Demographics of Mali
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Mali, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Population
In July 2007, Mali's population was an estimated 12.0 million, with an annual growth rate of 2.7%.[1] The population is predominantly rural (68% in 2002), and 5–10% of Malians are nomadic.[2] More than 90% of the population lives in the southern part of the country, especially in Bamako, which has over 1 million residents.[2]
In 2007, about 48% of Malians were less than 15 years old, 49% were 15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older.[1] The median age was 15.9 years.[1] The birth rate in 2007 was 49.6 births per 1,000, and the total fertility rate was 7.4 children per woman.[1]
The death rate in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000.[1] Life expectancy at birth was 49.5 years total (47.6 for males and 51.5 for females).[1] Mali has one of the world's highest rates of infant mortality,[2] with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births.[1]
The total population was 15,370,000 in 2010, compared to 4,638,000 in 1950.[3] The proportion of the population aged below 15 in 2010 was 47.2%.[3] 50.6% of the population were aged between 15 and 65 years of age. 2.2% of the population were aged 65 years or older.[3]
| Total population (x 1000) | Population aged 0–14 (%) | Population aged 15–64 (%) | Population aged 65+ (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 4 638 | 38.9 | 58.3 | 2.8 |
| 1955 | 4 928 | 40.1 | 57.4 | 2.5 |
| 1960 | 5 248 | 40.5 | 57.2 | 2.3 |
| 1965 | 5 597 | 41.5 | 56.2 | 2.3 |
| 1970 | 6 034 | 42.3 | 55.2 | 2.4 |
| 1975 | 6 604 | 43.3 | 54.1 | 2.6 |
| 1980 | 7 246 | 44.6 | 52.6 | 2.8 |
| 1985 | 8 010 | 45.8 | 51.3 | 2.9 |
| 1990 | 8 673 | 47.5 | 49.5 | 3.0 |
| 1995 | 9 825 | 47.4 | 49.9 | 2.8 |
| 2000 | 11 295 | 47.2 | 50.3 | 2.5 |
| 2005 | 13 177 | 47.1 | 50.6 | 2.3 |
| 2010 | 15 370 | 47.2 | 50.6 | 2.2 |
Structure of the population[4]
Structure of the population (01.04.2009) (Census, Complete tabulation):
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 7 204 990 | 7 323 672 | 14 528 662 | 100 |
| 0-4 | 1 328 871 | 1 294 514 | 2 623 385 | 18,06 |
| 5-9 | 1 202 875 | 1 154 948 | 2 357 823 | 16,23 |
| 10-14 | 918 866 | 865 138 | 1 784 004 | 12,28 |
| 15-19 | 732 526 | 783 620 | 1 516 146 | 10,44 |
| 20-24 | 529 535 | 612 368 | 1 141 903 | 7,86 |
| 25-29 | 449 099 | 546 603 | 995 702 | 6,85 |
| 30-34 | 385 003 | 427 795 | 812 798 | 5,59 |
| 35-39 | 325 005 | 326 894 | 651 949 | 4,49 |
| 40-44 | 271 239 | 275 364 | 546 603 | 3,76 |
| 45-49 | 228 626 | 217 261 | 445 887 | 3,07 |
| 50-54 | 189 424 | 192 382 | 381 806 | 2,63 |
| 55-59 | 148 594 | 134 083 | 282 677 | 1,95 |
| 60-64 | 127 557 | 123 461 | 251 018 | 1,73 |
| 65-69 | 88 292 | 77 082 | 165 374 | 1,14 |
| 70-74 | 67 319 | 66 063 | 133 382 | 0,92 |
| 75-79 | 40 904 | 36 197 | 77 101 | 0,53 |
| 80+ | 41 992 | 43 602 | 85 594 | 0,59 |
| unknown | 129 213 | 146 297 | 275 510 | 1,90 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-14 | 3 450 612 | 3 314 600 | 6 765 212 | 46,56 |
| 15-64 | 3 386 658 | 3 639 831 | 7 026 489 | 48,36 |
| 65+ | 238 507 | 222 944 | 461 451 | 3,18 |
Structure of the population (DHS 2012-2013) (Males 27 571, Females 28 264 = 55 836) :
| Age Group | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0-4 | 19,7 | 18,3 | 19,0 |
| 5-9 | 18,8 | 17,7 | 18,3 |
| 10-14 | 15,9 | 14,8 | 15,3 |
| 15-19 | 7,4 | 7,1 | 7,2 |
| 20-24 | 4,5 | 6,9 | 5,7 |
| 25-29 | 4,5 | 7,7 | 6,1 |
| 30-34 | 4,7 | 6,1 | 5,4 |
| 35-39 | 4,6 | 4,9 | 4,8 |
| 40-44 | 3,8 | 3,3 | 3,5 |
| 45-49 | 3,4 | 2,4 | 2,9 |
| 50-54 | 2,9 | 4,9 | 3,9 |
| 55-59 | 2,1 | 2,2 | 2,1 |
| 60-64 | 2,9 | 1,8 | 2,3 |
| 65-69 | 2,0 | 0,9 | 1,5 |
| 70-74 | 1,2 | 0,5 | 0,9 |
| 75-79 | 0,7 | 0,3 | 0,5 |
| 80+ | 0,8 | 0,3 | 0,5 |
| unknown | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 |
| Age group | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0-14 | 54,4 | 50,8 | 52,6 |
| 15-64 | 40,8 | 47,1 | 43,9 |
| 65+ | 4,7 | 2,0 | 3,4 |
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups:[5] Bambara 34.1%, Fulani (Peul) 14.7%, Sarakole 10.8%, Senufo 10.5%, Dogon 8.9%, Malinke 8.7%, Bobo 2.9%, Songhai 1.6%, Tuareg 0.9%, other Malian 6.1%, ECOWAS citizens 0.3%, other 0.4%
Mali's population consists of Sub-Saharan ethnic groups, sharing similar historic, cultural, and religious traditions. Exceptions are two nomadic northern groups, the Tuaregs, a Berber people, and Maurs (or Moors), of Arabo-Berber origins.
The Tuaregs traditionally have opposed the central government. Starting in June 1990 in the north, Tuaregs seeking greater autonomy led to clashes with the military. In April 1992, the government and most opposing factions signed a pact to end the fighting and restore stability in the north. Its major aims are to allow greater autonomy to the north and increase government resource allocation to what has been a traditionally impoverished region. The peace agreement was celebrated in 1996 in Timbuktu during an official and highly publicized ceremony called "Flamme de la Paix"--(peace flame).
Historically, interethnic relations throughout the rest of the country were facilitated by easy mobility on the Niger River and across the country's vast savannahs. Each ethnic group was traditionally tied to a specific occupation, all working within proximity to each other, although the distinctions were often blurred.
The Bambara, Malinké, Sarakole, Dogon and Songhay are farmers; the Fula or Fulani, Maur, and Tuareg are herders, while the Bozo are fishers. In recent years this linkage has shifted considerably, as ethnic groups seek nontraditional sources of income.
Vital statistics
Registration of vital events is in Mali not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [3]
| Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | TFR* | IMR* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950-1955 | 231 000 | 166 000 | 65 000 | 48.4 | 34.7 | 13.6 | 6.48 | 175 |
| 1955-1960 | 248 000 | 175 000 | 74 000 | 48.8 | 34.3 | 14.5 | 6.65 | 173 |
| 1960-1965 | 266 000 | 182 000 | 84 000 | 49.1 | 33.7 | 15.5 | 6.75 | 168 |
| 1965-1970 | 287 000 | 180 000 | 107 000 | 49.4 | 31.0 | 18.4 | 6.87 | 162 |
| 1970-1975 | 312 000 | 179 000 | 133 000 | 49.3 | 28.3 | 21.1 | 6.93 | 156 |
| 1975-1980 | 343 000 | 179 000 | 163 000 | 49.5 | 25.9 | 23.6 | 7.01 | 149 |
| 1980-1985 | 377 000 | 181 000 | 196 000 | 49.4 | 23.7 | 25.8 | 7.07 | 141 |
| 1985-1990 | 408 000 | 179 000 | 229 000 | 48.9 | 21.5 | 27.4 | 7.09 | 135 |
| 1990-1995 | 450 000 | 185 000 | 265 000 | 48.7 | 20.1 | 28.7 | 7.01 | 127 |
| 1995-2000 | 519 000 | 196 000 | 323 000 | 49.1 | 18.6 | 30.5 | 6.88 | 119 |
| 2000-2005 | 600 000 | 210 000 | 390 000 | 49.0 | 17.2 | 31.8 | 6.71 | 111 |
| 2005-2010 | 680 000 | 221 000 | 459 000 | 47.6 | 15.5 | 32.1 | 6.46 | 101 |
| * CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) | ||||||||
Births and deaths[4]
| Year | Population | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Rate of natural increase | TFR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 14 517 176 | 666 216 | 62 371 | 603 845 | 45,9 | 4,3 | 41,6 |
Fertility and Births
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[6]
| Year | CBR (Total) | TFR (Total) | CBR (Urban) | TFR (Urban) | CBR (Rural) | TFR (Rural) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981-1983 | 7,10 | 6,85 | 7,17 | |||
| 1984-1986 | 6,73 | 6,09 | 6,97 | |||
| 1995-1996 | 45,1 | 6,7 (6,0) | 39,9 | 5,4 (4,8) | 47,2 | 7,3 (6,6) |
| 2001 | 45,1 | 6,8 (6,1) | 42,1 | 5,5 (4,8) | 45,9 | 7,3 (6,6) |
| 2006 | 45,2 | 6,6 (6,0) | 41,8 | 5,4 (5,1) | 46,6 | 7,2 (6,5) |
| 2012-2013 | 38,8 | 6,1 (5,3) | 36,7 | 5,0 (4,3) | 39,2 | 6,5 (5,6) |
Immigration and emigration
Mali had an estimated net migration rate of –6.6 migrants per 1,000 people in 2006.[7] About 3 million Malians are believed to reside in Côte d'Ivoire and France. Conversely, according to a 2003 estimate, Mali hosts about 11,000 Mauritanians; most are Fulani herders who routinely engage in cross-border migration. In addition, there are several thousand refugees from Côte d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Liberia in Bamako and other urban areas of Mali.[2]
Languages
Although each ethnic group speaks a separate language, nearly 80% of Malians communicate over ethnic borders in Bambara, which is the common language of the marketplace. French is the country's official language and is spoken somewhat by 30% of Malians.
Religion
An estimated 90% of Malians are Muslim (mostly Sunni), 9% adhere to indigenous or traditional animist beliefs, and 1% are Christian (about two-thirds Roman Catholic and one-third Protestant).[1][2] Atheism and agnosticism are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom practice their religion on a daily basis.[2] Islam as practiced in Mali is moderate, tolerant, and adapted to local conditions; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths are generally amicable.[2] The constitution establishes a secular state and provides for freedom of religion, and the government largely respects this right.[2]
Health
Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. In 2000 only 62–65 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind; only 8 percent was estimated to have access to modern sanitation facilities. Only 20 percent of the nation’s villages and livestock watering holes had modern water facilities.[2]
There were an estimated 140,000 cases of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) reported in 2003, and an estimated 1.9 percent of the adult population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (see also HIV/AIDS in Africa).[2] In the same year, there were 12,000 AIDS deaths. The infant mortality rate is 107.58 deaths/1,000 live births (117.32/1,000 among males and 97.54/1,000 among females) (2006 est.). Life expectancy at birth is 49 years (47.06 years among males and 51.01 years among females) (2006 est.).
Education
In the 2000–01 school year, the primary school enrollment rate was 61% (71% of males and 51% of females). The primary school completion rate is also low: only 36 percent of students in 2003 (and lower for females). The majority of students reportedly leave school by age 12. In the late 1990s, the secondary school enrollment rate was 15% percent (20% of males and 10% of females).[2]
According to United States government estimates, the adult literacy rate (defined as those over age 15 who can read and write) was 46.4 percent for the total population in 2003 (53.5 percent for males and 39.6 percent for females). According to United Nations sources, however, the literacy rate is actually much lower—only 27–30 percent overall and as low as 12 percent for females, among the lowest rates in Africa.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h CIA world factbook.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mali country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2005). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
- ^ a b http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
- ^ "Africa :: MALI". CIA The World Factbook.
- ^ http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=10&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk=
- ^ CIA factbook
Further reading
- Samaké, Salif; Traoré, Seydou Moussa; Ba, Souleymane; Dembélé, Étienne; Diop, Mamadou; Mariko, Soumaïla; Libité, Paul Roger (2007), Mali: Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDSM-IV) 2006 (PDF), Calverton, MD, USA: Demographic and Health Surveys.