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Post-industrial
Stylistic originsIndustrial, experimental, avant-garde and others
Cultural originsEarly 1980s; Europe, North America, Japan
Derivative formsDark ambient, EBM, electro-industrial, glitch, IDM, industrial dance
Fusion genres
Industrial rock - Industrial metal
Industrial hip hop - Neofolk
Other topics
List of noise musicians

Post-industrial music is a collection of related music genres that emerged in the early 1980s, all of which blended elements of varying styles with the then new genre of industrial music. "Industrial" had first been applied to music in the mid-1970s by the Industrial Records label artists. Since then, a number of labels and artists have come to be called "industrial".[1] These offshoots include fusions with noise music, ambient music, folk music, and electronic dance music, as well as other mutations and developments. The scene has spread worldwide, and is particularly well represented in North America, Europe, and Japan. The most commercially successful post-industrial subgenre is industrial metal.

Industrial music

Main article: Industrial music

Industrial music comprises many styles of experimental music, including many forms of electronic music. The term was coined in the mid-1970s for Industrial Records artists. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and controversial topics. Their production was not limited to music, but included mail art, performance art, installation pieces and other art forms.[2] Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, Boyd Rice, SPK, and Z'EV.[2] Test Dept,[3] Clock DVA,[4] Nocturnal Emissions,[5] Whitehouse,[6] Laibach,[7] and The Leather Nun[8] subsequently participated in the movement. German group Einstürzende Neubauten forged their own style, which mixed metal percussion, guitars and unconventional instruments (such as jackhammers and bones) in stage performances that often damaged the venues in which they played.[9]

Post-industrial developments

Ambient industrial

Main article: Ambient_industrial

Ambient industrial projects like Coil,[10] Lilith,[11] Nurse with Wound,[12] Lustmord,[13] and Zoviet France,[14] evolved out of industrial music during the 1980s. These artists make use of non-musical material and noise, but less abrasively than other post-industrial musicians.[15] The last material that Throbbing Gristle recorded in the studio, In the Shadow of the Sun and Journey Through a Body, was ambient, and pointed in the direction that TG's offshoots (notably Coil, Chris & Cosey) would take.[16] Other artists include Long Distance Poison,[17] Hafler Trio,[18] MRT, PGR,[19] Controlled Bleeding,[20] Nine Inch Nails (Ghosts I-IV),[21] early Techno Animal,[22] prominent game music composer Akira Yamaoka, Robin Rimbaud,[23] Final[24] and Deutsch Nepal.[25]

Nivek Ogre of Skinny Puppy, an electro-industrial group.

Electro-industrial

Main article: Electro-industrial

Electro-Industrial draws on EBM, and developed in the mid-1980s. While EBM has a minimal structure and clean production, electro-industrial has a deep, complex and layered sound. The style was pioneered by Skinny Puppy,[26] Frontline Assembly, and :wumpscut:. In the mid-'90s, the style spawned the dark electro and aggrotech offshoots.[27] Other artists include Haujobb,[28] Lab Report,[29] and Leæther Strip.[30]

Electronic body music

Main article: Electronic body music

Electronic body music combines elements of industrial music and electronic dance music.[31] It first came to prominence in Belgium.[31] The name was coined by Ralf Hütter of Kraftwerk in 1978 to explain the more physical sound of their album The Man-Machine.[32] The term was later used in its current sense by Belgian group Front 242 in 1984 to describe their EP No Comment, released in the same year.[33] It denotes a certain type of danceable electronic music, a mixture of electropunk and industrial music. Other artists include Armageddon Dildos,[34][35] Die Krupps,[36] à;GRUMH...,[37] A Split-Second,[38] And One,[39] Bigod 20,[40] The Neon Judgement,[41] and Attrition.[42]


Industrial hip hop

Main article: Industrial hip hop

Industrial hip hop fuses the themes and aesthetics of industrial with hip hop music. Its origins are in the work of Mark Stewart and Adrian Sherwood. In 1985, Stewart, former Pop Group singer, released As the Veneer of Democracy Starts to Fade, applying the cut-up style of industrial music with the house band of Sugar Hill Records (Doug Wimbish, Keith Leblanc, and Skip McDonald).[43] Sherwood was a major figure in British dub music, as well as working with industrial groups such as Cabaret Voltaire, Einstürzende Neubauten, Ministry, KMFDM, and Nine Inch Nails.[44] Tackhead, a collaboration between Sherwood and the Sugar Hill band, picked up where Stewart left off.[45] The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy, from San Francisco,[46][47] and Meat Beat Manifesto,[48] from the UK, are also early representatives of the style. The later work of Broadrick's Godflesh,[49] as well as his collaborations with Kevin Martin, Ice,[50] and Techno Animal,[49] are examples of industrial hip hop.[51] Saul Williams, a slam poet, also performs in the style. Other notable contributors include: CX KidtroniK, clipping., B L A C K I E, Death Grips, and Electric Caves.[52]

Al Jourgensen with Revolting Cocks, an industrial rock group

Industrial rock

Main articles: Industrial rock and Industrial metal

Industrial rock artists generally employ the basic rock instrumentation of electric guitars, drums and bass and pair it with white noise blasts, electronic music gear (synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and drum machines). Guitars are commonly heavily distorted or otherwise effected. Bass guitars and drums may be played live, or be replaced by electronic musical instruments or computers. The early fusions of industrial music and rock were practiced by a handful of post-punk groups, including Chrome,[53] Killing Joke,[54] Swans,[55] Big Black,[56] and Foetus.[57] Nine Inch Nails popularized industrial rock in the US with the release of Pretty Hate Machine and The Downward Spiral.[58] Industrial metal evolved from the scene, and is practiced by groups such as Ministry,[59] Godflesh,[60] and Fear Factory.[61]

Merzbow, prominent Japanoise musician, in 2007

Japanoise

Main article: Japanoise

Japanoise (a blend of the words "Japanese" and "noise") is the noise music scene of Japan.[62][63] Popular and active in the 1980s and 1990s but continuing into the early 21st century, the Japanoise scene is defined by its sense of musical freedom: Groups range from the punk demolition of Hanatarash[64] and its subsequent psychedelic Boredoms evolutions,[65] to the tabletop electronics of Incapacitants[66] and Merzbow.[67] The scene was initially inspired by power electronics[6] and sometimes deals with BDSM themes.[68] Nonetheless, Japanoise is often less serious than other post-industrial styles,[69] and some musicians, such as Aube,[70] are also inspired by psychedelia or space rock.

Neofolk

Main article: Neofolk
The apocalyptic folk group Current 93 in 2007

Neofolk is the music of artists like Douglas Pearce of Death In June,[71] Tony Wakeford of Sol Invictus,[72] and David Tibet of Current 93, who had collaborated with one another.[73] These musicians comprised a post-industrial music circle who incorporated folk music based on traditional European elements. Neofolk can be solely acoustic folk music or a blend of acoustic folk instrumentation with accompanying sounds, such as pianos, strings or elements of industrial music and experimental music. The genre encompasses an assortment of themes including traditional music, heathenry, romanticism and occultism. Neofolk musicians often have ties to other genres such as martial industrial. Apocalyptic folk predates neofolk and was used by David Tibet for the music of his band Current 93 during the late 1980s. Initially, Tibet did not intend to imply connection with the folk music genre; rather, that Current 93's music was made by "apocalyptic folk, or guys."[74]

Whitehouse, the founders of power electronics

Power electronics

Main article: Power electronics (music)

Power electronics was originally coined by William Bennett for the noise music of his own project Whitehouse.[6] It consists of screeching waves of feedback, analogue synthesizers making sub-bass pulses or high frequency squealing sounds, and screamed, distorted, often hateful and offensive lyrics. Deeply atonal, there are no conventional melodies or rhythms.[75] Members of Whitehouse who began other projects, such as Sutcliffe Jügend, also practice power electronics.[76] Death industrial is a similar style associated with groups such as The Grey Wolves,[77] but the term first referred to artists such as Brighter Death Now.[78] The Swedish label Cold Meat Industry releases in this subgenre.[78]

Power noise

Main article: Power noise

Power noise (also known as rhythmic noise) takes its inspiration from some of the more structured and distorted early industrial acts, such as Esplendor Geométrico.[79] The Belgian group Dive also anticipated the style in the early '90s.[79][80] Power noise groups meld noise music with various forms of electronic dance music. The term "power noise" was coined by Raoul Roucka of Noisex in 1997, with the track "United (Power Noise Movement)".[81][82] Typically, power noise is based upon a distorted kick drum from a drum machine such as a Roland TR-909, uses militaristic 4/4 beats, and is usually instrumental. Sometimes a melodic component is added, but this is almost always secondary to the rhythm. Power noise tracks are typically structured and danceable, but are occasionally abstract. This genre is showcased at the annual Maschinenfest festival in Krefeld, Germany, as well as at Infest in Bradford, UK. Other artists include Imminent Starvation, Axiome, Converter, and Terrorfakt. The German labels Ant-Zen and Hands Productions specialize in the style. Technoid grew out of the scene, taking inspiration from IDM, experimental techno and noise music. German label Hymen Records is responsible for the term and the style. Artists include Gridlock, Black Lung, and Xingu Hill.

Witch house

Main article: Witch house (music genre)

Witch house is a debated term referring to a fusion genre of industrial music that features a prominent hip-hop influence, specifically the 1990s Houston chopped and screwed sound pioneered by DJ Screw.[83][84] Witch house consists of applying techniques rooted in Swishahouse hip-hop – drastically slowed tempos with skipping, stop-timed beats[85] – with signifiers of noise, drone, or shoegaze, the genre recontextualizes its forebears into a sinister, unprecedented, yet aesthetically referential atmosphere.[86] Witch house is also influenced by hazy 1980s goth bands, including Cocteau Twins, The Cure and Dead Can Dance,[87] as well as being heavily influenced by certain early industrial bands.[88][89] The use of hip-hop drum machines, noise atmospherics, creepy samples,[90] synthpop-influenced lead melodies, and heavily altered or distorted vocals is also common.

Nine Inch Nails live on tour in 2005

Sales

Without a doubt, the best-selling offshoots of industrial music are industrial rock and metal; Ministry and Nine Inch Nails both recorded platinum-selling albums.[91] Their success led to an increase in commercial success for some other post-industrial musicians; for example, the Nine Inch Nails remix album Further Down the Spiral, which included contributions from Foetus and Coil, was certified gold in 1996.[91]

See also

References

  1. ^ "... journalists now use 'industrial' as a term like they would 'blues.' - Genesis P-Orridge, RE/Search #6/7, p. 16.
  2. ^ a b V.Vale. Re/Search #6/7: Industrial Culture Handbook, 1983.
  3. ^ Bush, John. Biography of Test Dept. at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  4. ^ Ankeny, Jason. Biography of Clock DVA at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  5. ^ Torreano, Bradley. Biography of Nocturnal Emissions at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  6. ^ a b c Schaefer, Peter. Biography of Whitehouse at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  7. ^ Jeffires, David. Biography of Laibach at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  8. ^ Sutton, Michael. Biography of Leather Nun at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  9. ^ Huey, Steve. Biography of Einstürzende Neubauten at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  10. ^ Ed Howard, Coil artist profile, Stylus Magazine, 2003. [1] Access date: March 15, 2009.
  11. ^ Cooper, Sean. Biography of Lilith at AllMusic
  12. ^ Biography of Nurse with Wound at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  13. ^ Stosuy, Brandon (October 31, 2008). "Show No Mercy". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
  14. ^ Carruthers, Sean. Review of Shadow, Thief of the Sun at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  15. ^ Werner, Peter. "Ambient Industrial". hyperreal.org. Retrieved March 17, 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ Lucan, Lord (2000-07-26). "Throbbing Gristle - In The Shadow Of The Sun". Julian Cope Presents Head Heritage. Retrieved 2009-03-15. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ http://www.discogs.com/artist/1991720-Long-Distance-Poison
  18. ^ Hafler Trio at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  19. ^ PGR at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  20. ^ Controlled Bleeding at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  21. ^ Ghosts I-IV at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  22. ^ Techno Animal at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  23. ^ Robin Rimbaud at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  24. ^ Final at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  25. ^ Deutsch Nepal at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  26. ^ Adem Tepedelen, "Skinny Puppy Bark Back", Rolling Stone, May 20, 2004. [2] Access date: October 24, 2008.
  27. ^ Interview with Axel Machens, Vendetta Music, April 23, 2007. [3] Access date: December 23, 2008.
  28. ^ Manny Theiner, "German electro-industrial duo Haujobb plays Pegasus Lounge", Pittsburgh City Paper, September 13, 2007. [4] Access date: October 24, 2008.
  29. ^ Bush, John. Biography of Lab Report at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  30. ^ "Claus Larsen fronts one of Europe's leading Electro-Industrial bands." Mick Mercer, The Hex Files: The Goth Bible, Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 1997, p. 24.
  31. ^ a b Dan Sicko, Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk, Billboard Books, 1999, p. 142.
  32. ^ (2007-11-25) Klein, MJ WSKU Radio (Kent - Ohio) - Ralf Hütter - 19/06/1978 kraftwerk.technopop.com.br (retrieved on 2008-01-28)
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  35. ^ McDonald, Steven. Review of Homicidal Dolls at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  36. ^ Release Magazine: Die Krupps - Too Much History Access date: March 17, 2009.
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  38. ^ A Split-Second at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  39. ^ And One at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  40. ^ Bigod 20 at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  41. ^ The Neon Judgement at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  42. ^ Attrition at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  43. ^ Mark Fisher, "Prometheus Unbound". p. 32. The Wire 293. July 2008
  44. ^ Ankeny, Jason. Biography of Adrian Sherwood at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  45. ^ Stephen Troussé, Portishead review, Uncut, [5] Access date: October 7, 2008.
  46. ^ Ben Wood, "Michael Franti: A New Bob Marley?", Suite 101, May 31, 2007.
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  48. ^ Bush, John. Biography of Meat Beat Manifesto at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  49. ^ a b Chris Downton, Ivens interview, Cyclic Defrost, [6] Access date: October 7, 2008.
  50. ^ Filmore Mescalito Holmes, London Zoo review, Tiny Mixtapes. [7] Access date: October 7, 2008.
  51. ^ Stevie Chick, "Till Deaf Us Do Part", The Guardian, July 18, 2008. [8] Access date: July 28, 2008.
  52. ^ "Nine Inch Nails Release Album Online", Revolver, March 3, 2008. [9] Access date: October 7, 2008.
  53. ^ Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip it up and start again: Postpunk 1978-1984. London: Faber and Faber Limited, p. 257-258
  54. ^ Reynolds 2005, p. 435
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  56. ^ Blush, Steven (2001). American Hardcore: A tribal history. Los Angeles, CA: Feral House, p. 222.
  57. ^ Connelly, Chris (2007). Concrete, Bulletproof, Invisible + Fried: My Life as a Revolting Cock. London: SAF Publishing, p. 12.
  58. ^ http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/nine-inch-nails/biography
  59. ^ Di Perna, Alan (1995). Jackhammer of the Gods. Guitar World, 15(6), page 69.
  60. ^ Walters, Martin. Review of Godflesh at AllMusic. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
  61. ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/fear-factory-mn0000167320
  62. ^ Kilpatrick, Nancy (2004). "Chapter 5: Music of the Macabre". The Goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 86.
  63. ^ "CM92007Thacker". Culturemachine.tees.ac.uk. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ Hage, Erik. Biography of Hanatarash at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  65. ^ Huey, Steve. Biography of Boredoms at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  66. ^ Whitener, Brian. Review of Asset Without Liability at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  67. ^ Couture, François. Biography of Merzbow at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  68. ^ Schulte, Tom. Review of Music for Bondage Performance, Vol. 2 at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  69. ^ Raggett, Ned. Review of Pop Tatari at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  70. ^ Bush, John. Biography of Aube at AllMusic. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  71. ^ [10] Access date: March 17, 2009.
  72. ^ [11] Access date: March 17, 2009.
  73. ^ [12] Access date: March 17, 2009.
  74. ^ "The Apocalyptic Visions of Current 93" Access date: March 17, 2009.
  75. ^ Emily Benjamin, "Whitehouse Asceticists Susan Lawly". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. February 14, 2006. [13] Access date: March 15, 2009.
  76. ^ Creaig Dunton, Perfectly Flawed review, Brainwashed, March 29, 2009. [14] Access date: March 29, 2009.
  77. ^ [15] Access date: March 17, 2009.
  78. ^ a b [16] Access date: March 17, 2009.
  79. ^ a b Hymen Records, Converter, Coma record description. [17]. Access date: August 8, 2008.
  80. ^ Nancy Kilpatrick, The Goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2004, chapter 5, "Music of the Macabre," p. 87.
  81. ^ Noisex, Over and Out, Discogs
  82. ^ Vlad McNeally, review of Noisex, ReGen Magazine, November 29, 2007. [18] Access date: August 8, 2008.
  83. ^ Colly, Joe (2010-05-24). "Ghosts in the Machine". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  84. ^ Rodgers, D. Patrick (2010-08-25). "'New' 'Genre' Alert: Which House? Witch House". Nashville Scene. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
  85. ^ http://exclaim.ca/Features/Spark/translator-witch_house
  86. ^ Watson, William Cody (2010-09-12). "Slow Motion Music". Impose Magazine.
  87. ^ Wright, Scott (2010-03-09). "Scene and heard: Drag". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  88. ^ http://flavorwire.com/118771/haunted-a-witch-house-primer#more-118771
  89. ^ http://www.nypress.com/article-21562-brooklyns-vanishing-witch-house.html
  90. ^ http://nyulocal.com/entertainment/2011/02/01/the-witch-house-debate-is-%E2%80%A0he-music-genre-wor%E2%80%A0h-%E2%88%86-lis%E2%80%A0en/
  91. ^ a b RIAA Gold and Platinum searchable database. [19] Access date: March 24, 2009.

Further reading

  • Paul Hegarty, Full With Noise: Theory and Japanese Noise Music, pp. 86–98 in Life in the Wires (2004) eds. Arthur Kroker & Marilouise Kroker, NWP Ctheory Books, Victoria, Canada
  • Paul Hegarty, Noise/Music: A History (2007) Continuum International Publishing Group
  • Douglas Kahn, Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts (1999) MIT Press
  • Brandon LaBelle, Background Noise: Perspectives on Sound Art (2006) New York and London: Continuum International Publishing
  • Dan Lander and Lexier Micah, (eds.) Sound by Artists (1990) Toronto: Art Metropole/Walter Phillips Gallery
  • Alan Licht, Sound Art: Beyond Music, Between Categories (2007) New York: Rizzoli
  • Thurston Moore, Mix Tape: The Art of Cassette Culture (2004) Universe
  • Joseph Nechvatal, Towards a Sound Ecstatic Electronica (2000) The Thing [20]
  • Amanda Petrusich, [21] Pitchfork net Lou Reed Interview
  • Jim Samson, Music in Transition: A Study of Tonal Expansion and Atonality, 1900–1920 (1977) New York: W.W. Norton & Company
  • Brett Woodward (ed.), Merzbook: The Pleasuredome of Noise (1999) Melbourne, Cologne: Extreme
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