Mauritians of Chinese origin
Total population | |
---|---|
35,000 3% of the Mauritian pop. (2010)[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Half in Port Louis, with small numbers all over the island[2][3] | |
Languages | |
Mauritian Creole, French, English,[4] Chinese (predominantly Hakka, Hokkien and small minority Cantonese)[2][5] | |
Religion | |
Roman Catholicism, Taoism, Buddhism, Others[6] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Chinese people in Madagascar, Sino-Réunionnais, Sino-Seychellois, Chinese South Africans[7] |
Mauritians of Chinese origin, also known as Sino-Mauritians, are Mauritians who trace their ethnic ancestry to China. Sino-Mauritians form about 3% of the local population.[1]
Migration history
Like members of other communities on the island, some of the earliest Chinese in Mauritius arrived involuntarily, having been "shanghaied" from Sumatra in the 1740s to work in Mauritius in a scheme hatched by the French admiral Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing; however, they soon went on strike to protest their kidnapping. Luckily for them, their refusal to work was not met by deadly force, but merely deportation back to Sumatra.[8] In the 1780s, thousands of voluntary migrants set sail for Port Louis from Guangzhou on board British, French, and Danish ships; they found employment as blacksmiths, carpenters, cobblers, and tailors, and quickly formed a small Chinatown, the camp des Chinois, in Port Louis. Even after the British takeover of the island, migration continued unabated.[9] Between 1840 and 1843 alone, 3,000 Chinese contract workers arrived on the island; by mid-century, the total resident Chinese population reached five thousand.[10]
The earliest migrants were largely Cantonese-speaking; but, later, Hakka-speakers from Meixian, further east in Canton (modern day Guangdong), came to dominate numerically; as in other overseas Chinese communities, rivalry between Hakka and Cantonese became a common feature of the society. [11] By the 1860s, shops run by Sino-Mauritians could be found all over the island. Some members of the colonial government thought that further migration should be prohibited, but Governor John Pope Hennessy, recognising the role that Sino-Mauritians played in providing cheap goods to less well-off members of society, resisted the restrictionists' lobbying.[11] I
In the late 19th to early 20th century, Chinese men in Mauritius married Indian women due to both a lack of Chinese women and the higher numbers of Indian women on the island.[12][13] At first the prospect of relations with Indian women was unappealing to the original all male Chinese migrants yet they eventually had to establish sexual unions with Indian women since there were no Chinese women arriving in the country.The prospect of sexual relations with Chinese men was not only highly unappealing but frowned upon by Indians. Economic circumstances and lack of opportunity for Indian women to find Indian partners or partners of other races gave the women no choice. [14] The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children fathered by Chinese men.[15][16][17] These Chinese were mostly traders.[18] It was much more common for Chinese and Indians to intermarry than within their own group. Intermarriage between people of between different Chinese and Indian language groups is rare; it is so rare that the cases of intermarriage between Cantonese and Hakka can be individually named. Similarly, intermarriage between Hakka Chinese and Indians hardly occurs.[19]
During the 1880s, despite the continuous influx of immigrants, Mauritius' Chinese population declined; Chinese traders, legally unable to purchase land in Mauritius, instead brought their relatives from China over to Mauritius. After training them for a few years to give them a handle on the business and to introduce them to life in a Western-ruled colonial society, the traders sent those relatives on their way, with capital and letters of introduction, to establish businesses in neighbouring countries. For example, between 1888 and 1898, nearly 1,800 Chinese departed from Port Louis with ports on the African mainland—largely Port Elizabeth and Durban—as their destinations.[20] By 1901, the Sino-Mauritian population had shrunk to 3,515 individuals, among them 2,585 being business owners.[10] Until the 1930s, Chinese migrants continued to arrive in Port Louis, but with the strain on the local economy's ability to absorb them, many found that Mauritius would only be their first stop; they went on to the African mainland (especially South Africa), as well as to Madagascar, Réunion, and Seychelles.[5] After World War II, immigration from China largely came to an end.[21]
However, Sino-Mauritians continued to maintain the personal ethnic networks connecting them to relatives in greater China, which would play an important role in the 1980s, with the rise of the export-processing zones. Foreign investors from Hong Kong and Taiwan, and the factories they built in the EPZs, helped Mauritius to become the third-largest exporter of woollen knitwear in the world.[22] Along with the investors came a new influx of Chinese migrant workers, who signed on for three-year stints in the garment factories.[23]
Demographics, distribution, and employment
Today, most Sino-Mauritians are businesspeople, with a "virtual monopoly" on retail trade.[24] After the Franco-Mauritian population, they form the second-wealthiest group on the island.[25] They own restaurants, retail and wholesale shops, and import-and-export firms. Chinese restaurants have greatly influenced Mauritian culture, and Chinese food is consumed all over the island by people of all backgrounds. Fried noodles is one of the most popular dishes. Mauritians from all ethnic origin and background also enjoy the various vegetables and meat balls (Niouk Yen, Sow Mai, Van Yen, Fee Yen) which originate from the Hakka cuisine in Meixian.
In a 2001 Business Magazine survey, 10 of the 50 largest companies were Chinese owned.[26]
Language
Most Sino-Mauritian youth are at least trilingual: they use Mauritian Creole and French orally, while English—the language of administration and education—remains primarily a written language.[4][27] In the 1990 census, roughly one-third of Sino-Mauritians stated Mauritian Creole as both their ancestral language and currently spoken language. The other two-thirds indicated some form of Chinese as their ancestral language[28] although only fewer than one-quarter of census respondents who identified Chinese as their ancestral language also indicated it as the language spoken in the home.[29] Few Sino-Mauritian youth speak Chinese; those who do use it primarily for communication with elderly relatives, especially those who did not attend school and thus had little exposure to English or French.[30] None use it to communicate with their siblings or cousins.[31] Among those members of the community who do continue to speak Hakka, wide divergence with Meixian Hakka has developed in terms of vocabulary and phonology.[32]
Chinese schools
Two Chinese-medium middle schools were established in the first half of the 20th century. The Chinese Middle School (华文学校, later called 新华中学 and then 新华学校) was established on 10 November 1912 as a primary school; in 1941, they expanded to include a lower middle school. Their student population exceeded 1,000.[33] The Chung-Hwa Middle School (中华中学), established by Kuomintang cadres on 20 October 1941, grew to enroll 500 students, but by the end of the 1950s, that had shrunk to just 300; they stopped classes entirely in the 1960s, although their alumni association remains prominent in the Sino-Mauritian community.[34] The Chinese Middle School also faced the problem of falling student numbers, as more Sino-Mauritians sent their children to mainstream schools, and in the 1970s stopped their weekday classes, retaining only a weekend section. However, their student numbers began to experience some revival in the mid-1980s; in the 1990s, they established a weekday pre-school section. Most of their teachers are local Sino-Mauritians, though some are expatriates from mainland China.[33]
Media
Four Chinese-language newspapers continued to be published in Mauritius as of 2014[update].[35] A monthly news magazine also began publication in 2005.[36] The newspapers are printed in Port Louis, but not widely distributed outside the city.[28]
Chinese Commercial Paper
The Chinese Commercial Paper (华侨商报) was once the largest and most influential Chinese-language newspaper in Mauritius.[37] It stopped publishing in the 1960s, and merged with the China Times.[37][38]
Chinese Daily News
The Chinese Daily News (中华日报) is a pro-Kuomintang newspaper. It was founded in 1932.[39] The rivalry between Beijing-friendly and Taipei-friendly newspapers reached its peak in the 1950s; then-editor-in-chief of the Chinese Daily News, To Wai Man, even received death threats.[40]
China Times
The China Times (formerly 中国时报; now 华侨时报) was founded in 1953.[37][41] The editor-in-chief, Long Siong Ah Keng (吴隆祥), was born in 1921 in Mauritius; at age 11, he followed his parents back to their ancestral village in Meixian, Guangdong, where he graduated high school and went on to Guangxi's Guangxi University. After graduation, he signed on with the Chinese Commercial Paper and returned to Mauritius. He left Mauritius again in 1952 to work for a Chinese paper in India, but a position at the China Times enticed him back.[37]
Originally a four-page paper, the China Times later expanded to eight full-colour pages.[41]
The Mirror
The Mirror (镜报) was established in 1976.[35] It is published on a weekly basis every Saturday. At its peak, they had a staff of eight people. Their editor-in-chief, Mr. Ng Kee Siong (黄基松), began his career at the Chinese Commercial Paper in 1942 at the age of 25; after 18 years there, the paper was forced to shut down. He and a team of fellow journalists founded a paper to replace it, the New Chinese Commercial Paper; it was while working there that he met Chu Vee Tow and William Lau, who would help him to establish The Mirror.[38] Another editor and journalist, Mr. Feng Yunlong (冯云龙), studied foreign languages at Tsinghua University, graduating in 1952.[35] The paper is printed by Dawn Printing, which is currently run by Ng Kee Siong's son David.[38]
Most of The Mirror's readers are in their forties or older; it has subscribers not just in Mauritius, but Réunion, Madagascar, Canada, China, Australia and Hong Kong as well.[35][38] The paper's local readership has been boosted slightly by guest workers from China, but in 2001, barely exceeded one thousand copies.[35] By 2006, that number had fallen to seven hundred.[38] Currently, The Mirror has stopped publication.
SinoNews
Hua Sheng Bao (华声报), also referred to as Sinonews, was founded in 2005. With regards to its editorial line, it is a supporter of Chinese reunification. It began as a daily newspaper solely in Chinese, but then changed to an eight-page format, including one page each of English and French news. It mostly prints Xinhua wire reports, with the last page devoted to local news.[36]
Culture
Names
Most Sino-Mauritians use the full Chinese name of the male head of family or a respected ancestor who led the family as their legal surname, the result of an administrative procedure that had been widely used in British India (e.g. Muthu s/o Lingham) and which was extended to Mauritius, including not just Indo-Mauritians but Sino-Mauritians in its ambit.[citation needed] This practice is not unique to Mauritius; some Chinese in the Philippines and Chinese migrants in the early Soviet Union also adopted such surnames.[42]
Religion
The majority of the Sino-Mauritians are Catholics, a result of conversions during the colonial era.[43] Other Sino-Mauritians are Protestant, Buddhist or Taoist; typically, some syncretism occurs among the latter two, incorporating elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and traditional ancestor worship. Sino-Mauritian Christians, especially members of the older generations, sometimes retain certain traditions from Buddhism.[44]
Notable Mauritian of Chinese origin
- Entertainment
- Patrick Kwok-Choon: film, television, and stage actor.
- Politics
- Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen 朱梅麟: First Chinese Cabinet Minister, 1967-1976; First Chinese Member, Legislative Council, 1949
- Noel Lee Cheong Lem 李国华: Cabinet Minister, 1993-1995
- Joseph Tsang Mang Kin 曾繁兴: Cabinet Minister, 1995-2000; as a poet, Tsang has written a number of poems on the Hakka culture
- Emmanuel Jean Leung Shing 陈念汀: Cabinet Minister, 2000-2005
- Sylvio Tang Wah Hing 邓学升: Cabinet Minister, 2005-2010
- John Yeung Sik Yuen 杨尊绍: Cabinet Minister, 2010-2014
- Alain Wong 王纯万: Cabinet Minister 2014-
- Government Officials
- Bernard Yeung Sik Yuen 杨钦俊: Chief Justice, Mauritius, 2008-
- Paul Lam Shang Leen :Judge, Drugs Commissioner 2015-
- Marie Madeleine Lee née Ah Chuen 朱志筠: First Mauritius ambassador to China, 1999–2000
- Corporate
- Laval Ah Kine: Chairman of CMT Group
- Francois Woo: CEO of Compagnie Mauricienne de Textile, Board Director of Air Mauritius
- Raymond Ah-Chuen: Chairman of ABC Group
- Antoine Seeyave: Chairman of Happy World Group
- René Seeyave: Chairman Innodis Group
- Victor Seeyave: Chairman Altima Group
- Pascal Tsin: Executive Chairman of Super U Mauritius
- Ignace Lam: Chairman of InterMart Mauritius
- Maxime Fon Sing: Chairman of MaxCity Group
- Carl Ah Teck: Chairman of Gamma Group
- Jacques Li Wan Po: Chairman of Sunny Group
- Pierre Ah Sue: Chairman Sotravic
- Philippe Hao Thyn Voon: Founder and Chairman PADCO. President of Mauritius Olympic Committee
- Gaétan Siew: Architect. Past Secretary General of African Union of Architects. Past President of International Union of Architects
- Lawrence Wong: CEO of LaTrobe. President of Mauritius Cycling Federation
- Sports
- Kevin Cheung: National swimmer
- Karen Foo Kune: National badminton player; Sportswoman of the Year, 2004 and 2009; Ranked number one badminton player in the African continent on several occasions
- Kate Foo Kune: African Badminton Champion 2018, 2017, ...
- Elodie Li Yuk Lo: National beach volleyball player
- Lim Kee Chong: International football referee
- Nicholas Li Yun Fong: Gold medal Hammer thrower
- Patrick Chan: Tennis champion.
- Christopher Fok: Tennis Player
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b Background Note: Mauritius, U.S. Department of State: U.S. Department of State, 2010, retrieved 24 March 2012
- ^ a b Eriksen 1998, p. 81
- ^ "Mauritius". State.gov. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ a b Leclerc 2007
- ^ a b Pan 1994, p. 62
- ^ Eriksen 1998, p. 82
- ^ Pan 2004, p. 62
- ^ Pan 1994, p. 28
- ^ Pan 1994, p. 29
- ^ a b Song 2001, p. 39
- ^ a b Pan 1994, p. 61
- ^ Marina Carter, James Ng Foong Kwong (2009). Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation. Vol. Volume 1 of European expansion and indigenous response, v. 1. BRILL. p. 199. ISBN 9004175725. Archived from the original on 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ Paul Younger Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies McMaster University (2009). New Homelands : Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 0199741921. Archived from the original on 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ "What Inter-Ethnic Marriage In Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity" (PDF): 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Huguette Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo, Edouard Lim Fat (2008). From alien to citizen: the integration of the Chinese in Mauritius. Éditions de l'océan Indien. p. 174. ISBN 9990305692. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ Huguette Ly Tio Fane-Pineo (1985). Chinese Diaspora in Western Indian Ocean. Ed. de l'océan indien. p. 287. ISBN 9990305692. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "What Inter-Ethnic Marriage In Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity" (PDF): 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
{{cite journal}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Monique Dinan (2002). Mauritius in the Making: Across the Censuses, 1846-2000. Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture, Ministry of Arts & Culture. p. 41. ISBN 9990390460. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ Blood, sweat, and mahjong: family and enterprise in an overseas Chinese community[1]
- ^ Yap & Leong Man 1996, pp. 36–37
- ^ Song 2001, p. 41
- ^ Brautigam 2003, p. 116
- ^ Ackbarally, Nasseem (28 November 2006), "Foreign workers in Mauritius face torrid time", Mail and Guardian, South Africa
- ^ Eriksen 1998, p. 62
- ^ Eriksen 2004, p. 80
- ^ "Student Outreach" (PDF). Cid.harvard.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ Eriksen 1999
- ^ a b Eriksen 1998, pp. 80–81
- ^ Bissoonauth & Offord 2001, p. 385
- ^ Bissoonauth & Offord 2001, p. 387
- ^ Bissoonauth & Offord 2001, p. 389
- ^ Zhao 1999, p. 238
- ^ a b "毛里求斯路易港新华学校", Overseas Chinese Net, People's Republic of China: Chinese Language Education Foundation, archived from the original on 6 September 2008, retrieved 27 October 2008
{{citation}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "毛里求斯路易港中华中学", Overseas Chinese Net, People's Republic of China: Chinese Language Education Foundation, archived from the original on 6 October 2008, retrieved 27 October 2008
{{citation}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Zhao, Haiyan (17 September 2001), "访毛里求斯《镜报》主编冯云龙 (An Interview with Mauritius Mirror Editor Feng Yunlong)", ChinaNews.com.cn, archived from the original on 18 February 2012, retrieved 27 October 2008
{{citation}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Culture chinoise: L'art et la manière", L'Express, Mauritius, 13 November 2008, archived from the original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 11 January 2009
- ^ a b c d Yu, Longhui (8 October 2007), "一片丹心向阳开", China Radio International, retrieved 11 January 2009
- ^ a b c d e "Tradition versus modernity", L'Express, Mauritius, 2 May 2006, retrieved 11 January 2009[permanent dead link]
- ^ "在毛里求斯领略浓郁的客家风情 (The rich Hakka culture of Mauritius)", Economic Daily, Beijing, 1 February 2007, archived from the original on 7 July 2011, retrieved 11 January 2009
{{citation}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "'Le Cernéen' s'en prend aux Chinois pro-Pékin de Maurice", L'Express, Mauritius, 7 February 2005, retrieved 11 January 2009[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b A window on China, 20 April 2007, archived from the original on 20 February 2012, retrieved 11 January 2009
{{citation}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Nyíri 2007, p. 42
- ^ Eriksen 1998, pp. 82, 92
- ^ Mauritius: A New Balance of Nature Archived 26 January 2013 at archive.today Islands
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- Nyíri, Pál (2007), "Chinese in the Soviet Union, 1922-1989", Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational era, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-44686-0
- Pan, Lynn (1994), Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora, Kodansha Globe, ISBN 978-1-56836-032-4
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