Hōreki
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Hōreki (宝暦), also known as Horyaku,[1] was a Japanese era name (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Kan'en and before Meiwa. The period spanned the years from October 1751 through June 1764.[2] The reigning emperor and empress were Momozono-tennō (桃園天皇) and Go-Sakuramachi-tennō (後桜町天皇).[3]
Change of era
- 1751 Hōreki 1 (宝暦元年): The new era of Hōreki (meaning "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac") was said to have been created to mark the death of the retired Emperor Sakuramachi and the death of the former Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune.
The previous era could be said to have ended and the new era is understood to have commenced in Kan'en 4, on the 27th day of the 10th month; however, this nengō was promulgated retroactively. The Keikō Kimon records that the calendar was amended by Imperial command, and the era was renamed Hōreki on December 2, 1754, which then would have become 19th day of the 10th month of the 4th year of Hōreki.[4]
Events of the Hōreki era
- 1752 (Hōreki 2): An ambassador arrived from the Ryūkyū Kingdom.[3]
- 1754 (Hōreki 4): The Hōreki River Improvement Incident
- 1758 (Hōreki 8): The Hōreki Incident
- 1760 (Hōreki 10): Shogun Ieshige resigns and his son, Ieharu, becomes the 10th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.[5]
- 1762 (Hōreki 12): The Emperor Momozono abdicated in favor of his sister;[5] and he died shortly thereafter.
- 1763 (Hōreki 13): A merchant association handling Korean ginseng is founded in the Kanda district of Edo.[6]
- 1764 (Hōreki 14): Sweet potatoes are exported from Edo to Korea. The food crop in Korea is the result of a diplomatic mission.[7]
Notes
- ^ Pnkala, Maria. (1980) "A survey of Japanese ceramics: a handbook for the collector, p. 245.
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hōreki" Japan Encyclopedia, p. 352, p. 352, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File[permanent dead link].
- ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 418.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 321.
- ^ a b Titsingh, p. 419.
- ^ Hall, John. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, p. xxiii.
- ^ Kim, Jinwung. (2012). A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to States in Conflict, p. 255.
References
- Hall, John Whitney. (1988). Early Modern Japan (The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521223553; OCLC 489633115
- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.B. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794-1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby-Fane Memorial. OCLC 36644
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
External links
- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- National Archives of Japan ...Clink link for map of Ogasawara Islands drawn in 2nd year of Horeki (1752)[permanent dead link]