and Zlatan Plavac.
The well-known Napa Valley winemaker Miljenko "Mike" Grgich is a Croatian native, and he has argued the case for Zinfandel being descended from the Plavac Mali grape. DNA testing has now demonstrated that Plavac Mali is in fact a child of the true original Zinfandel, which is a little-planted grape from the same area named Crljenak Kaštelanski.
Following the devastation of the vines by phylloxera at the end of the 19th century, Croatian vineyards were replanted by grafting the traditional varieties on to American root stock. Only a very few pre-phylloxera vines still survive today on a couple of the islands (Korčula,[11] and Susak). In recent years, foreign-based winemakers and investors are taking an interest in Croatia's many indigenous grape varieties. As the battle against phylloxera continues, broadening the gene pool may be one way to help prevent a recurrence.
The tables below give an overview of the common varieties, alternative names, and where they are grown.[12]
White wine grapes
| Grape | Origin / other names | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Bogdanuša[13] | Origin: Stari Grad Plain on Hvar[1] | Central and South Dalmatia, especially Hvar |
| Bratkovina[14] | Origin: Dalmatia[14] | Central & South Dalmatia, mainly Korčula |
| Cetinjka Bijela[15] | Central & South Dalmatia, especially Korčula, Hvar, Mljet, Peljesac[15] | |
| Chardonnay | Moslavina, Plešivica, Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Prigorje - Bilogora, Slavonia, Zagorje - Međimurje, Istria, Croatian coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian interior (everywhere except Central & South Dalmatia)[16] | |
| Debit[17] | Origin: Brought to Dalmatia from Apulia, Italy,[1] but may originate from Anatolia[17] Also known as pagadebit and puljižanac[17] |
North Dalmatia, inland Dalmatia, Central and South Dalmatia[17][18] |
| Gegić[19] | Debeljan | Croatian coast, especially islands such as Pag and Rab |
| Graševina | Origin: May be France.[1] Welschriesling, Laški rizling, Italian Riesling, Olaszriesling |
Widely grown throughout the Continental Region.[1] Slavonia produces the largest number of premium quality Graševina wines. |
| Grk[20] | Origin: Lumbarda on Korčula[1] | Central & South Dalmatia, especially Korčula, Mljet, and Pelješac [18] |
| Kraljevina[21] | Origin: Zeline, Prigorje[1] | Moslavina, Prigorje - Bilogora, Zagorje-Međimurje |
| Kujundžuša[22] | Origin: Imotsko Polje.[1] Also known as Kojunđuša, Tvrdac, Tvrdorijez, žutac, ruderuša bijela[22] |
Dalmatian interior.[1] Leading white grape variety in Imotski.[22] |
| Kurtelaška bijela[23] | Indigenous Dalmatian variety[23] | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Vis and nearby islands. Not widespread and only used in blends.[23] |
| Malvazija Istarska[24] | Theoretically, Malvasia but more testing is needed[1] | Istria, north Croatian Coast[24] |
| Malvasia Dubrovačka[25] | Origin: Likely Greece[25] Italian Malvasia delle Lipari, Malvasia di Sardegna, Greco di Gerace, and Spanish Malvasia de Sitges[25] |
Central & South Dalmatia,[1][18] especially Konavle[25] |
| Maraština | Origin: Dalmatia[26] or possibly Italy.[1] Also Krizol, Rukatac, Đurđevina, Kačebelić, Kače-debić, Kukuruz, Mareština, Marinkuša[26] |
Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Korčula and Pelješac, Dalmatian Interior[26] |
| Manzoni bijeli[27] | Incrocio manzoni. Hybrid Pinot blanc/German Riesling[27] | Moslavina, Plešivica, Podunavlje, Prigorje-Bilogora, Slavonia |
| Moslavac | Origin: possibly Hungary.[1] Also known as šipon, mosler, furmint |
Grown throughout the Continental region |
| Muškat bijeli | Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains | Plešivica, Pokuplje, Prigorje-Bilogora, Zagorje-Međimurje, Istria (dessert wines) |
| Muškat žuti | Yellow Muscat, Muškat momjanski | Plešivica, Pokuplje, Prigorje - Bilogora, Zagorje-Međimurje, Istria, Croatian Coast (dessert wines) |
| Muškat ottonel | Muscat Ottonel | Plešivica, Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Slavonia, Zagorje-Međimurje, Istria (dessert wines) |
| Neuburger | Austrian variety | Plešivica, Pokuplje |
| Parč | Indigenous to Hvar | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Hvar [18] |
| Pinot Bijeli | Pinot blanc | Continental region, Istria, Croatian Coast, Dalmatian Interior |
| Pinot Sivi | Pinot gris | Continental region, Istria, Croatian Coast, Dalmatian Interior |
| Plavec Žuti | Old variety from NW Croatia | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Prigorje-Bilogora |
| Pošip | Origin: Smokvica on Korčula.[1][18] | North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia, Dalmatian islands |
| (Rajnski) Rizling | German Riesling | Grown throughout Continental region, producing many premium wines |
| Rizvanac bijeli | Müller-Thurgau | Grown throughout Continental region |
| Rkatsiteli | Moldavian variety | North Dalmatia |
| Ružica Crvena | Hungarian Dinka | Prigorje, Slavonia |
| Sauvignon (bijeli) | Sauvignon blanc | Continental region, Istria, Croatian Coast |
| Silvanac zeleni | Silvaner | Throughout Continental region |
| Šipelj | Indigenous to NW Croatia | Pokuplje |
| Škrlet | Origin: Moslavina[1] | Moslavina, Prigorje-Bilogora |
| Traminac | Gewürztraminer, Traminac Mirisni | Continental region |
| Trbljan bijeli | Kuč, Trebbiano romagnolo | Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Trebbiano toscano | Istria, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia | |
| Verduzzo | Istria | |
| Vugava | Origin: Vis.[1] bugava, ugava, viškulja | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Vis |
| Zelenac | Zelinika | Plešivica, Slavonia, Zagorje-Međimurje |
| Žilavka | Originates from Herzegovina | Southern Dalmatia |
| Žlahtina | Origin: Croatian Coast[1] | Istria, Croatian Coast, esp. Krk |
Red Wine Grapes
| Grape | Origin / Other names | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Alicante Bouschet | French hybrid of Grenache and Petit Bouschet | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Prigorje-Bilogora, Istria |
| Babić | Origin: around Primošten, Dalmatia[1][18] | Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Barbera | Istria | |
| Borgonja Crna | Cultivar of Modra Frankinja | Istria |
| Cabernet Franc | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Prigorje-Bilogora, Slavonia, Istria, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia | |
| Cabernet Sauvignon | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Prigorje-Bilogora, Slavonia, Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia | |
| Carignan | North Dalmatia | |
| Crljenak Kaštelanski | Zinfandel, Primitivo, one parent of Plavac Mali [18][28] | Hvar, Pelješac but rarely grown |
| Dobričić | Indigenous to Šolta, other parent of Plavac Mali [18] | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Šolta |
| Drnekuša | Darnekuša, Drnekuša Crna[29] | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Hvar [18] |
| Frankovka | Blaufränkisch, Kékfrankos, Lemberger, Frankonia | Continental Region, Croatian Coast |
| Gamay bojadiser | Gamay | Moslavina, Prigorje-Bilogora, Zagorje-Međimurje |
| Grenaš crni | Grenache | North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior |
| Hrvatica | Croatina, Croattina, croatizza. Originates from North Italy | Istria |
| Jarbola | Related to Hrvatica | Croatian Coast |
| Lasina | Origin: north Dalmatia[1] | North Dalmatia[30] |
| Lovrijenac | St Laurent | Moslavina, Plešivica, Pokuplje, Prigorje-Bilogora, Zagorje-Međimurje |
| Merlot | Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Prigorje-Bilogora, Slavonia, Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia | |
| Muškat ruža crni | Moscato delle rose nero, Muscat des roses noir, Rosenmuskateller blauer | Istria, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Nebbiolo | Italy | Croatian Coast |
| Ninčuša | Indigenous to Dalmatia | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Okatac | ružica crvena, glavinuša | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Pinot crni | Burgundac crni, Pinot noir | Continental Region, Istria, Croatian Coast |
| Plavac Mali[10] | Origin: central and south Dalmatia.[1][31] Pagadebit | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Plavina | Origin: Dalmatia.[1] Plavka, Plajka, Brajda, Brajdica | Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Portugizac | Blauer Portugieser, Austria | Continental Region |
| Refošk | Refosco Origin: Italy.[1] | Istria |
| Susac Crni | Sansigot, sujćan, tvardo grozje, sanseg, Sušćan crni | North Dalmatia esp Susac, Lošinj, Cres, and the Kvarner Island region |
| Svrdlovina crna | Galica | North Dalmatia |
| Syrah | Shiraz | Slavonia, Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior |
| Teran | Terrano[1] | Istria |
| Tocai Friulano | Istria | |
| Trnjak | Rudežuša | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
| Vranac | Vranec | North Dalmatia |
| Zadarka crna | North Dalmatia | |
| Zweigelt | Continental Region |
Classification
In 1961, Dingač and then in 1967, Postup were registered for Yugoslav state protection.[32]
The Croatian Institute of Viticulture and Enology[33] was set up in 1996 to oversee the country's wine industry, and be responsible for regulating wine-growing and wine production. Standards,[2] similar to the EU wine regulations were set up, to ensure the consistent quality of the final product. Croatian wines are classified by quality,[2] which is clearly marked on the label.
- Vrhunsko Vino: Premium Quality Wine
- Kvalitetno Vino: Quality Wine
- Stolno Vino: Table Wine
In addition, wines may qualify for a geographical origin stamp,[2] if it is produced from grapes grown in the same wine-growing region. The definition becomes stricter for higher quality classifications, so that a premium quality wine with geographical origin stamp must meet criteria for the type of grape, the position in the vinogorije (wine-growing hill) with the distinct quality and characteristics for the variety. If the wine has a grape varietal stamp,[2] it must be at least 85% of the grape type whose name it carries. Distinctive quality wines have a special quality, attained in certain years, in special conditions of maturation, manner of harvesting and processing, and must be produced only from the recommended sorts of grape for the particular wine-growing hills.
Wines qualifying for a vintage designation, known as Arhiv [2] must be kept in cellar conditions longer than its optimal maturation period, and not less than 5 years from the day of processing grape into wine, of which at least 3 years in a bottle.
- Suho: Dry
- Polusuho: Semi-dry
- Slatko: Sweet
- Bijelo: White
- Crno: Red (literally Black)
- Rosa: Rose
- Prošek: Dalmatian dessert wine made from dried grapes. Similar to Italian Vin Santo
Despite these various classifications systems, Croatian wines don't have a DO or AOC system like Spain, Italy, or France, which can make it confusing to understand a wine's grade or origin.[34]
Wine production
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2015) |
| Year | Quantity (in 000 hl) |
|---|---|
| 2003 | 1,265 |
| 2004 | 1,204 |
| 2005 | 1,248 |
| 2006 | 1,237 |
| 2007 | 1,365 |
| 2008 | 1,278 |
| 2009 | 1,424 |
| 2010 | 1,433 |
| 2011 | 1,409 |
| 2012 | 1,293 |
| 2013 | 1,249 |
| 2014 | 842 |
| 2015 | 992 |
| 2016 | 760 |
As of 2018, the five largest wine producers are:[6]
- Iločki podrumi (Ilok)
- Agrolaguna (Poreč)
- Kutjevo d.d. (Kutjevo)
- Belje d.d. (Darda)
- Erdutski vinogradi (Erdut)
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Ante Krstulovic (2008), Vina Hrvatske: Vodeci hrvatski vinari, najbolja hrvatska vina i najvaznije vinske sorte [Wines of Croatia: Leading Croatia Winemakers, Best Croatian Wines and Major Varietals] (in Croatian), Profil, p. 224, ISBN 978-953-12-0944-1
- ^ a b c d e f "Zakon o vinu" [Wine Act] (in Croatian). Narodne novine. 10 June 2003. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- ^ "Crops processed". FAOSTAT. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Sokolić 2012, p. 22
- ^ "Croatian Wine Regions, Sub-regions and Vineyards". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Busamo se vinarstvom, a proizvodnja vina se u pet godina prepolovila". tportal.hr (in Croatian). 26 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Graševina". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ "Malvazija". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ "Dalmatian Grape Invaders". Wine on VI. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ a b Plavac Mali: Hrvatska sorta za velika vina / A Croatian Grape for Great Wines, Plavac Mali Association, Zagreb, 2009, ISBN 978-95355938-0-5
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ Smokvica Winery Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Pravilnik o Nacionalnoj listi priznatih kultivara vinove loze" [Regulation on National List of Wine Varieties]. Narodne novine (in Croatian) (159). Croatian Ministry for Agriculture, Forests and Water Management. 2004. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ "Bogdanuša". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Bratkovina". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Cetinjka bijela". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ "Chardonnay". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Debit". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Miquel Hudin (2012), Vinologue Dalmatia, Vinologue, p. 320, ISBN 978-0-615-23217-1
- ^ "Gegić". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ "Grk". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ "Kraljevina". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b c "Kujundžuša". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b c "Kurtelaška bijela". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Malvazija istarska bijela". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Malvasija dubrovačka". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ a b c "Maraština". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Incrocio manzoni". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ "Zinfandel A Croatian-American Wine Story". Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ^ "The Plavac and the Darnekuša of Plančić". Wine on VI. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ "The Lasina of Bibich & Sladić". Wine on VI. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ "Explaining Plavac Mali". Wine on VI. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ "Postup" (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Badel 1862. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
- ^ "Croatian Institute of Viticulture, Enology and Pomology". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Give Croatian wines a DO!". Wine on VI. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
- ^ Ostroški, Ljiljana, ed. (December 2013). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2013 [2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia] (PDF). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian and English). Vol. 45. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. p. 271. ISSN 1334-0638. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ^ Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2017 (PDF) (in Croatian and English). Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2017. p. 266. ISSN 1333-3305. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
Sources
- Sokolić, Ivan (April 2012). "Kratka priča o hrvatskom vinogradarstvu i vinarstvu" [A Short History of Croatian Viticulture and Winemaking] (PDF). Acta Turistica Nova (in Croatian and English). 6 (1): 21–26. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
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Further reading
- "Wine Report" (PDF). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- Božić, Miroslav (February 2008). "Hrvatsko tržište vina" [Croatian Wine Market] (PDF) (in Croatian). Retrieved 27 July 2018.
External links
