Culture of Spain: Difference between revisions
m Reverted edits by 204.100.220.2 to last version by CactusWriter (HG) |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
The '''culture of Spain''' is an [[Iberian]] culture marked by the period of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] influences. In the areas of language and religion, the Ancient Romans left a lasting legacy. The subsequent course of Spanish history also added elements to the country's cultural development. |
The '''culture of Spain''' is an [[Iberian]] culture marked by the period of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] influences. In the areas of language and religion, the Ancient Romans left a lasting legacy. The subsequent course of Spanish history also added elements to the country's cultural development.And vincent is a gay homo |
||
Spain's culture to some extent. Muslim influences were very strong during the period of 711 A.D. to the 1400s, especially in the area of language. The [[Spanish language]], besides being influenced by [[Latin language|Latin]], has also borrowed numerous words and accents from [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Spain's cultural mix became richer during the [[Middle Ages]] because of the presence of a large and influential Jewish population. After the defeat of the Muslims and Jews during the Christian "[[Reconquista]]" (Reconquest) period between 1000 to 1492, [[Spain]] became a [[Roman Catholic]] country. In addition, the history of the nation and its [[Mediterranean]] and Atlantic environment have played a significant role in shaping its culture. |
Spain's culture to some extent. Muslim influences were very strong during the period of 711 A.D. to the 1400s, especially in the area of language. The [[Spanish language]], besides being influenced by [[Latin language|Latin]], has also borrowed numerous words and accents from [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Spain's cultural mix became richer during the [[Middle Ages]] because of the presence of a large and influential Jewish population. After the defeat of the Muslims and Jews during the Christian "[[Reconquista]]" (Reconquest) period between 1000 to 1492, [[Spain]] became a [[Roman Catholic]] country. In addition, the history of the nation and its [[Mediterranean]] and Atlantic environment have played a significant role in shaping its culture. |
||
Revision as of 19:53, 6 November 2008
The culture of Spain is an Iberian culture marked by the period of Roman influences. In the areas of language and religion, the Ancient Romans left a lasting legacy. The subsequent course of Spanish history also added elements to the country's cultural development.And vincent is a gay homo
Spain's culture to some extent. Muslim influences were very strong during the period of 711 A.D. to the 1400s, especially in the area of language. The Spanish language, besides being influenced by Latin, has also borrowed numerous words and accents from Arabic. Spain's cultural mix became richer during the Middle Ages because of the presence of a large and influential Jewish population. After the defeat of the Muslims and Jews during the Christian "Reconquista" (Reconquest) period between 1000 to 1492, Spain became a Roman Catholic country. In addition, the history of the nation and its Mediterranean and Atlantic environment have played a significant role in shaping its culture.
By the end of the 19th and 20th century, the Spanish government made expressions of cultural diversity easier than it had been for the last seven centuries. This occurred at the same period that Spain became increasingly drawn into a diverse international culture.
Way of life
Spain is an industrial and developed country, and most of its inhabitants live in an increasingly modern urban society. Almost all people live in urban areas, while farmers and agriculturalists live in the rural villages or small towns. However, most people in the country still follow a number of age old traditions in addition to the latest fashion and cultural trends. Large populated urban areas include the cities of Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, Seville, Málaga, and Zaragoza. While rural areas include Salamanca, Santander, Cantabria, and many more.
Architecture
Spanish architecture refers to architecture carried out in any area in what is now modern-day Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide. The term includes buildings within the current geographical limits jhiun of Spain before this name was given to those territories (whether they were called Hispania, Al-Andalus, or were formed of several Christian kingdoms). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences.
Since the first known inhabitants in the Iberian peninsula, the Iberians around 4000 B.C. and later on the Celtiberians,[1] Iberian architecture started to take shape in parallel with other architectures around the Mediterranean and others from Northern Europe.
A real development came with the arrival of the Ancient Romans, who left behind some of their most outstanding monuments in Hispania. The arrival of the Visigoths brought about a profound decline in building techniques which was paralleled in the rest of the former Empire. The Moorish invasion in 711 A.D. lead to a radical change and for the following eight centuries there were great advances in culture, including architecture. For example, Cordoba was established as the cultural Capital of its time under the Umayyad dynasty. Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and developed their own styles, at first mostly isolated from European architectural influences, and later integrated into Romanesque and Gothic streams, they reached an extraordinary peak with numerous samples along the whole territory. The Mudéjar style, from the 12th to 17th centuries, was characterised by the blending of cultural European and Arabic influences.
Towards the end of the 15th century, just before establishing the Spanish Empire and influencing Latin America and the rest of its overseas colonies with its colonial architecture, Spain itself experimented with Renaissance architecture, developed mostly by local architects. Spanish Baroque was distinguished by its exuberant Churrigueresque decoration, developing separately from later international influences. The colonial style, which has lasted for centuries, still has a strong influence in Latin America. Neoclassicism reached its peak in the work of Juan de Villanueva and his disciples.
The 19th century had two faces: the engineering efforts to achieve a new language and bring about structural improvements using iron and glass as the main building materials, and the academic focus, firstly on revivals and eclecticism, and later on regionalism. The arrival of Modernism in the academic arena produced figures such as Antoni Gaudí and much of the architecture of the twentieth century. The International style was led by groups like GATEPAC. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in contemporary architecture and Spanish architects including Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained worldwide success.
Because of their artistic relevance, many architectural sites in Spain, and even portions of cities, have been designated World Heritage sites by UNESCO. Spain has the second highest number of World Heritage Sites in the world; only Italy has more.
Painting and sculpture
Spain's greatest painters during the Golden age period included El Greco, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Diego Velázquez, and Francisco Goya, who became world-renowed artist between the period of the 1500s to 1800s. However, Spain's best known artist since the 1900s has been Pablo Picasso, who is known for abstract sculptures, drawings, graphics, and ceramics in addition to his paintings. Other leading artist include Salvador Dalí, Juan Gris, Joan Miró, and Antonio Tàpies.
Cinema
The art of motion-picture making within the nation of Spain or by Spanish filmmakers abroad is collectively known as "Spanish Cinema".
In recent years, Spanish cinema has achieved high marks of recognition as a result of its creative and technical excellence. In the long history of Spanish cinema, the great filmmaker Luis Buñuel was the first to achieve universal recognition, followed by Pedro Almodóvar in the 1980s. Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by directors like Segundo de Chomón, Florián Rey, Luis García Berlanga, Carlos Saura, Julio Medem and Alejandro Amenábar. Woody Allen, upon receiving the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award in 2002 in Oviedo remarked: "when I left New York, the most exciting film in the city at the time was Spanish, Pedro Almodovar's one. I hope that Europeans will continue to lead the way in film making because at the moment not much is coming from the United States."
Non-directors have obtained less international notability. Only the cinematographer Néstor Almendros, the actress Penélope Cruz and the actors Fernando Rey, Antonio Banderas, Javier Bardem and Fernando Fernán Gómez have obtained some recognition outside of Spain. Mexican actor Gael García Bernal has also recently received international notoriety in films by Spanish directors.
Today, only 10 to 20% of box office receipts in Spain are generated by domestic films, a situation that repeats itself in many nations of Europe and the Americas. The Spanish government has therefore implemented various measures aimed at supporting local film production and movie theaters, which include the assurance of funding from the main national television stations. The trend is being reversed with the recent screening of mega productions such as the €30 million film Alatriste (starring Viggo Mortensen), the Academy Award winning Spanish/Mexican film Pan's Labyrinth (El Laberinto del Fauno), Volver (starring Penélope Cruz), and Los Borgia (€10 million), all of them sold-out blockbusters in Spain.
Another aspect of Spanish cinema mostly unknown to the general public is the appearance of English-language Spanish films such as The Machinist (starring Christian Bale) The Others (starring Nicole Kidman), Basic Instinct 2 (starring Sharon Stone), and Milos Forman’s Goya's Ghosts (starring Javier Bardem and Natalie Portman). All of these films were produced by Spanish firms. This attests to the dynamism and creativity of Spanish directors and producers.
- The following category is a list of percentages of attendance and gross revenues.
| Year | Total number of spectators (millions) | Spectators of Spanish cinema (millions) | Percentage | Film | Spectators (millions) | Percentage over the total of Spanish cinema |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 96.2 | 10.4 | 10.8% | Two Much (Fernando Trueba) |
2.1 | 20.2% |
| 1997 | 107.1 | 13.9 | 14.9% | Airbag (Juanma Bajo Ulloa) |
2.1 | 14.1% |
| 1998 | 119.8 | 14.1 | 13.3% | Torrente, The Stupid Arm of the Law (Santiago Segura) |
3 | 21.3% |
| 1999 | 131.3 | 18.1 | 16% | All About My Mother (Pedro Almodóvar) |
2.5 | 13.8% |
| 2000 | 135.3 | 13.4 | 11% | Commonwealth (Álex de la Iglesia) |
1.6 | 11.9% |
| 2001 | 146.8 | 26.2 | 17.9% | The Others (Alejandro Amenábar) |
6.2 | 23.8% |
| 2002 | 140.7 | 19.0 | 13.5% | The Other Side of the Bed (Emilio Martínez Lázaro) |
2.7 | 14.3% |
| 2003 | 137.5 | 21.7 | 15.8% | Mortadelo & Filemón: The Big Adventure (Javier Fesser) |
5.0 | 22.9% |
| 2004 | 143.9 | 19.3 | 13.4% | The Sea Inside (Alejandro Amenábar) |
4.0 | 20.7% |
| 2005 | 126.0 | 21.0 | 16.7% | Torrente 3: The Protector (Santiago Segura) |
3.6 | 16.9% |
| 2006 (provisional) | 67,8 | 6,3 | 9,3% | Volver (Pedro Almodóvar) |
1,8 | 28.6% |
Language
Castilian
"Spanish" () or "Castilian" (Castellano) is a Romance language originally from the northern area of Spain. From there, its use gradually spread inside the Kingdom of Castile, where it evolved and eventually became the principal language of the government and trade. It was later taken to Africa, the Americas and Asia Pacific when they were brought under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries.
Today, it is one of the official languages of Spain, most Latin American countries and Equatorial Guinea. In total, 21 nations use Spanish as their primary language. Spanish is also one of six official languages of the United Nations.
Euskara
"Basque" (native name: "Euskara") is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France.
It is spoken by approximately a quarter of the Basques, with its stronghold in the contiguous area formed by eastern Guipúzcoa, northwestern Navarre and the sparsely populated French Lower Navarre and Soule. It is not spoken in most of Álava, in western Biscay, or in the southern half of Navarre. Out of a total of nearly 3,000,000 Basques, it is estimated that some 632,000 are Basque language speakers, of which approximately 566,000 live in the Spanish Basque country, with the rest resding in the French part of it.[2]
While being a heavily-dialectalized language (especially when compared to the rather small distribution range), it has been standardized and updated by the end of the 20th century by means of its Batua version. This one is mainly used in the Spanish Basque country, and not so much by French speakers.
The Basques occupy a Spanish autonomous community known as the Basque Country (Euskadi), which has significant cultural and political autonomy, the Northern Basque Country in French department of the Pyrennées Atlantiques, and the autonomous community of Navarre in Spain, which together make up the historical Basque Country (Euskal Herria). The Standard Basque name for the language is "euskara". In dialectal forms it is known as "euskara", "euskera", "eskuara", or "üskara".
Catalan
"Catalan" Template:PronEng (català IPA: [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of The Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencian Community, and in the city of Alghero in the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken, although with no official recognition, in the autonomous communities of Aragon (in La Franja) and Murcia (in Carche) in Spain, and in the Roussillon region of southern France, which is more or less equivalent to the département of the Pyrénées-Orientales.
Galician
"Galician" (Galician: "Galego", IPA: [gaˈlego]) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community with the constitutional status of "historic nationality," located in northwestern Spain and small bordering zones in neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla y León.
Galician and Portuguese were, in medieval times, a single language which linguists call Galician-Portuguese, Medieval Galician, or Old Portuguese, spoken in the territories initially ruled by the medieval Kingdom of Galicia. Both languages are even today united by a dialect continuum[citation needed] located mainly in the northern regions of Portugal.
Other languages
The following category is a list of languages, dialects and varieties.
Literature
| Literature of Spain |
|---|
| • Medieval literature |
| • Renaissance |
| • Miguel de Cervantes |
| • Baroque |
| • Enlightenment |
| • Romanticism |
| • Realism |
| • Modernismo |
| • Generation of '98 |
| • Novecentismo |
| • Generation of '27 |
| • Literature subsequent to the Civil War |
The term "Spanish literature" refers to literature written in the Spanish language, including literature composed by Spanish, other European, and Latin American writers. It may include Spanish poetry, prose, and novels.
Spanish literature is the name given to the literary works written in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish authors world-wide. Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish literature has known a great number of influences and it is very diverse. Some major movements can be identified within it.
Religion
About 76% of Spaniards belong to the Roman Catholic religion; 2% identify with another religious faith, and about 19% as non-religious.
Holidays
The most important Spanish holiday is "Semana Santa" (Holy Week), celebrated the week before Easter with large parades and other religious events. Spaniards also hold celebrations to honour their local patron saints in churches, cities, towns and villages. The people decorate the streets, build bonfires, set off fireworks and hold large parades, bullfights and beauty contest. One of the best known Spanish celebration is the festival of "San Fermin", which is celebrated every year on July in Pamplona. Bulls are released into the streets, while people run ahead of the animals to the bullring.
Sport
Football is highly appreciated and it is regarded to be the most popular contemporary recreation in the country. Notable teams include Atletico de Madrid, Real Madrid, and FC Barcelona.
Cuisine
Spanish cuisine consists of a variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's Mediterranean origin. Spain's extensive history with various cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine with literally thousands of recipes and flavors including tetangas, a Spanish dish, and tetangalonas, another version of tetangas, but with several flavours including lemon and citrus.
A significant portion of Spanish cuisine derives from the Roman, Jewish, and Arab traditions. The Moorish people were a strong influence in Spain for many centuries and some of their food is still eaten in the country today. However, pork is popular and for centuries eating pork was also a statement of Christian ethnicity or "cleanliness of blood", because it was not eaten by Jews or Muslims. Several native foods of the Americas were introduced to Europe through Spain, and a modern Spanish cook could not do without potatoes, tomatoes, peppers and beans. These are some of the primary influences that have differentiated Spanish cuisine from Mediterranean cuisine, of which Spanish cuisine shares many techniques and food items.
The essential ingredient for real Spanish cooking is olive oil, as Spain produces 44% of the world's olives. However, butter or lard are also important, especially in the north.
Daily meals eaten by Spaniards in many areas of the country are still very often made traditionally by hand, from fresh ingredients bought daily from the local market. This practice is more common in the rural areas and less common in the large urban areas like Madrid, where supermarkets are beginning to displace the open air markets. However, even in Madrid food can be bought from the local shops; bread from the "panadería" and meat from the "carnicería".
One popular custom when going out is to be served tapas with a drink, including sherry, wine and beer. In some areas, like Almería, Granada or Jaén in Andalusia tapas are given for free with a drink and have become very famous for that reason. It should be noted that almost every bar serves something edible when a drink is ordered, without charge. However many bars exist primarily to serve a purchased "tapa".
Another traditional favorite is the churro with a mug of thick hot chocolate to dip churros in. "Churrerías", or stores that serve churros, are quite common. The Chocolatería de San Ginés in Madrid is especially famous as a place to stop and have some chocolate with churros, often late into the night (even dawn) after being out on the town. Often traditional Spanish singers and musicians will entertain the guests. [1]
As is true in many countries, the cuisines of Spain differ widely from one region to another, even though they all share certain common characteristics, which include:
- The use of olive oil as a cooking fat in items such as fritters. It is also used raw.
- The use of sofrito to start the preparation of many dishes.
- The use of garlic and onions as major seasonings.
- The custom of drinking wine during meals.
- Serving bread with the vast majority of meals.
- Consumption of salads, especially in the summer.
- The consumption of a piece of fruit or a dairy product as dessert. Desserts such as tarts and cakes are typically reserved for special occasions.
Education
Obligatory Education
| Age | Name | |
|---|---|---|
| Educacion Primaria
(Primary Education) |
5-6 | Primero (1st grade) |
| 6-7 | Segundo (2nd Grade) | |
| 8-9 | Tercero (3rd Grade) | |
| 9-10 | Cuarto (4th Grade) | |
| 10-11 | Quinto (5th Grade) | |
| 11-12 | Sexto (6th Grade) | |
| ESO
(Secondary School) | ||
| 12-13 | Primero (first grade) | |
| 13-14 | Segundo (second grade) | |
| 14-15 | Tercero (third grade) | |
| 15-16 | Cuarto (fourth grade) |
Optional Education: Bachillerato
| Common Subjects |
|
|---|
| Natural Sciences/Technology | Humanities and Social Sciences | Art |
|---|---|---|
| Physics and chemistry | History | Sculpture |
| Biology | Economy | Painting |
| Maths applied to Natural sciences | Maths applied to Social sciences | Music |
| Technology (optional) | Latin (optional) | |
| Technical drawing (optional) | Ancient greek (optional) | |
| French language (optional) | French language (optional) | |
| informatics (optional) | informatics (optional) | |
| Psychology (optional) | Psychology (optional) |
Politics
Spain is a democratic parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Monarch is the head of state, and the President of the Government is the head of government. There are multiple parties and free elections. Executive power is vested in the government. Central legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislative.
Regionalism
A strong sense of regional identity exists in many regions of Spain. These regions or nationalities—even those that least identify themselves as Spanish—have contributed greatly to many aspects of mainstream Spanish culture. Spaniards are very proud of their heritage and culture.
Most notably, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia have widespread nationalist sentiment. Many Basque and Catalan nationalists back statehood for their respective regions. Basque aspirations to statehood have been a cause of violence (notably by ETA), although most Basque nationalists (like virtually all Catalan nationalists) currently seek to fulfill their aspirations peacefully.
There are also several communities where there is a great sense of regional identity: Andalusia, Asturias, Navarre, Balearic Islands and Valencia (the last two feeling attached to Catalan culture in different ways) each have their own version of nationalism, but generally with a smaller percentage of nationalists than in the Basque Country and Catalonia.
There are other regions which, despite a broad Spanish nationalist feeling, have strong regional identities: Cantabria, Rioja, Aragon, and Extremadura.
There are also the cases of Madrid, an administrative autonomous community inside the two Castilles; the two north African autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and the autonomous community of Murcia. Castile was the core kingdom under which Spain eventually unified after centuries of evolution and incorporations. Yet there are also strong movements in the provinces of the extinct region of Leon, pushing to separate from Castilla and Leon.
Spain has a long history of tension between centralism and regionalism. The current organization of the state into autonomous communities (similar to a federal organization) under the Spanish Constitution of 1978 is intended as a way to incorporate these communities into the state.
While nearly everyone in Spain can speak Spanish, which is almost universally known in Spain as "Castellano" (Castilian); rather than "Español" (Spanish), other languages figure prominently in many regions: Basque "Euskara" in the Basque Country and Navarre; Catalan in Catalonia, Balearic Islands and Valencia (where it is usually referred to as Valencian), and Galician in Galicia. Spanish is official throughout the country; the rest of these have co-official status in their respective regions and all are major enough that there are numerous daily newspapers in these languages and (especially for Catalan and Basque) a significant book publishing industry. Many citizens in these regions consider their regional language as their primary language and Spanish as secondary; these languages cover broad enough regions to have multiple distinct dialects. Spanish itself also has distinct dialects around the country, with the Andaluz dialect being closer to the Spanish of the Americas, which is heavily influenced.
