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Generic top-level domain

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gTLD intended use
aero The air transport industry.
asia Companies, organizations and individuals in the Asia-Pacific region
biz Business use
cat Catalan language/culture
com Commercial organizations, but unrestricted
coop cooperatives
edu Post-secondary educational establishments
gov U.S. government entities at the federal, state, and local levels
info Informational sites, but unrestricted
int International organizations established by treaty
jobs Employment-related sites
mil The U.S. military
mobi Sites catering to mobile devices
museum Museums
name Families and individuals
net Originally for network infrastructures, now unrestricted
org Originally for organizations not clearly falling within the other gTLDs, now unrestricted
post Postal services
pro Certain professions
tel Services involving connections between the telephone network and the Internet
travel Travel agents, airlines, hoteliers, tourism bureaus, etc.
شبكة[1] Network, web in Arabic
游戏[1] Game in Chinese
онлайн[1] Cyrillic transliteration of online
сайт[1] Cyrillic transliteration of site meaning website in Russian[2] and Ukrainian [3]

A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is visible to Internet users as the suffix at the end of a domain name.

Overall, IANA currently distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[4]

The core group of generic top-level domains consists of the com, info, net, and org domains. In addition, the domains biz, name, and pro are also considered generic; however, these are designated as restricted, because registrations within them require proof of eligibility within the guidelines set for each.

Historically, the group of generic top-level domains included domains, created in the early development of the domain name system, that are now sponsored by designated agencies or organizations and are restricted to specific types of registrants. Thus, domains edu, gov, int, and mil are now considered sponsored top-level domains, much like the many newly created themed domain names (e.g., jobs). The entire group of domains that do not have a geographic or country designation (see country-code top-level domain) is still often referred to by the term generic TLDs.

History

The initial set of top-level domains, defined by RFC 920 in October 1984, was a set of "general purpose domains": com, edu, gov, mil, org. The net domain was added with the first implementation of these domains. The com, net, and org TLDs, despite their originally specific goals, are now open for use for any purpose.

In November 1988, another TLD was introduced, int. This TLD was introduced in response to NATO's request for a domain name which adequately reflected its character as an international organization. It was also originally planned to be used for some Internet infrastructure databases, such as ip6.int, the IPv6 equivalent of in-addr.arpa. However, in May 2000, the Internet Architecture Board proposed to exclude infrastructure databases from the int domain. All new databases of this type would be created in arpa (a legacy domain from the conversion of ARPANET), and existing usage would move to arpa wherever feasible, which led to the use of ip6.arpa for IPv6 reverse lookups.

By the mid-1990s there was discussion of introduction of more TLDs. Jon Postel, as head of IANA, invited applications from interested parties.[5] In early 1995, Postel created "Draft Postel", an Internet draft containing the procedures to create new domain name registries and new TLDs.[6] Draft Postel created a number of small committees to approve the new TLDs. Because of the increasing interest, a number of large organizations took over the process under the Internet Society's umbrella. This second attempt involved setting up a temporary organization called the International Ad Hoc Committee (IAHC). On February 4, 1997, the IAHC issued a report ignoring the Draft Postel recommendations and instead recommended the introduction of seven new TLDs (arts, firm, info, nom, rec, store, and web). However, these proposals were abandoned after the U.S. government intervened.

In September 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was created to take over the task of managing domain names. After a call for proposals (August 15, 2000) and a brief period of public consultation, ICANN announced on November 16, 2000, its selection of the following seven new TLDs: aero, biz, coop, info, museum, name, pro.

Biz, info, and museum were activated in June 2001, name and coop in January 2002, pro in May 2002, and aero later in 2002. pro became a gTLD in May 2002, but did not become fully operational until June 2004. xxx was approved in March 2011 and went into operation on April 15, 2011.[7]

ICANN added further TLDs, starting with a set of sponsored top-level domains. The application period for these was from December 15, 2003, until March 16, 2004, and resulted in ten applications.[8] Of these, ICANN has approved asia, cat, jobs, mobi, tel and travel, all of which are now in operation. xxx was finally approved in March 2011,[9] one year after an independent review found ICANN had broken its own bylaws when it rejected its application in 2007.[10] Of the remaining applications (post, mail and an alternative tel proposal), post is still under consideration.

On June 26, 2008, during the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris,[11] ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as a new application and implementation process.[12] [13] Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new gTLDs being registered.[14]

Unrestricted gTLD

Unrestricted generic top-level domains are those domains that are available for registrations by any person or organization for any use. The prominent gTLDs in this group are com, net, org, and info. However, info was the only one of these, and the first, that was explicitly chartered as unrestricted. The others initially had a specific target audience. However, due to lack of enforcement, they acquired an unrestricted character, which was later grandfathered.

The term sponsored top-level domain is derived from the fact that these domains are based on theme concepts proposed by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility of registrants to use the TLD. For example, the aero TLD is sponsored by the Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques, which limits registrations to members of the air-transport industry.

Geographic gTLD

A geographic TLD (or GeoTLD) is a generic top-level domain using the name of or invoking an association with a geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic or cultural community. As of 2009, only two GeoTLDs existed: the sponsored domains .cat, for the Catalan language and culture, and .asia, but many others have been proposed (see also proposed top-level domain).

New top-level domains

[needs update]

The introduction of several generic top-level domains over the years has not stopped the demand for more gTLDs and ICANN has received many proposals for establishment of new top-level domains.[15] Proponents have argued for a variety of models ranging from adoption of policies for unrestricted gTLDs (see above) to chartered gTLDs for specialized uses by specialized organizations.

A new initiative started in 2008 foresees a stringent application process for new domains that adhere to a restricted naming policy for open gTLDs, community-based domains, and internationalized domain names (IDNs).[16] According to a guidebook published by ICANN,[16] a community-based gTLD is "a gTLD that is operated for the benefit of a defined community consisting of a restricted population." All other domains fall under the category open gTLD, which "is one that can be used for any purpose consistent with the requirements of the application and evaluation criteria, and with the registry agreement. An open gTLD may or may not have a formal relationship with an exclusive registrant or user population. It may or may not employ eligibility or use restrictions."

The establishment of new gTLDs under this program requires the operation of a domain registry and a demonstration of technical and financial capacity for such operations and the management of registrar relationships.

A fourth version of the draft applicant guidebook (DAG4) was published in May 2011.[17]

Expansion of gTLDs

On June 20, 2011, ICANN's board voted to end most restrictions on the generic top-level domain names (gTLD) from the 22 currently available.[18][19] Companies and organizations will be able to choose essentially arbitrary top-level Internet domains. The use of non-Latin characters (such as Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) will also be allowed in gTLDs. ICANN began accepting applications for new gTLDs on January 12, 2012.[18] Entertainment and financial services brands are most likely to apply for new gTLDs for their brands, according to a survey by registrar Melbourne IT.[20] The initial price to apply for a new gTLD was $185,000.[19] ICANN expects that the first batch of new gTLDs will be operational by September 2013.[21] ICANN expects the new rules to significantly change the face of the internet. Peter Thrush, chairman of ICANN's board of directors stated after the vote: "Today's decision will usher in a new internet age. We have provided a platform for the next generation of creativity and inspiration. Unless there is a good reason to restrain it, innovation should be allowed to run free."[22] Industry analysts predicted 500–1000 new gTLDs,[19] mostly reflecting names of companies and products, but also cities and generic names like bank and sport. According to Theo Hnarakis, chief executive of Melbourne IT, the decision "will allow corporations to better take control of their brands. For example, apple or ipad would take customers right to those products."[19] In agreement Nick Wood, Managing Director of Valideus, suggested "Your own gTLD demonstrates confidence and vision and may accelerate your brand and its value. An internet address at the Top Level is far better than registration at the 'low rent' Second Level." [23] However, some companies, like Pepsi, have ruled out a branded gTLD.[24]

The new generic top level domain (gTLD) application system opened on January 12, 2012. The application window was to initially close on April 12, 2012. However ICANN's Chief Operating Officer, Akram Atallah stated there was a glitch in the TLD application system leaving applicant's information visible to others. The system was shut down to protect applicant's information, and measures were taken to resolve the situation.[25]

ICANN re-opened the TLD Application System on May 21, allowing applicants to submit and review their applications until May 30, 2012.[26]

On "Reveal Day" June 13, 2012, it was announced that ICANN received about 1,930 applications for new gTLD's, 751 of which were contested.[27]

It was expected for the new gTLD's to go live on June 2013. However as of March 2013 only non Latin domains have gone through Initial Evaluation. The updated timeline suggests the new TLD's will go live in November 2013.[28][29]

A lottery was held in December 2012 to determine the order in which ICANN would evaluate the 1,930 applications.[30]

After the Application Window there was a public comment period from June 13, 2012, to September 26, 2012, in which the public could express their views on the individual new gTLD applications submitted.[31]

Concerns were raised over Closed Generic Strings in which the applicant would be the sole registrant for the TLD. In particular objections were raised by publishers over Amazon's .book application.[32]

Applicants

Of the technology giants, Google has filed for 101 new gTLD strings, Amazon comes 2nd with 76 strings, and Microsoft has filed for 11.[33] Of the more specialized domain name companies, the following have applied for a significant number of new gTLDs:

Opposition to gTLD expansion

Following the vote to expand gTLDs, many trade associations and large companies, led by the Association of National Advertisers, formed the Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight. The coalition opposes the expansion of gTLDs, citing "its deeply flawed justification, excessive cost and harm to brand owners." [40] In a statement to the US Congress on December 9, 2011, National Restaurant Association vice president Scott DeFife stated, "Even beyond the financial toll the gTLD program will exact on millions of U.S. businesses, the Association believes that ICANN’s program will confuse consumers by spreading Internet searches across hundreds or even thousands of new top-level domains."[41] Another opponent is Esther Dyson, the founding chairperson of ICANN, who wrote that the expansion "will create jobs [for lawyers, marketers and others] but little extra value."[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Time Magazine - Tech, With Four New Domain Names, the Internet Goes Even More Multilingual, October 24, 2013
  2. ^ Reverso Russian-English dictionary, сайт
  3. ^ Google Translate, сайт
  4. ^ "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) root database". IANA. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  5. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  6. ^ "New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains". IETF Tools. 1996-08-22. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  7. ^ Kevin Murphy (April 17, 2011). "XXX domain names go live". The Register. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  8. ^ "TLDs | sTLD Information Page". ICANN. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  9. ^ "ICANN Board meeting decision to approve .xxx". ICANN. April 18, 2011.
  10. ^ "Independent Review Panel judgment on .xxx" (PDF). February 19, 2010.
  11. ^ "32nd International Public ICANN Meeting". ICANN. June 22, 2008.
  12. ^ "New gTLDs Program". ICANN. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  13. ^ "Biggest Expansion in gTLDs Approved for Implementation". ICANN. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  14. ^ ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top-level Domains, CircleID, June 26, 2008.
  15. ^ "Names Council Solicitation of Comments for Consideration of New Generic Top-Level Domains". ICANN. April 1, 2000.
  16. ^ a b "New gTLD Program: Draft Applicant Guidebook (Draft RFP)" (PDF). ICANN. October 24, 2008.
  17. ^ "May 2011 New gTLD Applicant Guidebook". Icann.org. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  18. ^ a b New Internet Name Rule Opens Door to Huge Changes. Voice of America, June 20, 2011. Accessed June 20, 2011
  19. ^ a b c d Internet minders OK vast expansion of domain names, Associated Press, June 20, 2011. Accessed June 20, 2011
  20. ^ Who will apply for gTLDs, Managing Internet IP, June 21, 2011.
  21. ^ "The official (unrealistic) go-live date for new gTLDs is September 28 | DomainIncite - Domain Name News & Opinion". DomainIncite. 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  22. ^ Charles Arthur. "Icann announces huge expansion of web domain names from 2012 | Technology". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  23. ^ "IPR University Center : Dot Confusion - ICANN is Planning Hundreds of New gTLDs". Iprinfo.com. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  24. ^ "Pepsi rules out .brand gTLD". Managing Internet IP. June 21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
  25. ^ "ICANN knew about TAS security bug last week". Domain Incite. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  26. ^ "TA Interruption - Update (21 May 2012)". New Generic Top Level Domains | ICANN. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  27. ^ "It's Reveal Day and there are 1,930 new gTLD bids". Domain Incite. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  28. ^ "ICANN approves non-Latin 'dot word' domains". Computer World. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  29. ^ "New gTLD Program Timeline". New Generic Top Level Domains | ICANN. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  30. ^ "New gTLD winners will be decided by lottery after all". Domain Incite. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  31. ^ "New gTLD Application Comment Period Extended". New Generic Top Level Domains | ICANN. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  32. ^ "Amazon's .book domain bid sparks dominance row". Digital Spy. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  33. ^ "Google Applies For 101 New gTLD's; Amazon 77; Microsoft 11; Apple 1". The Domains. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  34. ^ "Donuts raises $100 million, applies for 307 new TLDs". Domain Name Wire. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  35. ^ "gTLD Application Update: 92 Applications Submitted". Top Level Domain Holdings. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  36. ^ "Famous Four Media Applies for 61 Generic TLD's ; .Poker; .Bet; .Bingo; .Casino; .Win". The Domains. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  37. ^ "Here Are The 54 New gTLD's That Frank Schilling's Uniregistry Applied For". The Domains. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  38. ^ "Radix Registry Passes 4 New gTLD Initial Evaluations". CircleID. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  39. ^ "United TLD Asks ICANN To Remove Lawfirm's Comment On Donuts new gTLD Application". The Domains. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  40. ^ "Coalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight information page". Association of National Advertisers. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  41. ^ "Restaurant industry registers opposition to new Internet domain name plan". Washington Restaurant Association web page. Washington Restaurant Association. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  42. ^ Dyson, Esther. "What's in a Domain Name?". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
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