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List of emperors of Japan

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This list of emperors of Japan presents the traditional order of succession.[1] Records of the reigns are compiled according to the traditional Japanese calendar. In the nengō system which has been in use since the late-seventh century, years are numbered using the Japanese era name and the number of years which have taken place since that nengō era started.[2]The sequence, order and dates of the first 28 emperors, and especially the first 16, are based on the Japanese calendar system.

Emperors of Japan

No. Portrait Personal name Posthumous name Reign and era names Life details
1 Hikohohodemi
彦火火出見 		Emperor Jimmu
神武天皇 		660–585 BC
(75 years) 		711–585 BC
(126 years)
Son of Ugayafukiaezu. Claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu.[3] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[3]
2 Kamununakawamimi
神渟名川耳 		Emperor Suizei
綏靖天皇 		581–549 BC
(31 years) 		632–549 BC
(83 years)
Son of Emperor Jimmu.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[5]
3 Shikitsuhikotamatemi
磯城津彦玉手看 		Emperor Annei
安寧天皇 		549–511 BC
(38 years) 		567–511 BC
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Suizei.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[6]
4 Ōyamatohikosukitomo
大日本彦耜友 		Emperor Itoku
懿徳天皇 		510–476 BC
(34 years) 		553–477 BC
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Annei.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[6]
5 Mimatsuhikokaeshine
観松彦香殖稲 		Emperor Kōshō
孝昭天皇 		475–393 BC
(82 years) 		501–393 BC
(108 years)
Son of Emperor Itoku.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[7]
6 Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito
日本足彦国押人 		Emperor Kōan
孝安天皇 		392–291 BC
(101 years) 		427–291 BC
(136 years)
Son of Emperor Kōshō.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[8]
7 Ōyamatonekohikofutoni
大日本根子彦太瓊 		Emperor Kōrei
孝霊天皇 		290–215 BC
(75 years) 		342–215 BC
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Kōan.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[9]
8 Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru
大日本根子彦国牽 		Emperor Kōgen
孝元天皇 		214–158 BC
(56 years) 		273–158 BC
(115 years)
Son of Emperor Kōrei.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[10]
9 Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi
稚日本根子彦大日日 		Emperor Kaika
開化天皇 		157–98 BC
(59 years) 		208–98 BC
(110 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgen.[4] Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[11]
10 Mimaki
御間城 		Emperor Sujin
崇神天皇 		97–30 BC
(67 years) 		148–30 BC
(118 years)
Son of Emperor Kaika. First Emperor with a direct possibility of existence.[12] Still presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[13]
11 Ikume
活目 		Emperor Suinin
垂仁天皇 		29 BC–AD 70
(99 years) 		69 BC–AD 70
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Sujin. Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[14]
12 Ōtarashihiko
大足彦 		Emperor Keikō
景行天皇 		71–130
(59 years) 		13–130
(143 years)
Son of Emperor Suinin. Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[15]
13 Wakatarashihiko
稚足彦 		Emperor Seimu
成務天皇 		131–191
(60 years) 		84–190
(107 years)
Son of Emperor Keikō. Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[16]
14 Tarashinakatsuhiko
足仲彦 		Emperor Chūai
仲哀天皇 		192–200
(8 years) 		149–200
(50–51 years)
Son of Yamato Takeru; nephew of Emperor Seimu; grandson of Emperor Keikō. First Emperor to ascend the throne without being the son of the previous Emperor. Died during a campaign against the Kumaso tribe. Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[17]
– Okinagatarashi
息長帯比売 		Empress Jingū
神功皇后 		201–269
(68 years) 		169–269
(100 years)
Wife of Emperor Chūai; mother and regent of Emperor Ōjin. Not counted among the officially numbered Emperors. Presumed legendary. Traditional dates used.[18]
15 Homutawake
誉田別 		Emperor Ōjin
応神天皇 		270–310
(40 years) 		201–310
(108–109 years)
Son of Emperor Chūai and Empress Jingū. Deified in Shinto and Buddhism in Japan as Hachiman. Traditional dates used.[19]
16 Ohosazaki
大鷦鷯 		Emperor Nintoku
仁徳天皇 		313–399
(86 years) 		290–399
(108–109 years)
Son of Emperor Ōjin. Traditional dates used.[20]
17 Ōenoizahowake
大兄去来穂別 		Emperor Richū
履中天皇 		400–405
(5 years) 		336–405
(69–70 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku. Traditional dates used.[21]
18 Mizuhawake
瑞歯別 		Emperor Hanzei
反正天皇 		406–410
(4 years) 		336–410
(73–74 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū. Traditional dates used.[22]
19 Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune
雄朝津間稚子宿禰 		Emperor Ingyō
允恭天皇 		411–453
(42 years) 		376–453
(76–77 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū and Emperor Hanzei. Traditional dates used.[23]
20 Anaho
穴穂 		Emperor Ankō
安康天皇 		453–456
(3 years) 		401–456
(54–55 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō. Assassinated by Prince Mayowa. Traditional dates used.[24]
21 Ōhatuse no Wakatakeru
大泊瀬稚武 		Emperor Yūryaku
雄略天皇 		456–479
(23 years) 		418–479
(60–61 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō; younger brother of Emperor Ankō. Traditional dates used.[25]
22 Shiraka
白髪 		Emperor Seinei
清寧天皇 		480–484
(4 years) 		444–484
(39–40 years)
Son of Emperor Yūryaku. Traditional dates used.[26]
23 Woke
弘計 		Emperor Kenzō
顕宗天皇 		485–487
(2 years) 		450–487
(36–37 years)
Son of Ichinobe no Oshiwa; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei; grandson of Emperor Richū. Traditional dates used.[27]
24 Oke
億計 		Emperor Ninken
仁賢天皇 		488–498
(10 years) 		449–498
(48–49 years)
Son of Ichinobe no Oshiwa; older brother of Emperor Kenzō; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei; grandson of Emperor Richū. Traditional dates used.[28]
25 Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki
小泊瀬稚鷦鷯 		Emperor Buretsu
武烈天皇 		498–506
(8 years) 		489–507
(17–18 years)
Son of Emperor Ninken. Traditional dates used.[29]
26 Ohodo[i]
袁本杼 		Emperor Keitai
継体天皇 		507–531
(24 years) 		401–456
(54 years)
Son of Hikoushi no Ōkimi; 5th-generation grandson of Emperor Ōjin; 8th-generation grandson of Emperor Suinin. Became Emperor at the recommendation of Ōtomo no Kanamura. Traditional dates used.[30]
27 Magari
勾 		Emperor Ankan
安閑天皇 		531–535
(4 years) 		466–536
(69–70 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai. Traditional dates used.[31]
28 Hinokuma-no-takata
檜隈高田 		Emperor Senka
宣化天皇 		535–539
(4 years) 		466–539
(72–73 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Senka. Traditional dates used.[32]
29 Amekunioshiharakihironiwa
天国排開広庭 		Emperor Kinmei
欽明天皇 		539–571
(32 years) 		509–571
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka. All Emperors from Emperor Kenmei onwards are historically verifiable.[33] Traditional dates used.[34]
30 Nunakura no Futotamashiki
渟中倉太珠敷 		Emperor Bidatsu
敏達天皇 		572–585
(13 years) 		538–585
(46–47 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei. Traditional dates used.[35]
31 Tachibana no Toyohi
橘豊日 		Emperor Yōmei
用明天皇 		585–587
(2 years) 		517–587
(69 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu. Traditional dates used.[36]
32 Hatsusebe
泊瀬部 		Emperor Sushun
崇峻天皇 		587–592
(5 years) 		553–592
(38–39 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yōmei. Made Emperor by Soga no Umako following the Soga–Mononobe conflict. Assassinated by Yamatonoaya no Koma under the orders of Soga no Umako. Traditional dates[37]
33 Nukatabe
額田部 		Empress Suiko
推古天皇 		592–628
(36 years) 		554–628
(74 years)
Daughter of Emperor Kinmei; wife of Emperor Bidatsu. First non-legendary female monarch. Prince Shōtoku acted as her regent. Traditional dates used.[38]
34 File:Jimmu-tennō-01.jpg Tamura
田村 		Emperor Jomei
舒明天皇 		629–641
(12 years) 		593–641
(48 years)
Son of Prince Oshisako-no-hikohito-no-Ōe; grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; great nephew of Empress Suiko. Traditional dates used.[39]
35 Takara
宝 		Empress Kōgyoku
皇極天皇 		642–645
(3 years) 		594–661
(67 years)
Wife of Emperor Jomei; daughter of Prince Chinu; great-granddaughter of Emperor Bidatsu. First reign. Abdicated as a result of the Isshi incident. Traditional dates used.[40]
36 Karu
軽 		Emperor Kōtoku
孝徳天皇 		645–654
(9 years)
Taika, Hakuchi 		596–654
(57–58 years)
Son of Prince Chinu; younger brother of Empress Kōgyoku; great-grandson of Emperor Bidatsu. Traditional dates used.[41]
37 Takara
宝 		Empress Saimei
斉明天皇 		655–661
(6 years) 		594–661
(67 years)
Older sister of Emperor Kōtoku. Second reign of Empress Kōgyoku. Traditional dates used.[42]
38 Kazuraki
葛城 		Emperor Tenji
天智天皇 		661–672
(11 years) 		626–672
(45–46 years)
Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku. Traditional dates used.[43]
39 Ōtomo[ii]
大友 		Emperor Kōbun
弘文天皇 		672
(8 months) 		648–672
(23–24 years)
Son of Emperor Tenji. Deposed and committed suicide during the Jinshin War. Posthumously named Emperor in 1870. Traditional dates used.[44]
40 Ōama
大海人 		Emperor Tenmu
天武天皇 		672–686
(14 years)
Shuchō 		631–686
(54–55 years)
Younger brother of Emperor Tenji. Deposed his nephew, Emperor Kōbun, during the Jinshin War. Traditional dates used.[45]
41 Unonosarara[iii]
鸕野讚良 		Empress Jitō
持統天皇 		686–697
(11 years) 		645–703
(57–58 years)
Wife of Emperor Tenmu; daughter of Emperor Tenji. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[46]
42 Karu[iv]
珂瑠 		Emperor Monmu
文武天皇 		697–707
(10 years)
Taihō, Keiun 		681–707
(25 years)
Son of Prince Kusakabe and Empress Genmei; grandson of Emperor Tenmu and his wife, Empress Jitō, and Emperor Tenji. Traditional dates used.[47]
43 Ahe[v]
阿閇 		Empress Genmei
元明天皇 		707–715
(8 years)
Keiun, Wadō 		660–721
(61 years)
Mother of Emperor Monmu; daughter of Emperor Tenji; half-sister of Empress Jitō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[48]
44 Hidaka[vi]
氷高 		Empress Genshō
元正天皇 		715–724
(9 years)
Reiki, Yōrō 		680–748
(67–68 years)
Daughter of Prince Kusakabe and Empress Genmei; elder sister of Emperor Monmu; granddaughter of Emperor Tenmu, Empress Jitō and Emperor Tenji. Only instance of Empress Regnant to inheriting the throne from another Empress Regnant. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[49]
45 Obito
首 		Emperor Shōmu
聖武天皇 		724–749
(25 years)
Jinki, Tenpyō, Tenpyō-kanpō 		701–755
(53 years)
Son of Emperor Monmu; nephew of Empress Genshō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[50]
46 Abe
阿倍 		Empress Kōken
孝謙天皇 		749–758
(9 years)
Tenpyō-kanpō, Tenpyō-shōhō, Tenpyō-shōhō, Tenpyō-hōji 		718–770
(51–52 years)
Daughter of Emperor Shōmu. First reign. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[51]
47 Ōi
大炊 		Emperor Junnin
淳仁天皇 		758–764
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji 		733–765
(31–32 years)
Son of Prince Toneri; cousin of Empress Kōken; grandson of Emperor Tenmu. Deposed. Posthumously named Emperor in 1870. Traditional dates used.[52]
48 Abe
阿倍 		Empress Shōtoku
称徳天皇 		764–770
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji, Tenpyō-jingo, Jingo-keiun 		718–770
(51–52 years)
Deposed her cousin, Emperor Junnin. Second reign of Empress Kōken. Traditional dates used.[53]
49 Shirakabe
白壁 		Emperor Kōnin
光仁天皇 		770–781
(11 years)
Hōki, Ten'ō 		708–782
(73 years)
Son of Prince Shiki; grandson of Emperor Tenji; brother-in-law of Empress Shōtoku. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[54]
50 Yamabe
山部 		Emperor Kanmu
桓武天皇 		781–806
(25 years)
Ten'ō, Enryaku 		736–806
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin. Traditional dates used.[55]
51 Ate
安殿 		Emperor Heizei
平城天皇 		806–809
(3 years)
Daidō 		773–824
(50–51 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[56]
52 Kamino
神野 		Emperor Saga
嵯峨天皇 		809–823
(14 years)
Daidō, Kōnin 		784–842
(51–52 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[57]
53 Ōtomo
大伴 		Emperor Junna
淳和天皇 		823–833
(10 years)
Kōnin, Tenchō 		786–840
(54–55 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[58]
54 Masara
正良 		Emperor Ninmyō
仁明天皇 		833–850
(17 years)
Tenchō, Jōwa, Kashō 		808–850
(41 years)
Son of Emperor Saga; nephew, and later adopted son, of Emperor Junna. Traditional dates used.[59]
55 Michiyasu
道康 		Emperor Montoku
文徳天皇 		850–858
(8 years)
Kashō, Ninju, Saikō, Ten'an 		827–858
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō. Traditional dates used.[60]
56 Korehito
惟仁 		Emperor Seiwa
清和天皇 		858–876
(18 years)
Ten'an, Jōgan 		850–881
(30 years)
Son of Empereor Montoku. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[61]
57 Sadaakira
貞明 		Emperor Yōzei
陽成天皇 		876–884
(8 years)
Jōgan, Gangyō 		869–949
(80 years)
Son of Emperor Seiwa. Deposed by Fujiwara no Mototsune. Traditional dates used.[62]
58 Tokiyasu
時康 		Emperor Kōkō
光孝天皇 		884–887
(3 years)
Gangyō, Ninna 		830–887
(56–57 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō; great uncle of Emperor Yōzei. Became Emperor at the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune. Traditional dates used.[63]
59 Sadami
定省 		Emperor Uda
宇多天皇 		887–897
(10 years)
Ninna, Kanpyō 		866–931
(65 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[64]
60 Atsuhito[vii]
敦仁 		Emperor Daigo
醍醐天皇 		897–930
(33 years)
Kanpyō, Shōtai, Engi, Enchō 		884–930
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Uda. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[65]
61 Yutaakira[viii]
寛明 		Emperor Suzaku
朱雀天皇 		930–946
(16 years)
Enchō, Jōhei, Tengyō 		921–952
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[66]
62 Nariakira
成明 		Emperor Murakami
村上天皇 		946–967
(21 years)
Tengyō, Tenryaku, Tentoku, Ōwa, Kōhō 		924–967
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo; younger brother of Emperor Suzaku. Traditional dates used.[67]
63 Norihara
憲平 		Emperor Reizei
冷泉天皇 		967–969
(2 years)
Kōhō, Anna 		949–1011
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[68]
64 Morihira
守平 		Emperor En'yū
円融天皇 		969–984
(15 years)
Anna, Tenroku, Ten'en, Jōgen, Tengen, Eikan 		958–991
(32 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Reizei. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[69]
65 Morosada
師貞 		Emperor Kazan
花山天皇 		984–986
(2 years)
Eikan, Kanna 		968–1008
(39 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; nephew of Emperor En'yū. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[70]
66 Kanehito
懐仁 		Emperor Ichijō
一条天皇 		986–1011
(25 years)
Kanna, Eien, Eiso, Shōryaku, Chōtoku, Chōhō, Kankō 		980–1011
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor En'yū. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[71]
67 Okisada[ix]
居貞 		Emperor Sanjō
三条天皇 		1011–1016
(5 years)
Kankō, Chōwa 		975–1017
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; half-brother of Emperor Kazan. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[72]
68 Atsuhira[x]
敦成 		Emperor Go-Ichijō
後一条天皇 		1016–1036
(20 years)
Chōwa, Kannin, Jian, Manju, Chōgen 		1008–1036
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō. Traditional dates used.[73]
69 Atsunaga
敦良 		Emperor Go-Suzaku
後朱雀天皇 		1036–1045
(9 years)
Chōgen, Chōryaku, Chōkyū, Kantoku 		1009–1045
(37 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō; younger brother of Son of Emperor Go-Ichijō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[74]
70 Chikahito
親仁 		Emperor Go-Reizei
後冷泉天皇 		1045–1068
(23 years)
Kantoku, Eishō, Tengi, Kōhei, Jiryaku 		1025–1068
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku. Traditional dates used.[75]
71 Takahito
尊仁 		Emperor Go-Sanjō
後三条天皇 		1068–1073
(5 years)
Jiryaku, Enkyū 		1032–1073
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku; half-brother of Emperor Go-Reizei; grandson of Emperor Sanjō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[76]
72 Sadahito
貞仁 		Emperor Shirakawa
白河天皇 		1073–1087
(14 years)
Enkyū, Jōhō, Jōryaku, Eihō, Ōtoku 		1053–1129
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sanjō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[77]
73 Taruhito[xi]
善仁 		Emperor Horikawa
堀河天皇 		1087–1107
(20 years)
Kanji, Kahō, Eichō, Jōtoku, Kōwa, Chōji, Kajō 		1079–1107
(28 years)
Son of Emperor Shirakawa. Traditional dates used.[78]
74 Munehito
宗仁 		Emperor Toba
鳥羽天皇 		1107–1123
(16 years)
Kajō, Tennin, Ten'ei, Eikyū, Gen'ei, Hōan 		1103–1156
(53 years)
Son of Emperor Horikawa. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Shirakawa. Traditional dates used.[79]
75 Akihito
顕仁 		Emperor Sutoku
崇徳天皇 		1123–1142
(19 years)
Hōan, Tenji, Daiji, Tenshō, Chōshō, Hōen, Eiji 		1119–1164
(45 years)
Son of Emperor Toba. Abdicated. Exiled for attempting to depose Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Hōgen rebellion. Traditional dates used.[80]
76 Narihito
体仁 		Emperor Konoe
近衛天皇 		1142–1155
(13 years)
Eiji, Kōji, Ten'yō, Kyūan, Ninpei, Kyūju 		1139–1155
(16 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; half-brother of Emperor Sutoku. Traditional dates used.[81]
77 Masahito
雅仁 		Emperor Go-Shirakawa
後白河天皇 		1155–1158
(3 years)
Kyūju, Hōgen 		1127–1192
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; younger brother of Emperor Sutoku; half-brother of Emperor Konoe. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[82]
78 Morihito
守仁 		Emperor Nijō
二条天皇 		1158–1165
(7 years)
Hōgen, Heiji, Eiryaku, Ōhō, Chōkan 		1143–1165
(22 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[83]
79 Nobuhito[xii]
順仁 		Emperor Rokujō
六条天皇 		1165–1168
(3 years)
Chōkan, Eiman, Nin'an 		1164–1176
(11 years)
Son of Emperor Nijō. Deposed by Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Traditional dates used.[84]
80 Norihito[xiii]
憲仁 		Emperor Takakura
高倉天皇 		1168–1180
(12 years)
Nin'an, Kaō, Jōan, Angen, Jishō 		1161–1181
(19 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; half-brother of Emperor Nijō; uncle of Emperor Rokujō. Forced to abdicate by Taira no Kiyomori. Traditional dates used.[84]
81 Tokohito[xiv]
言仁 		Emperor Antoku
安徳天皇 		1180–1185
(5 years)
Jishō, Yōwa, Juei, Genryaku 		1178–1185
(6 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura. Died at the Battle of Dan-no-ura during the Genpei War. Traditional dates used.[85]
82 Takahira[xv]
尊成 		Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽天皇 		1183–1198
(15 years)
Juei, Genryaku, Bunji, Kenkyū 		1180–1239
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura; half-brother of Emperor Antoku. Made Emperor by Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Genpei War. Creation of the Kamakura shogunate turned the Emperor into a figurehead. Abdicated. Exiled for attempting to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate during the Jōkyū War. Traditional dates used.[86]
83 Tamehito
為仁 		Emperor Tsuchimikado
土御門天皇 		1198–1210
(12 years)
Kenkyū, Shōji, Kennin, Genkyū, Ken'ei, Jōgen 		1196–1231
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba. Persuaded by Emperor Go-Toba to abdicate. Exiled following the Jōkyū War. Traditional dates used.[87]
84 Morinari
守成 		Emperor Juntoku
順徳天皇 		1210–1221
(11 years)
Jōgen, Kenryaku, Kempo, Jōkyū 		1197–1242
(44 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba; half-brother of Emperor Tsuchimikado. Forced to abdicate following the Jōkyū War. Traditional dates used.[88]
85 Kanenari
懐成 		Emperor Chūkyō
仲恭天皇 		1221
(2 months)
Jōkyū 		1218–1234
(15 years)
Son of Emperor Juntoku. Deposed and exiled following the Jōkyū War. Posthumously named Emperor in 1870. Traditional dates[89]
86 Yutahito[xvi]
茂仁 		Emperor Go-Horikawa
後堀河天皇 		1221–1232
(11 years)
Jōkyū, Jōō, Gennin, Karoku, Antei, Kangi, Jōei 		1212–1234
(22 years)
Son of Prince Morisada; grandson of Emperor Takakura. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[90]
87 Mitsuhito[xvii]
秀仁 		Emperor Shijō
四条天皇 		1232–1242
(10 years)
Jōei, Tenpuku, Bunryaku, Katei, Ryakunin, En'ō, Ninji 		1231–1242
(10 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Horikawa. Traditional dates used.[91]
88 Kunihito
邦仁 		Emperor Go-Saga
後嵯峨天皇 		1242–1246
(4 years)
Ninji, Kangen 		1220–1272
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Tsuchimikado; second cousin of Emperor Shijō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[92]
89 Hisahito
久仁 		Emperor Go-Fukakusa
後深草天皇 		1246–1260
(14 years)
Kangen, Hōji, Kenchō, Kōgen, Shōka, Shōgen 		1243–1304
(61 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated at the insistence of Emperor Go-Saga. Traditional dates used.[93]
90 Tsunehito
恒仁 		Emperor Kameyama
亀山天皇 		1260–1274
(14 years)
Shōgen, Bun'ō, Kōchō, Bun'ei 		1249–1305
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga; younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Daikakuji line. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[94]
91 Yohito
世仁 		Emperor Go-Uda
後宇多天皇 		1274–1287
(13 years)
Bun'ei, Kenji, Kōan 		1267–1324
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Kameyama. From the Daikakuji line. Forced to abdicate at the persuasion of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. Traditional dates used.[95]
92 Hirohito
熈仁 		Emperor Fushimi
伏見天皇 		1287–1298
(11 years)
Kōan, Shōō, Einin 		1265–1317
(52 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[96]
93 Tanehito
胤仁 		Emperor Go-Fushimi
後伏見天皇 		1298–1301
(3 years)
Einin, Shōan 		1288–1336
(48 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Forced to abdicate by the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[97]
94 Kuniharu
邦治 		Emperor Go-Nijō
後二条天皇 		1301–1308
(7 years)
Shōan, Kengen, Kagen, Tokuji 		1285–1308
(23 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda. From the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[98]
95 Tomihito
富仁 		Emperor Hanazono
花園天皇 		1308–1318
(10 years)
Enkyō, Ōchō, Shōwa, Bunpō 		1297–1348
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Agreed to alternate control of the throne between the Daikakuji and Jimyōin lines. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[99]
96 Takaharu
尊治 		Emperor Go-Daigo
後醍醐天皇 		1318–1339
(21 years)
Bunpō, Gen'ō, Genkō (1321–24), Shōchū, Karyaku, Gentoku, Genkō (1331–34), Kenmu, Engen 		1288–1339
(50 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda; younger brother of Emperor Go-Nijō; cousin of Emperor Hanazono. From the Daikakuji line.Kamakura shogunate ended in the Genkō War. Imperial rule briefly restored. Creation of the Ashikaga shogunate forced him to set up the Southern Court. First Emperor of the Southern Court. Traditional dates used.[100]
(1) Kazuhito
量仁 		Emperor Kōgon
光厳天皇 		1331–1333
(2 years)
Gentoku, Shōkyō 		1313–1364
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Hanazono. From the Jimyōin line. First Emperor of the Northern Court. Made Emperor by the Kamakura shogunate during the Genkō War. Deposed by Emperor Go-Daigo of the Daikakuji line. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance. Traditional dates used.[101]
(2) Yutahito
豊仁 		Emperor Kōmyō
光明天皇 		1336–1348
(12 years)
Kenmu, Ryakuō, Kōei, Jōwa 		1322–1380
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; younger brother of Emperor Kōgon. Second Emperor of the Northern Court. Made Emperor by the Ashikaga shogunate. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance. Traditional dates used.[102]
97 Noriyoshi[xviii]
義良 		Emperor Go-Murakami
後村上天皇 		1339–1368
(29 years)
Engen, Kōkoku, Shōhei 		1328–1368
(39–40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Daigo. Second Emperor of the Southern Court. Southern Court briefly took the Northern Court's capital, Kyoto, during the Kannō disturbance in his reign. Traditional dates used.[103]
(3) Okihito[xix]
興仁 		Emperor Sukō
崇光天皇 		1348–1351
(3 years)
Jōwa, Kannō 		1334–1398
(63 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgon; nephew of Emperor Kōmyō. Third Emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance. Traditional dates used.[104]
(4) Iyahito
彌仁 		Emperor Go-Kōgon
後光厳天皇 		1352–1371
(19 years)
Bunna, Kōan, Jōji, Ōan 		1338–1374
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgon; younger brother of Emperor Sukō. Became the fourth Emperor of the Northern Court after the Kannō disturbance. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[105]
98 Yutanari
寛成 		Emperor Chōkei
長慶天皇 		1368–1383
(15 years)
Shōhei, Kentoku, Bunchū, Tenju, Kōwa 		1343–1394
(50–51 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami. Third Emperor of the Southern Court. Abdicated. Third Emperor of the Southern Court. Traditional dates used.[106]
(5) Ohito
緒仁 		Emperor Go-En'yū
後円融天皇 		1371–1382
(11 years)
Ōan, Eiwa, Kōryaku, Eitoku 		1359–1393
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Kōgon. Fifth Emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of Emperor Go-Komatsu of the Northern Court. Traditional dates used.[107]
(6) Motohito
幹仁 		Emperor Go-Komatsu[xx]
後小松天皇 		1382–1392
(10 years)
Eitoku, Shitoku, Kakei, Kōō, Meitoku 		1377–1433
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-En'yū. Sixth and last Emperor of the Northern Court. Traditional dates used.[108]
99 Hironari
熙成 		Emperor Go-Kameyama
後亀山天皇 		1383–1392
(9 years)
Kōwa, Genchū 		1347–1424
(76–77 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Chōkei. Fourth and last Emperor of the Southern Court. Agreed to peace with the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of the Northern Court line. Traditional dates used.[109]
100 Motohito
幹仁 		Emperor Go-Komatsu[xxi]
後小松天皇 		1392–1412
(20 years)
Meitoku, Ōei 		1377–1433
(56 years)
Became legitimate Emperor following Emperor Go-Kameyama's abdication. Agreed to alternate control of the throne by the Northern Court and the Southern Court. All Emperors after him are from the Northern line. Traditional dates used.[110]
101 Mihito[xxii]
実仁 		Emperor Shōkō
称光天皇 		1412–1428
(16 years)
Ōei, Shōchō 		1401–1428
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Komatsu.Traditional dates used.[111]
102 Hikohito
彦仁 		Emperor Go-Hanazono
後花園天皇 		1428–1464
(36 years)
Shōchō, Eikyō, Kakitsu, Bun'an, Hōtoku, Kyōtoku, Kōshō, Chōroku, Kanshō 		1419–1471
(51 years)
Son of Prince Fushimi-no-miya Sadafusa; great grandson of Northern Emperor Sukō; third cousin of Emperor Shōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[112]
103 Fusahito
成仁 		Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
後土御門天皇 		1464–1500
(36 years)
Kanshō, Bunshō, Ōnin, Bunmei, Chōkyō, Entoku, Meiō 		1442–1500
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Hanazono. Ōnin War led to the start of the Sengoku period. Traditional dates used.[113]
104 Katsuhito
勝仁 		Emperor Go-Kashiwabara[xxiii]
後柏原天皇 		1500–1526
(26 years)
Meiō, Bunki, Daiei 		1462–1526
(63 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado. Imperial rule in the Ashikaga shogunate reached its lowest point in his reign. Traditional dates used.[114]
105 Tomohito
知仁 		Emperor Go-Nara[xxiv]
後奈良天皇 		1526–1557
(31 years)
Daiei, Kyōroku, Tenbun, Kōji 		1495–1557
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara. Traditional dates used.[115]
106 Michihito
方仁 		Emperor Ōgimachi
正親町天皇 		1557–1586
(29 years)
Kōji, Eiroku, Genki, Tenshō 		1517–1593
(75 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Nara. Ashikaga shogunate overthrown by Oda Nobunaga. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[116]
107 Katahito[xxv]
周仁 		Emperor Go-Yōzei
後陽成天皇 		1586–1611
(25 years)
Tenshō, Bunroku, Keichō 		1571–1617
(45 years)
Son of Prince Masahito; grandson of Emperor Ōgimachi. Tokugawa shogunate established. Sengoku period ended. Traditional dates used.[117]
108 Kotohito[xxvi]
政仁 		Emperor Go-Mizunoo[xxvii]
後水尾天皇 		1611–1629
(18 years)
Keichō, Genna, Kan'ei 		1596–1680
(84 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Japan implements isolationist policy. Abdicated after being accused by the Tokugawa shogunate of illegally bestowing honorific purple garments to more than ten priests. Traditional dates used.[118]
109 Okiko
興子 		Empress Meishō
明正天皇 		1629–1643
(14 years)
Kan'ei 		1624–1696
(72 years)
Daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. First female monarch since Empress Kōken (also known as Empress Shōtoku). Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[119]
110 Tsuguhito
紹仁 		Emperor Go-Kōmyō
後光明天皇 		1643–1654
(11 years)
Kan'ei, Shōhō, Keian, Jōō 		1633–1654
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger brother of Empress Meishō. Traditional dates used.[120]
111 Nagahito[xxviii]
良仁 		Emperor Go-Sai[xxix]
後西天皇 		1655–1663
(8 years)
Jōō, Meireki, Manji, Kanbun 		1638–1685
(47 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger half-brother of Empress Meishō and Emperor Go-Kōmyō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[121]
112 Satohito
識仁 		Emperor Reigen
霊元天皇 		1663–1687
(24 years)
Kanbun, Enpō, Tenna, Jōkyō 		1654–1732
(78 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sai. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[122]
113 Asahito[xxx]
朝仁 		Emperor Higashiyama
東山天皇 		1687–1709
(22 years)
Jōkyō, Genroku, Hōei 		1675–1710
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Reigen. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[123]
114 Yasuhito[xxxi]
慶仁 		Emperor Nakamikado
中御門天皇 		1709–1735
(26 years)
Hōei, Shōtoku, Kyōhō 		1702–1737
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Higashiyama. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[124]
115 Teruhito
昭仁 		Emperor Sakuramachi
桜町天皇 		1735–1747
(12 years)
Kyōhō, Genbun, Kanpō, Enkyō 		1720–1750
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Nakamikado. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[125]
116 Tōhito
遐仁 		Emperor Momozono
桃園天皇 		1747–1762
(15 years)
Enkyō, Kan'en, Hōreki 		1741–1762
(20 years)
Son of Emperor Sakuramachi. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[126]
117 Toshiko
智子 		Empress Go-Sakuramachi
後桜町天皇 		1762–1771
(9 years)
Hōreki, Meiwa 		1740–1813
(73 years)
Daughter of Emperor Sakuramachi; younger sister of Emperor Momozono. Last female monarch. Abdicated.Traditional dates used.[127]
118 Hidehito
英仁 		Emperor Go-Momozono
後桃園天皇 		1771–1779
(8 years)
Meiwa, An'ei 		1758–1779
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Momozono; nephew of Empress Go-Sakuramachi.Traditional dates used.[128]
119 Morohito
師仁 		Emperor Kōkaku
光格天皇 		1780–1817
(37 years)
An'ei, Tenmei, Kansei, Kyōwa, Bunka 		1771–1840
(69 years)
Son of Prince Kan'in Sukehito; great-grandson of Emperor Higashiyama. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[129]
120 Ayahito
恵仁 		Emperor Ninkō
仁孝天皇 		1817–1846[130]
(29 years)
Bunka, Bunsei, Tenpō, Kōka 		1800–1846
(45 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkaku.
121 Osahito
統仁 		Emperor Kōmei
孝明天皇 		1846–1867
(21 years)
Kōka, Kaei, Ansei, Man'en, Bunkyū, Genji, Keiō 		1831–1867
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Ninkō. Reigned during the Bakumatsu period during which Japan ended its isolationist policy and changed from Tokugawa rule to Imperial rule. Last instance of an Emperor with multiple era names.
122 Mutsuhito
睦仁 		Emperor Meiji
明治天皇 		3 February 1867
–
30 July 1912
(45 years, 178 days)
Keiō, Meiji 		3 November 1852
–
30 July 1912
(59 years, 270 days)
Son of Emperor Kōmei. Tokugawa Shogunate ended and Imperial rule restored with the Meiji Restoration. First Emperor of the Empire of Japan.
123 Yoshihito
嘉仁 		Emperor Taishō
大正天皇 		30 July 1912
–
25 December 1926
(14 years, 148 days)
Taishō 		31 August 1879
–
25 December 1926
(47 years, 116 days)
Son of Emperor Meiji. Taishō Democracy shifted political power from the genrō to the Diet and political parties. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito served as Sesshō (摂政; "Regent") from 1921 to 1926 because of Emperor Taishō's illness.
124 Hirohito
裕仁 		Emperor Shōwa
昭和天皇 		25 December 1926
–
7 January 1989
(62 years, 13 days)
Shōwa 		29 April 1901
–
7 January 1989
(87 years, 253 days)
Son of Emperor Taishō. Served as Sesshō (摂政; "Regent") from 1921 to 1926 to Emperor Taishō. Last Emperor of the Empire of Japan. Reign saw World War II and post-war economic miracle.
125 Akihito
明仁 		Living 7 January 1989
–
30 April 2019
(30 years, 113 days)
Heisei 		born 23 December 1933
(90 years, 238 days)
Son of Emperor Shōwa. Abdicated and is now referred to as Jōkō (上皇; "Emperor Emeritus"). To be posthumously known as "Emperor Heisei" (平成天皇).
126 Naruhito
徳仁 		Living 1 May 2019
–
present
(5 years, 108 days)
Reiwa 		born 23 February 1960
(64 years, 176 days)
Son of Emperor Emeritus Akihito. Ascended on 1 May 2019. Referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇; "the Reigning Emperor") or Tennō Heika (天皇陛下; "His Majesty the Emperor"). To be posthumously known as "Emperor Reiwa" (令和天皇).[131]
  1. ^ Also called as Hikofuto (彦太).
  2. ^ Also known as Iga (伊賀).
  3. ^ Also known as Unonosasara or Uno.
  4. ^ Name also written as 軽.
  5. ^ Name also written as 阿部.
  6. ^ Name also written as 日高.
  7. ^ Previously named as Minamoto no Korezane (源維城).
  8. ^ Also known as Hiroakira.
  9. ^ Also known as Iyasada or Sukesada.
  10. ^ Also known as Atsunari.
  11. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  12. ^ Also known as Yoshihito or Toshihito.
  13. ^ Also known as Nobuhito.
  14. ^ Also known as Kotohito.
  15. ^ Also known as Takanari.
  16. ^ Also known as Motsihito.
  17. ^ Also known as Tosihito.
  18. ^ Also known as Norinaga.
  19. ^ Previously named as Masuhito (益仁).
  20. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kōkō.
  21. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kōkō.
  22. ^ Initially written as 躬仁.
  23. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kanmu.
  24. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Heizei.
  25. ^ Also known as Kazuhito (和仁).
  26. ^ Also known as Masahito.
  27. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Minoo or Emperor Go-Seiwa.
  28. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  29. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Saiin or Emperor Go-Junna.
  30. ^ Also known as Tomohito.
  31. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.

Individuals posthumously recognized as emperors

This is a list of individuals who did not reign as emperor during their lifetime but were later recognized as Japanese emperors posthumously.

Portrait Personal name Posthumous name Year recognized Life details
Prince Kusakabe
草壁皇子 		Emperor Oka
岡宮天皇 		758[132] 662–689
(26–27 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; husband of Empress Genmei; father of Emperor Monmu and Empress Genshō. Made Crown Prince in 681; heir to Emperor Tenmu. Died prior to acceding the throne following Emperor Tenmu's death.
Prince Toneri
舎人親王 		Emperor Sudōjinkei
崇道尽敬皇帝 		759[133] 676–735
(59 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; half-brother of Prince Kusakabe; father of Emperor Junnin.
Prince Shiki
志貴皇子 		Emperor Kasuga
春日宮天皇 		770[134] died 716
Son of Emperor Tenji; half-brother of Emperor Tenmu, Empress Jitō, Empress Genmei and Emperor Kōbun; father of Emperor Kōnin; half-uncle of Prince Kusakabe and Prince Toneri.
Prince Sawara
早良親王 		Emperor Sudō
崇道天皇 		800[135] 750–785
(34–35 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin; younger brother of Emperor Kanmu. Made Crown Prince in 781. Implicated in the assassination of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu. Died on the way to exile.
Prince Sanehito
誠仁親王 		Cloistered Emperor Yōkō
陽光院[136] 		Unknown 1552–1586
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor Ōgimachi; father of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Posthumously recognized as Emperor by Emperor Go-Yōzei.
Sukehito, Prince Kan'in
閑院宮典仁親王 		Emperor Kyōkō
慶光天皇 		1884[137] 1733–1794
(61 years)
Son of Naohito, Prince Kan'in; grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; father of Emperor Kōkaku.
  • All the Emperors (SVG file)
    All the Emperors (SVG file)
  • Emperors of Japan Mythical
    Emperors of Japan Mythical
  • Emperors of Japan Legendary
    Emperors of Japan Legendary
  • Emperors of Japan 100–500
    Emperors of Japan 100–500
  • Emperors of Japan 500–700
    Emperors of Japan 500–700
  • Emperors of Japan 600–850
    Emperors of Japan 600–850
  • Emperors of Japan 750–1050
    Emperors of Japan 750–1050
  • Emperors of Japan 1050–1250
    Emperors of Japan 1050–1250
  • Emperors of Japan 1150–1400
    Emperors of Japan 1150–1400
  • Emperors of Japan 1250–1500
    Emperors of Japan 1250–1500
  • Emperors of Japan 1400–1850
    Emperors of Japan 1400–1850
  • Emperors of Japan 1650–2020
    Emperors of Japan 1650–2020

See also

Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon—a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric. (2005). "Traditional Order of Tennō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 962.
  2. ^ Nussbaum, "Nengō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 704.
  3. ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon (Nihon Ōdai Ichiran), pp. 1–3; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 249; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 84–88;
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Brown, p. 248.
  5. ^ Titsingh, pp. 3–4; Brown, pp. 250–251; Varley, pp. 88–89.
  6. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 4; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89.
  7. ^ Titsingh, pp. 4–5; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90.
  8. ^ Titsingh, p. 5; Brown, pp. 251–252; Varley, p. 90.
  9. ^ Titsingh, pp. 5–6; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90–92.
  10. ^ Titsingh, p. 6; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 92–93.
  11. ^ Titsingh, pp. 6–7; Brown, p. 252; Varley, p. 93.
  12. ^ Yoshida, Reiji (March 27, 2007). ""Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl"". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  13. ^ Titsingh, pp. 7–9; Brown, p. 253; Varley, pp. 93–95.
  14. ^ Titsingh, pp. 9–10; Brown, pp. 253–254; Varley, pp. 95–96.
  15. ^ Titsingh, pp. 11–14; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96–99.
  16. ^ Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99–100; Titsingh, pp. 14–15.
  17. ^ Brown, pp. 254–255; Varley, pp. 100–101; Titsingh, p. 15.
  18. ^ Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101–103; Titsingh, pp. 16–19.
  19. ^ Titsingh, pp. 19–22; Brown, pp. 255–256; Varley, pp. 103–10.
  20. ^ Brown, pp. 256–257; Varley, pp. 110–111; Titsingh, pp. 22–24.
  21. ^ Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111; Titsingh, pp. 24–25.
  22. ^ Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 25.
  23. ^ Brown, pp. 257–258; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 26.
  24. ^ Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Titsingh, p. 26.
  25. ^ Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113–115; Titsingh, pp. 27–28.
  26. ^ Brown, p. 258–259; Varley, pp. 115–116; Titsingh, pp. 28–29.
  27. ^ Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Titsingh, pp. 29–30.
  28. ^ Titsingh, p. 30; Brown, p. 259-260; Varley, p. 117.
  29. ^ Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117–118; Titsingh, p. 31.
  30. ^ Brown, pp. 260–261; Varley, pp. 17–18, 119–120; Titsingh, p. 31–32.
  31. ^ Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120–121; Brown, p. 261; Titsingh, p. 33.
  32. ^ Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Titsingh, p. 33–34.
  33. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds, p. 78; excerpt, "According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jinmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jinmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kinmei."
  34. ^ Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124; Titsingh, p. 34–36.
  35. ^ Varley, pp. 124–125; Brown, pp. 262–263; Titsingh, p. 36–37.
  36. ^ Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125–126; Titsingh, p. 37–38.
  37. ^ Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; Titsingh, p. 38–39.
  38. ^ Brown, pp. 263–264; Varley, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, pp. 39–42.
  39. ^ Brown, pp. 264–265; Varley, pp. 129–130; Titsingh, pp. 42–43.
  40. ^ Brown, pp. 265–266; Varley, pp. 130–132; Titsingh, pp. 43–47.
  41. ^ Brown, pp. 266–267; Varley, pp. 132–133; Titsingh, pp. 47–50.
  42. ^ Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133–134; Titsingh, pp. 50–52.
  43. ^ Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; Titsingh, pp. 52–56.
  44. ^ Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Titsingh, pp. 56–58.
  45. ^ Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Titsingh, pp. 58–59.
  46. ^ Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137; Titsingh, pp. 59–60.
  47. ^ Brown, pp. 270–271; Varley, pp. 137–140; Titsingh, pp. 60–63.
  48. ^ Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Titsingh, pp. 63–65.
  49. ^ Brown, p. 271–272; Varley, pp. 140–141; Titsingh, pp. 65–67.
  50. ^ Brown, pp. 272–273; Varley, pp. 141–143; Titsingh, pp. 67–73.
  51. ^ Brown, pp. 274–275; Varley, p. 143; Titsingh, pp. 73–75.
  52. ^ Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143–144; Titsingh, pp. 75–78.
  53. ^ Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144–147; Titsingh, pp. 78–81.
  54. ^ Brown, p. 276–277; Varley, pp. 147–148; Titsingh, pp. 81–85.
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  56. ^ Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; Titsingh, pp. 96–97.
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  61. ^ Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; Titsingh, pp. 115–121.
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  95. ^ Varley, pp. 233–237; Titsingh, pp. 262–269.
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  98. ^ Varley, p. 239; Titsingh, pp. 275–278.
  99. ^ Varley, pp. 239–241; Titsingh, pp. 278–281.
  100. ^ Varley, pp. 241–269; Titsingh, pp. 281–286, and Titsingh, p. 290–294.
  101. ^ Titsingh, pp. 286–289.
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  103. ^ Varley, pp. 269–270 | Titsingh, p. .
  104. ^ Titsingh, pp. 298–301.
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  114. ^ Titsingh, pp. 364–372.
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  116. ^ Titsingh, pp. 382–402.
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  132. ^ 岡宮天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説.
  133. ^ 崇道尽敬皇帝 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説.
  134. ^ 春日宮天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説.
  135. ^ 崇道天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説.
  136. ^ 陽光院 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説.
  137. ^ 慶光天皇 デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plusの解説.

References

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