Turoyo language
| Turoyo | |
|---|---|
| Surayt | |
| ܛܘܪܝܐ Ṭûrôyo ܣܘܼܪܲܝܬ Ṣurayt ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Suryoyo | |
| Pronunciation | [tˤurˈɔjɔ], [sˤuˈrajt], [surˈjɔjɔ] |
| Native to | Turkey, Syria |
| Region | Mardin Province of southeastern Turkey; Al-Hasakah and Qamishli in northeastern Syria |
Native speakers | (62,000 cited 1994)[1] |
| Syriac (Serto alphabet); Latin has been modified for writing Turoyo in Sweden by Yusuf Ishaq and Germany by Silas Üzel | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tru |
| Glottolog | turo1239 |
| ELP | Turoyo |
Turoyo (also Syriany, Suryoyo or Suroyo) is an Eastern Aramaic language traditionally spoken in eastern Turkey and north-eastern Syria by Assyrians/Syriacs of the Syriac Christian faith.
Most speakers use the Syriac language which originated in 5th century BC Achaemenid Assyria for literature and worship. Turoyo/Surayt speakers are currently mostly members of the Syriac Orthodox Church although there are also Turoyo speaking members of the Chaldean Catholic Church especially from the town of Midyat, and Assyrian Church of the East.
This is most acute among non-Turoyo/Surayt-speaking Syriac Orthodox Church members, whose tend to be from The Levant (modern Syria excluding the north eastern corner), and whose first language may be Arabic, German, Swedish, English, Malayalam or another language. This, and the church's preference for Syriac, has had some impact on Turoyo/Surayt.
Turoyo is not mutually intelligible with Western Neo-Aramaic having been separated for over a thousand years, while mutual intelligibility with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is considerable, but to a limited degree.[2] Contrary to what these language names suggest, they are not specific to a particular church, with members of the Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church speaking Turoyo, and members of the Syriac Orthodox Church speaking Assyrian or Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects.
Etymology
From the word ṭuro, meaning 'mountain', Ṭuroyo is the mountain tongue of the Tur Abdin in southeastern Turkey.
Another name for the language is Ṣurayt,[3] and it is used by a number of speakers of the language in preference to ṬTuroyo.
However, especially in the diaspora, the language is frequently called Surayt/Suryoyo (or Sureyt or Sŭryoyo or Süryoyo depending on dialect), meaning "Syriac". Syriac being a dialect which evolved in Assyria in the 5th century BC, and the terms Syrian and Syriac were originally 9th century BC Indo-Anatolian derivatives of Assurayu/Assyrian.
History
Until recently, Turoyo/Surayt was a spoken vernacular and was never written down: Kthobhonoyo was the written language. In the 1880s, various attempts were made, with the encouragement of western missionaries, to write Turoyo/Surayt in the Syriac alphabet, in the Serto and in "Estrangelo" script used for West-Syriac Kthobhonoyo.
However, with upheaval in their homeland through the twentieth century, many Turoyo/Surayt speakers have emigrated around the world (particularly to Syria, the Lebanon, Sweden and Germany). The Swedish government's education policy, that every child be educated in his or her first tongue, led to the commissioning of teaching materials in Turoyo. Yusuf Ishaq thus developed an alphabet for Turoyo/Surayt based on the Latin script.
A series of reading books and workbooks that introduce Ishaq's alphabet are called Toxu Qorena!, or "Come Let's Read!" This project has also produced a Swedish-Turoyo dictionary of 4500 entries: the Svensk-turabdinskt Lexikon: Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo. Another old teacher, writer and translator of the Turoyo/Surayt-Dialect is Yuhanun Üzel (Bar Shabo), born in Midun in 1934, who finished in 2009 the translation of the Peshitta Bible in Turoyo/Surayt, with Benjamin Bar Shabo (Bar Shabo) and Yahkup Bilgic, in Serto (Westsyriac) and Latin script, a good foundation for the language. This Aramaic Christian commission name is "Sihto du Kthovo Qadisho Suryoyo Oromoyo".
Dialects
Turoyo/Surayt has borrowed some words from Arabic, Kurdish Armenian, and Turkish. The main dialect of Turoyo/Surayt is that of Midyat (Mëḏyoyo), in the east of Turkey's Mardin Province. Every village have distinctive Turoyo/Surayt dialects (Midwoyo, Kfarzoyo, `Iwarnoyo, Nihloyo and Izloyo respectively). All Turoyo/Surayt dialects are mutually intelligible with each other.
Many Turoyo/Surayt speakers who have left their villages now speak a mixed dialect of their village dialect with the Midyat dialect. This mixture of dialects was used by Ishaq as the basis of his system of written Turoyo/Surayt. For example, Ishaq's reading book uses the word qorena in its title instead of the Mëḏyoyo qurena or the village-dialect qorina. All speakers are bilingual in another local language. Church schools in Syria and the Lebanon teach Kthobonoyo rather than Turoyo/Surayt, and encourage the replacement of non-Syriac loanwords with authentic Syriac ones. Some church leaders have tried to discourage the use and writing of Turoyo/Surayt, seeing it as an impure form of Syriac.
Latin standard script for New Aramaic Turoyo/Ṣurayt
The alphabet as used in a forthcoming translation of New Peshitta in Turoyo Yuhanun Bar Shabo, Sfar mele surtoṯoyo - Picture dictionary Benjamin Bar Shabo and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is as follows:
Aa Bb Cc Čč Dd Ḏḏ Ee Ëë Ff Gg Ġġ Hh Ḥḥ Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Šš Ṣṣ Tt Ṭṭ Ṯṯ Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Žž
Pronunciation and grammar
Phonetically, Turoyo/Surayt is very similar to Classical Syriac. The additional phonemes /d͡ʒ/ (as in judge), /t͡ʃ/ (as in church) /ʒ/ (as in azure) and /ðˤ/ (the Arabic ẓāʼ) mostly only appear in loanwords from other languages. The most distinctive feature of Turoyo/Surayt phonology is its use of reduced vowels in closed syllables. The phonetic value of these reduced vowels differs depending both on the value of original vowel and the dialect spoken. The Miḏyoyo dialect also reduces vowels in pre-stress open syllables. This has the effect of producing a syllabic schwa in most dialects (in Classical Syriac the schwa is not syllabic).
The verbal system of Turoyo/Surayt is similar to that used in other Neo-Aramaic languages. In Classical Syriac, the ancient perfect and imperfect tenses had started to become preterite and future tenses respectively, and other tenses were formed by using the participles with pronominal clitics or shortened forms of the verb hwā ('to become'). Most modern Aramaic languages have completely abandoned the old tenses and form all tenses from stems based around the old participles. The classical clitics have become incorporated fully into the verb form, and can be considered more like inflections.
Turoyo/Surayt has also developed the use of the demonstrative pronouns much further than any other Aramaic language. In Turoyo/Surayt, they have become definite articles. Thus:
- masculine singular: u-malko (the king)
- feminine singular: i-malëkṯo/ i-malakṯo (the queen)
- plural common: am-malke/æm-malke (the kings), am-malkōṯo/æm-malkōṯe-am-malëkyōṯe (the queens).
The Modern Western Syriac dialect of Mlahsô and `Ansha villages in Diyarbakır Province is quite different from Turoyo/Surayt. It is virtually extinct; its last few speakers live in Qamishli in northeastern Syria. Turoyo/Surayt is also more closely related to other Neo-Aramaic dialects than the Western Neo-Aramaic dialect of Ma'loula.[4]
Sample phrases
| English | Turoyo - Aramaic |
|---|---|
| Hello (how are you? m/f) | Shlomo (aydarbo-hit / hat?) |
| I'm fine | Towo/Tawwo no / Towto/Tawto no |
| What is your name? m/f | Munyo ishmokh or ishmukh / ishmakh or ishmekh? |
| My name is ___ | Ishmi ____ yo |
| Love | Hubo |
| Jesus | Yeshu'or Isho' |
| Good morning | Brikh sapro/safro or Sapro towo |
| God bless you m/f | Aloho mbarakhlokh / mbarakhlekh/mbarakhlakh |
| I want water m/f | Koba'no maye or Kob'eno maye / Kob'ono maye or Kobo'yono maye |
| Kiss | Nushaqto |
| Thank you | Tawdi |
| Child m/f | Z'uro or Na'imo /Z'urto or Na'imto |
| Students of university | Sawboye |
| Sit | tæw or itæw |
| Stand/stop | Kli (m)/Klay (f)/Basyo |
| Hunger | Kapno or Kafno |
| Father | Babo |
| Mother | Emo |
| God | Aloho |
| Uncle | Holo (Maternal) / 'ammo (Paternal) |
| Aunt | Holto or Hulto (Maternal / 'amtho (Paternal) |
| Help | 'ewono or 'udrono |
| Man | Nosho/Gawro |
| Woman | Athto |
| Boy | Talyo |
| Girl | Tlitho |
| Book | Kthowo |
| Youth | 'laymuto |
| Pen | Qanyo |
| Trousers | Pantalon/Pantlo |
| Table | Tablitho |
| Chair | Kursyo |
| Bring | Ayti(m) or Amti(m) |
| Go | Zokh/Zukh (m) or Zolukh/Zelokh (m) |
| Birth | Mawlodho |
| Come m/f | Tukh/Tokh (m)/ Takh/Tekh or Tolokh /Tælakh |
| Run | Rhat |
| Walk | Halækh |
| Jump | Qpas/ or Qsaf |
| Rain | Matro |
| Sun | Shimsho |
| Moon | Sahro |
| Fish | Nuno |
| Star | Kukwo |
| Grandpa | Qassho or Sowo (Babi Sowo) or under Arabic influence Jiddo |
| Grandma | Qashto or Sowto (Emi Sowto) |
| Hand | Idho |
| Mouth | Pemo or Femo |
| Car | Radayto |
| Cow / bull | Turto / Tawro |
| Song | Zmarto |
| Marriage | Gworo |
| Tomorrow | Ramhol/Lamhor |
| Today | Yawma or Adyawma rare Adyawmo |
| Death | Mawto |
| Money | Zuze |
| Gun | Zayno |
| Heart | Lebo |
| Breath | Nashmo/Nafas |
| Head | Resho or Risho |
| Tooth | 'arsho |
| Dream | Hulmo |
| Village | Qritho |
| Dig | Hporo or Hforo |
| Flying | Pyoro or Fyoro or ProHo (rare) |
| Mirror | Mahzitho |
| River | Nahro |
| Creek | NaHlo or a loan Jiwo or Jowe |
| Ocean | Yamo |
See also
- Aramaic language
- Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
- Mlahsô language
- Syriac alphabet
- Syriac language
- Tur Abdin
- Assyrians
References
Notes
- ^ Turoyo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2007). Language Diversity Endangered. Walter de Gruyter. p. 268. ISBN 9783110170498.
- ^ Aramaic (Assyrian/Syriac) Dictionary and Phrasebook - Nicholas Awde, Nineb Lamassu, Nicholas Al-Jeloo - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1968), pp. 605-610
General references
- Beth-Sawoce, Jan (2012). Xëzne d xabre/Ordlista Surayt-Swedi [mëdyoyo]. Södertälje: Nsibin. ISBN 978-91-88328-57-1
- Heinrichs, Wolfhart (ed.) (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN 1-55540-430-8.
- Jastrow, Otto (1985). Laut- und Formenlehre des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Mīdin im Ṭur cAbdīn. Otto Harrowitz Verlag: Wiesbaden.
- Jastrow, Otto (1992). Lehrbuch der Ṭuroyo-Sprache. Otto Harrowitz Verlag: Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-447-03213-8.
- Tezel, Aziz (2003). Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: with special reference to homonyms, related words and borrowings with cultural signification. Uppsala Universitet. ISBN 91-554-5555-7.
External links
- Turoyo alphabets and pronunciation at Omniglot
- Semitisches Tonarchiv: Dokumentgruppe "Aramäisch/Turoyo" Template:De icon
- The Turoyo language today
- Syriac Turoyo-Bible
