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White supremacist groups can be found in most countries and regions with a significant white population, including [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[Latin America]], and [[Russia]]. Some represent the view of the minority of the population to the majority. The militant approach taken by white supremacist groups has caused them to be watched closely by law enforcement officials. Some European countries have laws forbidding [[hate speech]], as well as other laws that ban or restrict some white supremacist organizations.
White supremacist groups can be found in most countries and regions with a significant white population, including [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[Latin America]], and [[Russia]]. Some represent the view of the minority of the population to the majority. The militant approach taken by white supremacist groups has caused them to be watched closely by law enforcement officials. Some European countries have laws forbidding [[hate speech]], as well as other laws that ban or restrict some white supremacist organizations.


whie supremacy is where white poeple think they are above black people or other minorities
==Systemic white supremacy==
{{Refimprove|section|date=May 2009}}
White supremacy was dominant in the [[United States]] before the [[American Civil War]] and for decades after [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Fredrickson | first = George | title = White Supremacy | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford Oxfordshire | year = 1981 | isbn = 0195030427 |page=162}}</ref> In large areas of the United States this included the holding of non-whites (specifically [[African American]]s) in [[slavery in the United States|chattel slavery]]. The outbreak of the Civil War saw the desire to uphold white supremacy cited as a cause for state secession<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_texsec.asp A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union]: "We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable. That in this free government all white men are and of right ought to be entitled to equal civil and political rights; that the servitude of the African race, as existing in these States, is mutually beneficial to both bond and free, and is abundantly authorized and justified by the experience of mankind, and the revealed will of the Almighty Creator, as recognized by all Christian nations; while the destruction of the existing relations between the two races, as advocated by our sectional enemies, would bring inevitable calamities upon both and desolation upon the fifteen slave-holding states."</ref> and the formation of the [[Confederate States of America]].<ref>[http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76 The "Cornerstone Speech", Alexander H. Stephens (Vice President of the Confederate States), March 21, 1861, Savannah, Georgia]: "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery--subordination to the superior race--is his natural and normal condition."</ref> White supremacy was also dominant in [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|Apartheid-era South Africa]] and parts of [[Europe]] at various time periods; most notably under [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Third Reich]].

In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white were [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchised]], barred from government office, and prevented from holding most government jobs well into the second half of the twentieth century. White leaders often viewed [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] (known as [[First Nations]] in [[Canada]]) and [[Australian Aborigine]]s as obstacles to economic and political progress, rather than as [[settler]]s in their own right. Many [[Europe]]an-settled countries bordering the [[Pacific Ocean]] limited immigration and naturalization from the Asian Pacific countries, usually on a cultural basis. Many [[U.S. state]]s banned [[interracial marriage]] through [[anti-miscegenation laws]] until 1967, when these laws were declared unconstitutional. [[South Africa]] maintained its white supremacist-like [[Apartheid]] system until the early 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}


==Movements and ideologies==
==Movements and ideologies==

Revision as of 19:19, 21 January 2010

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White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to people of other racial backgrounds. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates the social and political dominance by whites.[1] White supremacy, as with racial supremacism in general, is rooted in ethnocentrism and a desire for hegemony.[2] White supremacy has frequently resulted in anti-black and antisemitic violence. Different forms of white supremacy have different conceptions of who is considered white, and not all white supremacist organizations agree on who is their greatest enemy.[3]

White supremacist groups can be found in most countries and regions with a significant white population, including North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Latin America, and Russia. Some represent the view of the minority of the population to the majority. The militant approach taken by white supremacist groups has caused them to be watched closely by law enforcement officials. Some European countries have laws forbidding hate speech, as well as other laws that ban or restrict some white supremacist organizations.

whie supremacy is where white poeple think they are above black people or other minorities

Movements and ideologies

Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally in 1923.
File:Goodcitizenjuly1926.jpg
The Good Citizen 1926 Published by Pillar of Fire Church

Supporters of Nordicism and Germanism consider Nordic people (Scandinavians, Germans, British, and Dutch) to be superior, shunning those of Southern and Eastern Europe (who may have darker features and different cultures) along with anyone whose ethnic heritage is not European. By the early-19th century White supremacy ideas were attached to emerging theories of racial hierarchy. The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer attributed civilisational primacy to the "white races" who gained their sensitivity and intelligence by refinement in the rigorous north:

"The highest civilisation and culture, apart from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmans, the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea Islands. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate. This they had to do in order to make up for the parsimony of nature and out of it all came their high civilisation."[4]

The eugenicist Madison Grant argued the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements, and admixture was "race suicide" and unless eugenic policies were enacted, the Nordic race would be supplanted by inferior races. Future president Calvin Coolidge agreed, stating "Biological laws tell us that certain divergent people will not mix or blend. The Nordics propagate themselves successfully. With other races, the outcome shows deterioration on both sides."[43] In Grant's 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race, Europeans who were not of Germanic origin, but who had Nordic characteristics such as blonde/red hair and blue/green/gray eyes were considered to be a Nordic admixture and suitable for Aryanization.[5]


In the United States, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), is the group most associated with the white supremacist movement. Many white supremacist groups are based on the concept of preserving genetic purity, and do not focus solely on discrimination by skin color.[6] The KKK's reasons for supporting racial segregation are not primarily based on religious ideals, but some Klan groups are openly Protestant. The KKK and other white supremacist groups like Aryan Nations, the Order and the White Patriot Party are considered Anti-Semitic.[6]

Christian Identity is another movement closely tied to white supremacy. Some white supremacists identify themselves as Odinists, although some Odinists reject white supremacy, and white supremacists are only one faction of those who support Odinism. Some white supremacist groups, such as the South African Boeremag, conflate elements of Christianity and Odinism. The World Church of the Creator (now called the Creativity Movement), believed that a person's race is his religion. Aside from this, its ideology is similar to many Christian Identity groups, in their belief that there is a Jewish conspiracy in control of the United States government, international banking, and the media. They claim that a Racial Holy War is destined to happen, which would eliminate Jews and "mud races" from the planet.[citation needed] Matt Hale, founder of the World Church of the Creator has published articles claiming that all races other than white are “mud races”.[6]

The white supremacist ideology has become associated with a racist faction of the skinhead subculture, despite the fact that when the skinhead scene first developed in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s, it was heavily influenced by Jamaican rude boys and British mods.[7][8][9] By the 1980s, a sizeable and vocal white power skinhead faction had formed.[citation needed]

Recruitment tactics are primarily on a grassroots level and on the Internet. The availability of access of the Internet has led to a dramatic increase in white supremacist websites.[10] The Internet provides a venue to openly express white supremacy ideology at little Social cost because the people who post the information are able to remain anonymous.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Wildman, Stephanie M. (1996). Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America. NYU Press. p. 87. ISBN 0814793037. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ Mistry, Reena (1999). Can Gramsci's theory of hegemony help us to understand the representation of ethnic minorities in western television and cinema? Institute of Communications Studies, Leeds University
  3. ^ Flint, Colin (2004). Spaces of Hate: Geographies of Discrimination and Intolerance in the U.S.A. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 0415935865. Although white racist activists must adopt a political identity of whiteness, the flimsy definition of whiteness in modern culture poses special challenges for them. In both mainstream and white supremacist discourse, to be white is to be distinct from those marked as nonwhite, yet the placement of the distinguishing line has varied significantly in different times and places.
  4. ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1851). Parerga and Paralipomena. Vol. 2, Section 92. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Grant, Madison (1916). The Passing of the Great Race. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
  6. ^ a b c http://law.jrank.org/pages/11302/White-Supremacy-Groups.html White Supremacy Groups
  7. ^ Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a Chas Smash, of Madness
  8. ^ Special Articles
  9. ^ Old Skool Jim. Trojan Skinhead Reggae Box Set liner notes. London: Trojan Records. TJETD169.
  10. ^ Adams, Josh, and Vincent J. Roscigno "White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide Web." University on North Carolina Press 84 (2005): 759-788. JSTOR. Web. 20 Nov. 2009.<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598477>.

Further reading

  • Dobratz, Betty A. and Shanks-Meile, Stephanie. "White power, white pride!": The white separatist movement in the United States (JHU Press, 2000) ISBN 978-0801865374
  • Lincoln Rockwell, George. White Power (John McLaughlin, 1996)
  • MacCann, Ronnarae. White Supremacy in Children's Literature (Routledge, 2000)

External links

'Heart of whiteness' documentary film about what it means to be white in South Africa

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