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Magnesium sulfate is a common [[Magnesium (pharmaceutical preparation)|pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium]], commonly known as Epsom salts, used both externally and internally. Epsom salts are used as [[bath salts]]. Oral magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a [[salinity|saline]] [[laxative]] or osmotic purgative. Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of [[intravenous magnesium]].
Magnesium sulfate is a common [[Magnesium (pharmaceutical preparation)|pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium]], commonly known as Epsom salts, used both externally and internally. Epsom salts are used as [[bath salts]]. Oral magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a [[salinity|saline]] [[laxative]] or osmotic purgative. Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of [[intravenous magnesium]].


Indications for internal use include the following:
Internal use include:
*Replacement therapy for [[hypomagnesemia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20(General%20Monographs-%20M)/MAGNESIUM%20SULFATE.html|title=Pharmaceutical Information – Magnesium Sulfate |publisher=RxMed |accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref>
*Replacement therapy for [[hypomagnesemia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20(General%20Monographs-%20M)/MAGNESIUM%20SULFATE.html|title=Pharmaceutical Information – Magnesium Sulfate |publisher=RxMed |accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref>
*Magnesium sulfate is the first-line antiarrhythmic agent for [[torsades de pointes]] in [[cardiac arrest]] under the 2005 ECC guidelines and for managing [[quinidine]]-induced arrhythmias.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/epsom-salts.shtml |title=When clicking citation, it is listed under '&#39;Other medicinal and home uses'&#39; |publisher=Disabled-world.com |date=2007-01-04 |accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref>
*Magnesium sulfate is the first-line antiarrhythmic agent for [[torsades de pointes]] in [[cardiac arrest]] under the 2005 ECC guidelines and for managing [[quinidine]]-induced arrhythmias.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/epsom-salts.shtml |title=When clicking citation, it is listed under '&#39;Other medicinal and home uses'&#39; |publisher=Disabled-world.com |date=2007-01-04 |accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref>
*As a [[bronchodilator]] after beta-agonist and [[anticholinergic]] agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of [[asthma]].<ref name=blitz>Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, Rowe BH. ''Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a [[systematic review]].'' Chest 2005;128:337-44. PMID 16002955.</ref> Studies conducted have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma.<ref name=blitz/> It is commonly administered via the [[intravenous]] route for the management of severe [[asthma]] attacks.
*As a [[bronchodilator]] after beta-agonist and [[anticholinergic]] agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of [[asthma]].<ref name=blitz>Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, Rowe BH. ''Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a [[systematic review]].'' Chest 2005;128:337-44. PMID 16002955.</ref> Studies conducted have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma.<ref name=blitz/> It is commonly administered via the [[intravenous]] route for the management of severe [[asthma]] attacks.
*Magnesium sulfate is effective in decreasing the risk that [[pre-eclampsia]] progresses to [[eclampsia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duley|first1=L|last2=Gülmezoglu|first2=AM|last3=Henderson-Smart|first3=DJ|last4=Chou|first4=D|title=Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2010 Nov 10|issue=11|pages=CD000025|pmid=21069663}}</ref> It is also commonly used for eclampsia were compared to [[diazepam]] or [[phenytoin]] it results in better outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duley|first1=L|last2=Henderson-Smart|first2=DJ|last3=Walker|first3=GJ|last4=Chou|first4=D|title=Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2010 Dec 8|issue=12|pages=CD000127|pmid=21154341}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duley|first1=L|last2=Henderson-Smart|first2=DJ|last3=Chou|first3=D|title=Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2010 Oct 6|issue=10|pages=CD000128|pmid=20927719}}</ref>
*Magnesium sulfate can be used to treat [[eclampsia]] in pregnant women.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2017219.stm'Simple jab averts pregnancy danger'], BBC News, 30 May 2002</ref>
* In those who are at risk of a [[preterm birth]], magnesium does not appear to be beneficial and may be harmful.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=LW|last2=Crowther|first2=CA|last3=Middleton|first3=P|last4=Marret|first4=S|title=Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=2009 Jun|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1327-33|pmid=19461430}}</ref> A previous systematic review suggested that intravenous magnesium sulphate before birth could reduce the risk of [[cerebral palsy]] and motor dysfunction in preterm infants by 30%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=LW|last2=Crowther|first2=CA|last3=Middleton|first3=P|last4=Marret|first4=S|title=Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=2009 Jun|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1327-33|pmid=19461430}}</ref>
* In those who are at risk of a [[preterm birth]], magnesium does not appear to be beneficial and may be harmful.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=LW|last2=Crowther|first2=CA|last3=Middleton|first3=P|last4=Marret|first4=S|title=Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=2009 Jun|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1327-33|pmid=19461430}}</ref> A previous systematic review suggested that intravenous magnesium sulphate before birth could reduce the risk of [[cerebral palsy]] and motor dysfunction in preterm infants by 30%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=LW|last2=Crowther|first2=CA|last3=Middleton|first3=P|last4=Marret|first4=S|title=Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=2009 Jun|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1327-33|pmid=19461430}}</ref>
* Magnesium sulfate has been used as an experimental treatment of [[Irukandji syndrome]] caused by envenomation by certain species of [[Irukandji jellyfish]], however the efficacy of this treatment remains unproven.<ref name="MJA2003-Corkeron">{{cite journal | author = Corkeron M | title = Magnesium infusion to treat Irukandji syndrome |journal = Med J Aust | volume = 178 | issue = 8 | pages = 411 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12697017}}</ref>
* Magnesium sulfate has been used as an experimental treatment of [[Irukandji syndrome]] caused by envenomation by certain species of [[Irukandji jellyfish]], however the efficacy of this treatment remains unproven.<ref name="MJA2003-Corkeron">{{cite journal | author = Corkeron M | title = Magnesium infusion to treat Irukandji syndrome |journal = Med J Aust | volume = 178 | issue = 8 | pages = 411 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12697017}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:10, 7 October 2014

Not to be confused with Magnesium sulfide.
Magnesium sulfate

Anhydrous magnesium sulfate

Epsomite (heptahydrate)
Names
IUPAC name
Magnesium sulfate
Other names
Epsom salt (heptahydrate)
English salt
Bitter salts
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.453 Edit this at Wikidata
RTECS number
  • OM4500000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/Mg.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 checkY
    Key: CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L checkY
  • InChI=1/Mg.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
    Key: CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-NUQVWONBAQ
  • [Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O
Properties
MgSO4
Molar mass 120.366 g/mol (anhydrous)

138.38 g/mol (monohydrate)
174.41 g/mol (trihydrate)
210.44 g/mol (pentahydrate)
228.46 g/mol (hexahydrate)
246.47 g/mol (heptahydrate)

Appearance white crystalline solid
Odor odorless
Density 2.66 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.445 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
1.68 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
1.512 g/cm3 (11-hydrate)
Melting point anhydrous decomposes at 1124 °C

monohydrate decomposes at 200 °C
heptahydrate decomposes at 150 °C
undecahydrate decomposes at 2 °C

anhydrous
26.9 g/100 mL (0 °C)
25.5 g/100 mL (20 °C)
50.2 g/100 mL (100 °C)
heptahydrate
71 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility 1.16 g/100 mL (18 °C, ether)
slightly soluble in alcohol, glycerol
insoluble in acetone
1.523 (monohydrate)
1.433 (heptahydrate)
Structure
monoclinic (hydrate)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
0
0
Related compounds
Other cations
 Beryllium sulfate
Calcium sulfate
Strontium sulfate
Barium sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Magnesium sulfate (or magnesium sulphate) is an inorganic salt (chemical compound) containing magnesium, sulfur and oxygen, with the formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salt, taking its name from a bitter saline spring in Epsom in Surrey, England, where the salt was produced from the springs that arise where the porous chalk of the North Downs meets non-porous London clay. The monohydrate, MgSO4·H2O is found as the mineral kieserite. The overall global annual usage in the mid 1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons, of which the majority was used in agriculture.[1]

Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is used as a drying agent. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic (readily absorbs water from the air) and is therefore difficult to weigh accurately; the hydrate is often preferred when preparing solutions (for example, in medical preparations). Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts. Epsom salt can also be used as a beauty product. Athletes use it to soothe sore muscles, while gardeners use it to improve crops. It has a variety of other uses. Epsom Salts are also effective in the removal of splinters.[2]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3]

Uses

Medical

Magnesium sulfate is a common pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium, commonly known as Epsom salts, used both externally and internally. Epsom salts are used as bath salts. Oral magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a saline laxative or osmotic purgative. Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of intravenous magnesium.

Internal use include:

  • Replacement therapy for hypomagnesemia.[4]
  • Magnesium sulfate is the first-line antiarrhythmic agent for torsades de pointes in cardiac arrest under the 2005 ECC guidelines and for managing quinidine-induced arrhythmias.[5]
  • As a bronchodilator after beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma.[6] Studies conducted have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma.[6] It is commonly administered via the intravenous route for the management of severe asthma attacks.
  • Magnesium sulfate is effective in decreasing the risk that pre-eclampsia progresses to eclampsia.[7] It is also commonly used for eclampsia were compared to diazepam or phenytoin it results in better outcomes.[8][9]
  • In those who are at risk of a preterm birth, magnesium does not appear to be beneficial and may be harmful.[10] A previous systematic review suggested that intravenous magnesium sulphate before birth could reduce the risk of cerebral palsy and motor dysfunction in preterm infants by 30%.[11]
  • Magnesium sulfate has been used as an experimental treatment of Irukandji syndrome caused by envenomation by certain species of Irukandji jellyfish, however the efficacy of this treatment remains unproven.[12]
  • Solutions of sulfate salts such as Epsom salt may be given as first aid for barium chloride poisoning.[13]
  • The use of Epsom salts may help "drawing out" splinters.[2]

An overdose of magnesium causes hypermagnesemia.

Agriculture

In gardening and other agriculture, magnesium sulfate is used to correct a magnesium or sulfur deficiency in soil; magnesium is an essential element in the chlorophyll molecule, and sulfur is another important micronutrient.[14] It is most commonly applied to potted plants, or to magnesium-hungry crops, such as potatoes, roses, tomatoes, lemon trees, carrots and peppers. The advantage of magnesium sulfate over other magnesium soil amendments (such as dolomitic lime) is its high solubility, which also allows the option of foliar feeding. Solutions of magnesium sulfate are also nearly neutral, as compared to alkaline salts of magnesium, as found in limestone; therefore the use of magnesium sulfate as a magnesium source for soil does not significantly change the soil pH.[citation needed]

Other

Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. During work-up, an organic phase is saturated with magnesium sulfate until it no longer forms clumps. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration or decantation. Other inorganic sulfate salts such as sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate may also be used in the same way.

Magnesium sulfate is used in bath salts, particularly in flotation therapy where high concentrations raise the bath water's specific gravity, effectively making the body more buoyant. Traditionally, it is also used to prepare foot baths, intended to soothe sore feet. The reason for the inclusion of the salt is partially cosmetic: the increase in ionic strength prevents some of the temporary skin wrinkling (partial maceration) which is caused by prolonged immersion of extremities in pure water. However, magnesium sulfate can also be absorbed into the skin, reducing inflammation.[citation needed] It is naturally present in some mineral waters.[citation needed]

It may also be used as a coagulant for making tofu.[15]

Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is also used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals as it is slowly depleted in their calcification process. In a magnesium-deficient marine aquarium calcium and alkalinity concentrations are very difficult to control because not enough magnesium is present to stabilize these ions in the saltwater and prevent their spontaneous precipitation into calcium carbonate.[16]

Magnesium sulfate is used as the electrolyte to prepare copper sulfate. A magnesium sulfate solution is electrolyzed with a copper anode to form copper sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, and hydrogen:

Cu + MgSO4 + 2 H2O → H2 + CuSO4 + Mg(OH)2.[citation needed]

Magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer production to adjust the ion content of the brewing water and enhance enzyme action in the mash or promote a desired flavor profile in the beer.

Pregnancy usage

Magnesium sulfate was once used as a tocolytic,[17][18] but meta-analyses have failed to support it as an anti-contraction medication.[19][20] And its use for prolonged periods (more than 5 to 7 days) may result in health problems for the baby.[21]

In those at risk of an early delivery magnesium sulphate appears to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy.[22][23] It is unclear if it helps those who are born at term.[24]

Physical properties

Magnesium sulfate is highly soluble in water. The anhydrous form is strongly hygroscopic, and can be used as a desiccant.

Magnesium sulfate is the primary substance that causes the absorption of sound in seawater[25] (acoustic energy is converted to thermal energy). Absorption is strongly dependent on frequency: lower frequencies are less absorbed by the salt, so that the sound travels much farther in the ocean. Boric acid also contributes to absorption, but the most abundant salt in seawater, sodium chloride, has negligible sound absorption.

Hydrates

Almost all known mineralogical forms of MgSO4 occur as hydrates. Epsomite is the natural analogue of "Epsom salt". Another heptahydrate, the copper-containing mineral alpersite (Mg,Cu)SO4·7H2O,[26] was recently recognized. Both are, however, not the highest known hydrates of MgSO4, due to the recent terrestrial find of meridianiite, MgSO4·11H2O, which is thought to also occur on Mars. Hexahydrite is the next lower (6) hydrate. Three next lower hydrates — pentahydrite (5), starkeyite (4) and especially sanderite (2) — are more rarely found. Kieserite is a monohydrate and is common among evaporitic deposits. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was reported from some burning coal dumps but never treated as a mineral.

The pH of hydrates is average 6.0 (5.5 to 6.5). Magnesium hydrates have, like copper(II) sulfate, coordinated water.[27]

Manufacturing

The heptahydrate can be prepared by neutralizing sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate or oxide, but it is usually obtained directly from natural sources.

Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is prepared only by the dehydration of a hydrate.

Occurrence

Magnesium sulfates are common minerals in geological environments. Their occurrence is mostly connected with supergene processes. Some of them are also important constituents of evaporitic potassium-magnesium (K-Mg) salts deposits.

References

  1. ^ Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, Karl Heinz Büchel, Hans-Heinrich Moretto, Dietmar Werner, John Wiley & Sons, 2d edition, 2000, ISBN 9783527613335
  2. ^ a b "Quick Cures/Quack Cures: Is Epsom Worth Its Salt?". Wall Street Journal. 9 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  4. ^ "Pharmaceutical Information – Magnesium Sulfate". RxMed. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  5. ^ "When clicking citation, it is listed under ''Other medicinal and home uses''". Disabled-world.com. 4 January 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  6. ^ a b Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, Rowe BH. Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 2005;128:337-44. PMID 16002955.
  7. ^ Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Chou, D (2010 Nov 10). "Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (11): CD000025. PMID 21069663. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Duley, L; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Walker, GJ; Chou, D (2010 Dec 8). "Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (12): CD000127. PMID 21154341. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Duley, L; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Chou, D (2010 Oct 6). "Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (10): CD000128. PMID 20927719. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Doyle, LW; Crowther, CA; Middleton, P; Marret, S (2009 Jun). "Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review". Obstetrics and gynecology. 113 (6): 1327–33. PMID 19461430. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Doyle, LW; Crowther, CA; Middleton, P; Marret, S (2009 Jun). "Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: a systematic review". Obstetrics and gynecology. 113 (6): 1327–33. PMID 19461430. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Corkeron M (2003). "Magnesium infusion to treat Irukandji syndrome". Med J Aust. 178 (8): 411. PMID 12697017.
  13. ^ "BARIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE 4. First Aid Measures". Jtbaker.com. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  14. ^ Reece, J. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2011). Campbell biology. (9th ed., p. 791). Boston: Benjamin Cummings
  15. ^ Process for producing packed tofu, 28 March 2000 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |country-code= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |description= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor2-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor2-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor3-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor3-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor4-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |inventor4-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |patent-number= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Do-It-Yourself Magnesium Supplements for the Reef Aquarium". Reefkeeping. 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  17. ^ "Magnesium sulfate for preterm labor". Webmd.com. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  18. ^ Lewis DF (September 2005). "Magnesium sulfate: the first-line tocolytic". Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 32 (3): 485–500. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2005.03.002. PMID 16125045.
  19. ^ Simhan HN, Caritis SN (2007). "Prevention of Preterm Delivery". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (5): 477–487. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050435. PMID 17671256.
  20. ^ Nanda, K; Grimes, DA (2006). "Magnesium sulfate tocolysis: Time to quit". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 108 (4): 986–989. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000236445.18265.93. PMID 17012463.
  21. ^ "Magnesium Sulfate: Drug Safety Communication - Recommendation Against Prolonged Use in Pre-term Labor". FDA. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  22. ^ Doyle, LW; Crowther, CA; Middleton, P; Marret, S; Rouse, D (21 January 2009). "Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1): CD004661. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub3. PMID 19160238.
  23. ^ Wolf, HT; Hegaard, HK; Greisen, G; Huusom, L; Hedegaard, M (February 2012). "Treatment with magnesium sulphate in pre-term birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 32 (2): 135–40. doi:10.3109/01443615.2011.638999. PMID 22296422.
  24. ^ Nguyen, TM; Crowther, CA; Wilkinson, D; Bain, E (28 February 2013). "Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2: CD009395. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009395.pub2. PMID 23450601.
  25. ^ "Underlying physics and mechanisms for the absorption of sound in seawater". Resource.npl.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  26. ^ Peterson, Ronald C.; Hammarstrom, Jane M.; Seal, II, Robert R (February 2006). "Alpersite (Mg,Cu)SO4·7H2O, a new mineral of the melanterite group, and cuprian pentahydrite: Their occurrence within mine waste". American Mineralogist. 91 (2–3): 261–269. doi:10.2138/am.2006.1911.
  27. ^ Lucia Odochian "Study of the nature of the crystallization water in some magnesium hydrates by thermal methods," J. of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Volume 45, Number 6, December, 1995. doi:10.1007/BF02547437

External links

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