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Cannabis rights or marijuana rights are individual civil and human rights that vary by jurisdiction considerably.^[1]^[2] The rights of people who consume cannabis include the right to be free from employment discrimination and housing discrimination.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Anti-cannabis laws include civil infractions and fines, imprisonment, and even the death penalty.^[6]

History

Until the twentieth century, anyone could grow and consume cannabis.^[7] By the mid twentieth century, possession of marijuana was a crime in every U.S. state and most countries. In 1996, the passing of Proposition 215 by California voters restored limited rights for medical cannabis patients in the state. Other states and countries have since then joined California in guarding rights of cannabis consumers.^[8]

In the United States, much is unclear about cannabis rights because despite state laws, cannabis remains illegal for all purposes, at the federal level, and consequently cannabis consumers do not belong to a protected class. Courts will address the issues surrounding housing and employment law, and disability discrimination.^[3]^[4]

Medical use

Main article: Medical Cannabis

In the United States, the use of cannabis for medical purposes is legal in 33 states, four (out of five) permanently inhabited U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia.^[11] An additional 14 states have more restrictive laws allowing the use of low-THC products.^[11] Cannabis remains illegal at the federal level by way of the Controlled Substances Act, under which cannabis is classified as a Schedule I drug with a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. In December 2014, however, the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment was signed into law, prohibiting the Justice Department from prosecuting individuals acting in accordance with state medical cannabis laws.

An international argument for medical usage includes the right to health, as guaranteed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. However, what determines "health" or "healthy" is disputed between individuals and governmental bodies.^[9]

State vs. federal

In the United States, as of 2019, 11 states and District of Columbia having fully legalized medical and recreational cannabis, with 25 more states at least decriminalizing use.^[10] However, 14 states and federal ruling still classifies cannabis as illegal, placing cannabis as a "Schedule 1" drug. Being federally illegal, profits cannot be handled in any form through federally-insured banks (including checks or deposits), so cannabis retailers are forced to use cash or remain vague about business practices.^[11]^[12]

Religious use

Main article: Cannabis and religion

Different religions have varying stances on the use of cannabis, historically and presently. In ancient history some religions used cannabis as an entheogen, particularly in the Indian subcontinent where the tradition continues on a more limited basis.

In the modern era Rastafari use cannabis as a sacred herb. Meanwhile, religions with prohibitions against intoxicants, such as Islam, Buddhism, Bahai, Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and others have opposed the use of cannabis by members, or in some cases opposed the liberalization of cannabis laws. Other groups, such as some Protestant and Jewish factions, have supported the use of medicinal cannabis.

Legality

Main article: Legality of cannabis

The use of cannabis for recreational purposes is prohibited in most countries; however, many have adopted a policy of decriminalization to make simple possession a non-criminal offense (often similar to a minor traffic violation). Others have much more severe penalties such as some Asian and Middle Eastern countries where possession of even small amounts is punished by imprisonment for several years.^[13]

Social movement

The movement around cannabis laws and rights has been growing since as early as the 60’s. Multiple organizations both for and against cannabis usage have been created and merged over the past 60 years as the country has changed and perception of marijuana rights has changed. Today, a big name on the scene has been a pro-legalization group by the acronym NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws).^[14]^[15] In this day and age the conversation on cannabis rights has shifted from picket signs declaring "Pot is fun," to being about health and social justice.^[15]^[16] It's been noted that African-American communities may be suffering the most from the continued prohibition of cannabis, although consumption rates are approximately the same as white citizens. Arrests for African-Americans measure to be approx 3.73 times higher in comparison.^[17] Activists hope to see those numbers decrease with gained rights.

Indonesia

There were around 2 million cannabis user in Indonesia in the year of 2014, reported by the National Anti-Narcoticts (Badan Narkotika Nasional - BNN). By the data, made cannabis be the most popular drug in Indonesia followed by amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) such as methamphetamine (shabu) and ecstasy.^[18] Most of the cannabis distributed by the western province of Indonesia called Aceh.^[19] There were 37,923 people went to prison because of cannabis in the year of 2009 to 2012 which mean that there were 26 people went to prison every day.^[20] Because cannabis is the most common choice of substance, consuming of cannabis goes up to 66 percent than other drugs in the country. There is a serious risk if somebody got caught use, buy or grow cannabis in Indonesia. The death penalty will be given to the people who grow cannabis or a minimum fine of $550,000 based on the National Anti-Narcoticts (BNN) law.^[21]

References

^ Membis, Liane (July 7, 2010). "Legalizing marijuana is civil rights issue, California NAACP says". CNN.
^ Rafferty, Andrew (April 20, 2017). "Pot Advocates Worry Marijuana Protections Are Burning Down Under Trump". NBC News.
^ ^a ^b Liquori, Francesca (February 18, 2016). "The Effects of Marijuana Legalization on Employment Law". National Association of Attorneys General.
^ ^a ^b Nikolewski, Rob (November 24, 2016). "Can your landlord 'just say no' to marijuana now that Prop 64 passed?". The San Diego Union-Tribune.
^ Edwards Staggs, Brooke (February 15, 2017). "Coalition aims to protect cannabis consumers from random drug tests at work". The Cannifornian.
^ Meehan, Maureen (January 26, 2017). "Man Given Death Sentence for Selling Weed". High Times.
^ Gatenio Gabel, Shirley (2016). "A Rights-Based Approach to Social Policy Analysis: Evil or Miracle Drug? Who Decides and How?". Springer Publishing.
^ Clark Davis, Joshua (November 6, 2014). "The Long Marijuana-Rights Movement". The Huffington Post.
^ Bone, Melissa; Seddon, Toby (2016-01-01). "Human rights, public health and medicinal cannabis use". Critical Public Health. 26 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1080/09581596.2015.1038218. ISSN 0958-1596. PMC 4662098. PMID 26692654.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Solutions, DISA Global (2019-04-01). "Map of Marijuana Legality by State". DISA Global Solutions. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
^ "Why marijuana retailers can't use banks". The Economist. 2018-01-22. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
^ "It's Legal To Sell Marijuana In Washington. But Try Telling That To A Bank". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
^ Powell, Burgess (24 February 2018). "The 7 Countries With The Strictest Weed Laws". High Times. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ "National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws - NORML - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". norml.org. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ ^a ^b Davis, Joshua Clark; ContributorAuthor; Rise, "From Head Shops to Whole Foods: The; Entrepreneurs", Fall of Activist (2014-11-06). "The Long Marijuana-Rights Movement". HuffPost. Retrieved 2019-05-08. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
^ Gabriel, Trip (2019-03-17). "Legalizing Marijuana, With a Focus on Social Justice, Unites 2020 Democrats". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ "Report: The War on Marijuana in Black and White". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ "LAPORAN AKHIR SURVEI NASIONAL PERKEMBANGAN PENYALAHGUNA NARKOBA TAHUN ANGGARAN 2014". BNN Pusat (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ "Beschouwingen over het Indische muntstelsel, naar aanleiding van de brochure van den heer Mr. C.W. Mees, over het muntstelsel van Nederlandsch Indie, en het oordeel daarover in het Algemeen Handelsblad en de Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant". Dutch Pamphlets Online. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ "eBook Sabk Edisi 1 - Feb 2014". Scribd. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ "English Version of the Indonesian Narcotics Law". idpc.net. Retrieved 2019-05-06.

v t e Substantive human rights
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
Civil and political	Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment Freedom from discrimination Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid LGBT rights Liberty Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right to resist Right of self-defense Right to truth Security of person Suffrage right to be a candidate Right to homeland
Economic, social and cultural	Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to a healthy environment Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right to rest and leisure Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work
Sexual and reproductive	Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Sexual and reproductive health Right to sexuality