Madhesh Identity in Nepal

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Coordinates: 26°57′05″N 85°02′52″E / 26.9515°N 85.0479°E / 26.9515; 85.0479
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26°57′05″N 85°02′52″E / 26.9515°N 85.0479°E / 26.9515; 85.0479

Aerial view of Madhesh plains near Biratnagar of Nepal

Madhesh is a fertile and humid region of southern Nepal in the Terai belt. The Nepali people who have cultural and demographic connection to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh of India and historically lived there are identified as Madhesi people. The region's name in Urdu as referred to by Muslims is ترای tarāī, meaning "lands lying at the foot of a watershed" or "on the banks of a river; low ground flooded with water, valley, basin, marshy ground, marsh, swamp; meadow".[1]

The region was historically separate from Nepal until 1860 when the British Raj rewarded it to Nepal.[2]

Climate

Biratnagar, 26°N, 87°E
Climate chart (explanation)
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Janakpur, 31°N, 77°E
Climate chart (explanation)
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Weather Information Service
Imperial conversion
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
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Region

Nepal Government has differentiated Madhesh into "Outer" and Inner Madhesh Valleys of Nepal.

The 2011 national census counted 2.3 million population (10% of the national total) lives in the inner Terai and 10.3 million population(45% of the national total) lives in the Outer Terai.

History

Madhesh is a Nepali morphological derivative of Madhyadesh (Sanskrit) or Majjhimadesh (Pali) and means the "Middle Country" signifying its location in the middle of Ancient Nepal and Indian Kingdom of Awadh (which lies in modern-day India). Terai (also written as Tarai) is presumed to be derived from Persian, meaning “damp”, and denotes the land at the foothills of mountains, often damp and swampy.


Modern history

The region was historically separate from Nepal until 1860 when the British Raj rewarded it to Nepal.[2] The upper Madhesh including Chure region was heavily forested with Sal before heavy logging began in the 19th century, particularly for use as railroad sleepers. A vast deforestation took place on upper lands of Madhesh in the name of flood victims, relief camp, Mahendra Highway Construction etc. Inner Madhesh valleys historically were agriculturally productive but endemic to malaria. Some parts were left forested by official decree during the Rana dynasty as a defensive perimeter. The British believed that plainsmen generally die if they sleep in the malaria-infested zone before November 1 or after June 1.[3] British travelers to Kathmandu went as fast as possible from the border at Raxaul in order to reach the hills before nightfall.[4] Until 1958, Madhesh residents (Terai people) as well as Indians were required to stop at the border town of Birgunj to obtain passports before proceeding to Kathmandu. Passports were then checked at Chisapani Garhi on the route to Kathmandu. Before 1951, one's nationality appears to have been determined primarily on linguistic basis. Nepalese subjects were the “hill folks” who spoke Nepali or hill languages such as Newari, Magar and Gurung etc. Thus, in early 1950s language was the major factor for separating as well as discriminating Madheshi as outsiders. Acquisition of land assets was linked to citizenship issues. After the fall of Shah Dynasty and promulgation of the Interim Constitution of 2063, many Madheshi people got citizenships. Due to loose regulations, it is said that even Many Indian nationals were able to get citizenship.

Timeline

  • Vedic Period Ikshyaku or Okkāka becomes the first significant king of Madhyadesh (Madhesh)
  • Vedic Period King Janak rules, capital at Janakpur;Sita, the Goddess of Ramayan, born (after 34 generation of Ikshyaku)
  • c. 1500 BCE Manusmiriti (2/21) defines the boundary of Madhyadesh (Madhesh)
  • 563 BCE Siddhartha Gautam (Buddha) born in Kapilvasu, Majjhimadesh (Madhesh)
  • 268-31 BCE Emperor Ashoka rules
  • 249 BC Emperor Ashoka visits Lumbini, tax reduced and entitled to the eight part only.
  • c. 353-73 CE Emperor Samudragupta
  • c.500-600 CE King Salhesh rules, capital at Mahisautha, Siraha
  • c. 1300 CE Harisinghadev rules, capital at Simraunagadh (currently Bara, Madhesh)
  • 1325 CE Sultan Gayasudhin Tuglak attacks Simraunagadh
  • 1513–1774 CE Sen Kingdoms in Palpa, Makawanpur, Chaudandi, Bijaypur, Morang
  • 1526 CE Mughal Empire established
  • c. 1764 CE British East India Company gains control over many parts of Madhesh
  • 1768 CE Gurkha ruler Prithvi Narayan Shah attacks Kathmandu;Dismisses 12000 Tirhutia (Madheshi) armies of Jay Prakash Malla
  • 1774 CE Prithvi Narayan Shah attacks Makwanpur
  • 1814–16 CE Anglo-Gurkha War Madheshis fight on the British side
  • 1816 CE British-Nepal Treaty on 8 December; British hands over Terai region between west of Koshi and east to Rapti river to Nepal
  • 1846 CE Kot Massacre takes place; Jang Bahadur becomes prime minister
  • 1860 CE British-Nepal Treaty; British gifts Terai region between Rapti and Mahakali rivers to Nepal for their support to the East India Company for suppressing Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 to 1859 in India
  • 1911 CE King George V of Britain visits Terai and hunts 21 tigers, 8 rhinos, and a bear.
  • 1923 Dec 21 Nepal changed from British protectorate to independent nation. (MC, 12/21/01)
  • 1934 Jan 15, An 8.4 Richter scale earthquake kills thousands of people in Nepal/India
  • 1951 Ranas fall; King Tribhuvan regains control; interim constitution promulgated
  • 1951 Terai Congress formed led by Vedanand Jha
  • 1952 Nepal Citizenship Act promulgated
  • 1955 Nepal admitted to the United Nations
  • 2 May 1956 Mahendra succeeded Tribhuvan as King of Nepal
  • 1956 Nepalese government starts malaria eradication
  • 1956 Raghunath Thakur established the Madhesh Liberation Movement
  • 1957 Imposition of Nepali as sole language for education sparks protests
  • 1958 End of visa provision for non Kathmandu Resident to enter Kathmandu
  • 1960s Terai Liberation Front established
  • 1962 King Mahendra issues constitution
  • 1963 Nepalese Police kills Ramji Mishra, the leader of Terai Liberation Front
  • 1964 New Citizenship Act makes it harder for Madhesis to acquire citizenship.
  • 1964 ”Land Reformation Act” promulgated; massive land seized from Madheshis
  • 1967 Royal Nepalese Army kills Raghunath Raya Yadav, the leader of Terai Liberation Front
  • 1969 Chairman of Terai Liberation Front Satyadev Mani Tripathi killed
  • 1972 King Birendra ascends throne
  • 1981 Raghunath Thakur dies (June 21)
  • 1983 Nepal Sadbhavana Council formed under Gajendra Narayan Singh to raise Madheshi issues.
  • 1989 Nepal’s failure to renegotiate trade and transit treaties with India, India imposes sanction across “open border”
  • 1990 New constitution promulgated following the agitations
  • 1994 Dhanapati Upadhyay Commission finds 4 million people without citizenships
  • 1996 Maoists launch insurgency.
  • 2007 Jan-Feb Madhesh Movement.
  • 2008 May Nepal becomes a republic.
  • 2011 January UN peace monitoring mission ends.
  • 2015 Promulgation of new constitution of Nepal.

Ethnic groups

Main article: Madhesi people

Tharu people, Maithils, bhojpuri, awadhi, kisan, Dunuwars, Satar and some other ethnic communities are the first Indigenous inhabitants of Terai. They have been living in the Madhesh for milleniums, and reputedly have innate resistance to malaria. Following the malaria eradication program using DDT in the 1960s, a large and heterogeneous non-Tharu and Non-Madhesi population namely Refugees from Mid-Hills, Bhutan, Sikkim and other parts of India settled in the region.[5] Their proposed state/homeland is called Madhesh.

Madheshi and tharu people are natives. Pahari people from the mid-hills moved to the Madhesh plains to occupy madhesh including Brahmin, Chhetri and Newar during King Mahendra rule in the name of Flood victims, Mahendra highway construction, Government Officials. High caste migrants from the hills have purchased, or otherwise got hold of large landholdings. Together with traditional Tharu and Madheshi landlords, they constitute the upper level of the economic hierarchy, which in the rural parts of the Madhesh is determined to a large extent by the distribution and the value of agriculturally productive land. The poor are the landless, or near landless, Madhesi Dalits, including the Musahar and Chamar, as well as the traditional fishermen, the Mallaah, and some of the hill Dalits. In particular the Musahars rarely get other work than hard farm labor.[6]

Economy

The Terai is the most productive region in Nepal with the majority of the country's industries. Agriculture is the basis of the economy.[7] Major crops include rice, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, and maize. In the eastern districts from Parsa to Jhapa they support agro-based industries: jute factories, sugar mills, rice mills and tobacco factories.

Mahendra Highway crosses the Terai from Kankarbhitta on the eastern border in Jhapa District, Mechi Zone to Mahendranagar near the western border in Kanchanpur District, Mahakali Zone. It is the only motor road spanning the country from east to west.

Cuisine

Madhesh is to food what mountain is to snow. It is the most agriculturally productive region of Nepal – flat and fertile land, coupled with hot and humid weather – this region is perfect for farming. A surplus of rice, wheat, sugarcane, lentils and various other crops are produced in the Madhesh and transported to other parts of the country – the majority of what we eat here in the Valley comes from the Madhesh, the food granary of Nepal.

The veggie delight

While we are distressed by the ever-increasing food inflation in World, the price of seasonal vegetables can be exceptionally low in the Madhesh. People in the Madhesh are blessed with vegetables, even the less fortunate families prepare three or four varieties as part of their meal, Perhaps this is the reason why gundruk (fermented vegetables),Mashyauras(dried veggies) the beloved Nepali favorite, is less eaten in the Madhesh. Since vegetables are incredibly cheap and readily available in the Madhesh, deep fried vegetable fritters called pakoras are commonly eaten – this crispy fritter is offered to guests, eaten as a snack or even with meals.In this region, people go beyond the regular onion and egg-plant pakoras found elsewhere; Madheshis make an assortment of pakoras and pretty much any vegetable is cooked into a pakora, even green leaves.

Deliciously India Influenced

It is no surprise that the culinary culture in Madhesh is influenced by the adjacent regions of India, such as Bihar and Bhojpur, where roti (unleavened flatbread) is a staple food item. Likewise, everyday food in Madhesh encompasses a variety of whole grain flatbreads such as wheat roti, corn roti, all kinds of parathas (flatbread with stuffing), maduwa (barley flatbread) and litti (gram flour flatbread). Furthermore, special varieties of bread are prepared during festivals and feasts – for example, thekuwa (bread cum cookie made out of wheat flour and other ingredients) and bhusuwa (flatbread made out of rice flour as the main ingredient) are the two special festival treats prepared during Chaat, the biggest festival of Madhesh. Some other India-influenced dishes include malpuwa (sweet wheat fritter), dahi bara (lentil dumpling topped with a savory gravy of yoghurt, tamarind and spices) and mithais (sweets).

Madheshis are also known to prepare their food using relatively more spices and oil. Regardless of the excruciating heat, they like their food spicy – this is the fact that we all know. Ironically, Madheshis also seem to have a sweet tooth, as they consume a lot of mithais and sugarcane (which is extensively grown in the Madhesh). Mithais are an essential part of our culture and almost all families make it at home. Madhesis have a tradition of offering them to their guests – they are the symbol of their hospitality. In Madhesh, it seems like everything has a season, including mithais – for example, teel ko laddu (sesame seed ball cake) is specially prepared during the festival of Maghe Sankranti. The consumption of this laddu during Sankranti also has a scientific rationale.This festival falls in the winter and sesame seeds are believed to generate heat in the body. Similarly, kasar (rice flour laddu\ball cake) and lai (laddu made with puffed rice called muri) are a must for Chaat. These festival treats are offered to the gods and then eaten as prashad (god’s blessing). Since agriculture and animal farming are intimately linked to each other (at least in the traditional methods of farming) there is an ample amount of dairy products available in the Madhesh Region. Yoghurt is consumed every day for its digestive properties and cooling effects. On the other hand, Madhesis consume lesser animal meat as compared to people from the hills, the Himalayas and even the inner Terai. In village, people rarely eat chicken or buffalo meat.On the other hand, people consume atypical meat of pigeon and duck. Similarly, meat is a rare indulgence in Madheshi Cuisine.

No Feast without Fish

While meat is not a favorite indulgence in Madhesh, inhabitants of both inner and outer Madhesh have a special affinity for fish. They eat a lot of fresh fish curries in the Madhesh. The topic of fish cannot be completed without the mention of Tharus, one of the indigenous ethnic groups of inner Madhesh, whose main food is fish and rice. Considering that most Tharu settlements are close to the river, this tribe has a special connection with fish. In Tharu culture, fish is quintessential – it is a must for weddings, ceremonies, festivals and other special occasions. Tharus live very close to nature and our food items are also derived from nature; it keeps an ecological balance. This eco-friendly tribe has a fascinating food culture. Most of Madheshi-Tharu dishes are rice based. Rice is molded into various shapes and steamed to make dhikari, an essential festival treat. Moreover, a special kind of sticky rice called anadi is steamed and served. Tharu food can be divided into two categories – ordinary everyday food consisting of rice, lentils, vegetables and fish, and special food items that are mostly prepared and consumed during feasts, festivals and other special occasions. Furthermore, some other special Tharu food items on the menu include pakuwa (barbecued meat), gughi (dried shrimp) and an assortment of tina (vegetables). But it is unfortunate that they are gradually disappearing from the diet of the original inhabitants. The younger generation are more inclined towards industrial food – primarily due to advertisements and the need for fast\convenient food. On the brighter side, the older generation still seems to be attached to their traditional cuisines. People has an emotional attachment with her traditional food – even when they are living abroad, they cook the same dishes that they would eat in the Madhesh. Madhesh cuisine has its own charm – the food is interesting, colorful and simply delicious.

Tourism

  • Lumbini is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi District of Madhesh. It is the place where, according to Buddhist tradition, Queen Mayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama in 563 BCE.Gautama, who achieved Enlightenment some time around 528 BCE,became the Gautama Buddha and founded Buddhism Lumbini is one of many magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places pivotal to the life of Gautama Buddha. Lumbini has a number of temples, including the Mayadevi Temple and several others which are still under construction. Many monuments, monasteries and a museum — the Lumbini International Research Institute — are also located within the holy site. Also located there is the Puskarini or Holy Pond where the Buddha's mother took the ritual dip prior to his birth and where he, too, had his first bath. At other sites near Lumbini, earlier Buddhas were, according to tradition, born, achieved ultimate Enlightenment and finally relinquished their earthly forms. Lumbini was granted World Heritage status by UNESCO in 1997
  • Janakpur - The birthplace of Sita, wife of Rama in the Ramayana. Janakpur is a Hindu pilgrimage site. It was the capital of King Janak and is the birthplace of Sita. The ideal time to visit the city is on the occasion of Hindu festival of Vivah Panchami around November–December.
  • Bardiya National Park - is a protected area in Nepal that was established in 1988 as Royal Bardia National Park. Covering an area of 968 km2 (374 sq mi) it is the largest and most undisturbed national park in Nepal's Terai, adjoining the eastern bank of the Karnali River and bisected by the Babai River in the Bardiya District. Its northern limits are demarcated by the crest of the Siwalik Hills. The Nepalgunj-Surkhet highway partly forms the southern boundary, but seriously disrupts the protected area. Natural boundaries to human settlements are formed in the west by the Geruwa, a branch of the Karnali River, and in the southeast by the Babai River.Together with the neighboring Banke National Park, the coherent protected area of 1,437 km2 (555 sq mi) represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Bardia-Banke that extends over 2,231 km2 (861 sq mi) of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.
  • Parsa Wildlife Reserve is a protected area in the Inner Madhesh lowlands of south-central Nepal. Established in 1984 A.D, it covers an area of 637.37 km2 (246.09 sq mi) in the Parsa, Makwanpur and Bara districts and is the largest wildlife reserve in the country. A bufferzone declared in 2005 comprises 298.2 km2 (115.1 sq mi). In altitude it ranges from 435 m (1,427 ft) to 950 m (3,120 ft) in the Siwalik Hills.In 2015, the protected area has been extended by 128 km2 (49 sq mi).In the north of the protected area the Rapti River and Siwalik Hills form a natural boundary to human settlements. In the east it extends up to the Hetauda – Birgunj highway. In the south, a forest roads demarcates the boundary. Adjacent to the west is Chitawan National Park Together with the Indian Tiger Reserve Valmiki National Park, the coherent protected area of 2,075 km2 (801 sq mi) represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Chitwan-Parsa-Valmiki, which covers a 3,549 km2 (1,370 sq mi) block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.Before being converted to a protected area, the region used to be a hunting ground of the ruling class.
  • Chitwan National Park is the first national park in Madhesh, Nepal. It was established in 1973 and granted the status of a World Heritage Site in 1984. It covers an area of 932 km2 (360 sq mi) and is located in the subtropical Inner Terai lowlands of south-central Nepal in the districts of Nawalparasi, Parsa, Chitwan and Makwanpur. In altitude it ranges from about 100 m (330 ft) in the river valleys to 815 m (2,674 ft) in the Churia Hills.In the north and west of the protected area the Narayani-Rapti river system forms a natural boundary to human settlements. Adjacent to the east of Chitwan National Park is Parsa Wildlife Reserve, contiguous in the south is the Indian Tiger Reserve Valmiki National Park. The coherent protected area of 2,075 km2 (801 sq mi) represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Chitwan-Parsa-Valmiki, which covers a 3,549 km2 (1,370 sq mi) huge block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.
  • Salahesh Garden- The garden of King Salahesh is located in Siraha district of Nepal near Lahan. The main interesting thing of garden is flower that bear only one time in a year at that time a great festival occurs here.
  • Chhinnamasta Temple
  • Kankalini Temple
  • Gadhi Mai Temple
  • Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve - The reserve, composed of grassland and several small islands around Koshi river, is home to thousands of species of birds. One can also enjoy watching fresh water Dolphins, wild buffalos called Arna, deer, wild boars, pythons and crocodiles.

Notable people from Madhesh

Notable people from Madhesh

References

  • Guneratne, Arjun (2002). Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8728-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • http://madhesh.com/
  • http://healthylife.com.np/index.php/posts/content/6/A-Taste-of-Terai.html
  1. ^ Platts, J. T. (1884). "A dictionary of Urdu, and English". W. H. Allen & Co., London.
  2. ^ a b https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ty6IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=Terai+1860&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
  3. ^ Guneratne 2002, p. 22.
  4. ^ Guneratne, A. (2002). Many tongues, one people: the making of Tharu identity in Nepal. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  5. ^ Terrenato, L., Shrestha, S., Dixit, K.A., Luzzatto, L., Modiano, G., Morpurgo, G., Arese, P. (1988). "Decreased malaria morbidity in the Tharu and Maithil people compared to sympatric populations in Nepal". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 82 (1): 1–11. PMID 3041928.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Hatlebakk, M. (2007). Economic and social structures that may explain the recent conflicts in the Madhesh of Nepal. Norwegian Embassy, Nepal
  7. ^ Sharma, R. P. (1974). Nepal: A Detailed Geographical Account. Kathmandu: Pustak-Sansar.

External links

Chaudhary, Deepak. 2015 (2011). Tarai/Madhedh of Nepal : Anthropological Study. Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Nepal.

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