Provinces of Nepal

Provinces of Nepal नेपालका प्रदेशहरू Nepal ka Pradesh haru
Category	Federated state
Location	Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Created	20 September 2015
Number	7
Populations	Smallest: Karnali, 1,694,889 Largest: Madhesh, 6,126,288
Areas	Smallest: Madhesh, 9,661 square kilometres (3,730 sq mi) Largest: Karnali, 27,984 square kilometres (10,805 sq mi)
Densities	Smallest: Karnali, 61 Largest: Madhesh, 630
Government	Provincial government
Subdivisions	Districts

The provinces of Nepal (Nepali: नेपालका प्रदेशहरू, romanized: Nepālkā Pradeśharū) were formed on 20 September 2015 in accordance with Schedule 4 of the Constitution of Nepal. The seven provinces were formed by grouping the existing districts. The current system of seven provinces replaced an earlier system where Nepal was divided into 14 administrative zones which were grouped into five development regions.

History

Main articles: Administrative divisions of Nepal and List of districts in Nepal

A committee was formed to restructure administrative divisions of Nepal on 23 December 1956 and in two weeks, a report was submitted to the government. In accordance with The Report On Reconstruction Of Districts Of Nepal, 2013 (Nepali: नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट, २०१३, romanized: Nepalko Jilla Prashasan Punargathanko Report, 2013), the country was first divided into total 7 Kshetras (area).

1. (Unnamed)
2. Madesh Kshetra
3. Bagmati Kshetra
4. Gandaki Kshetra
5. Lumbini Kshetra
6. Karnali Kshetra
7. Mahakali Kshetra

In 1962, all Kshetras were dissolved and the country was restructured into 75 development districts; those districts were further grouped into 14 zones. In 1972, all 14 zones were grouped into 4 development regions; later in 1981, they were rearranged into the following 5 development regions.

1. Eastern Development Region
2. Central Development Region
3. Western Development Region
4. Mid-Western Development Region
5. Far-Western Development Region

The provinces of Nepal were formed according to Schedule 4 of the Constitution of Nepal. The seven provinces were formed by grouping the existing districts; two districts, namely Nawalparasi and Rukum, were split between two provinces. Each district has local units. Local level bodies in Nepal include six metropolises, 11 sub-metropolises, 276 municipal councils and 460 village councils. The current system of seven provinces replaced an earlier system where Nepal was divided into 14 administrative zones which were grouped into five development regions.

In January 2016 the Government of Nepal announced temporary headquarters of the seven provinces. According to Article 295 (2), the permanent names of the provinces will be determined by a two-thirds vote of the respective province's legislature.

Government

The executive power of the provinces, pursuant to the constitution and laws, is vested in the council of ministers of the province. The executive power of the province shall be exercised by the province head (governor) in case of absence of the province executive in a state of emergency or enforcement of the federal rule. Every province has a ceremonial head as the representative of the federal government. The President appoints a governor for every province. The governor exercises the rights and duties as to be performed specified in the constitution or laws. The governor appoints the leader of the parliamentary party with the majority in the provincial assembly as the chief minister and the council of ministers are formed under the chairpersonship of the chief minister.

Assemblies

Main article: Provincial Assembly (Nepal)

The Pradesh Sabha is the unicameral legislative assembly of each of the seven federal provinces. The term for the members of the provincial assemblies is five years, except when dissolved earlier.

Candidates for each constituency are chosen by the political parties or stand as independents. Each constituency elects one member under the first past the post system of election. Since Nepal uses a parallel voting system, voters cast another ballot to elect members through the party-list proportional representation. The current constitution specifies that sixty percent of the members should be elected from the first past the post system and forty percent through the party-list proportional representation system. Women should account for one-third of total members elected from each party and if one-third percentage are not elected, the party that fails to ensure so shall have to elect one-third of total number as women through the party-list proportional representation.

A party with an overall majority (more seats than all other parties combined) following an election forms the government. If a party has no outright majority, parties can seek to form coalitions.

List of provinces of Nepal

Province	Capital	Governor	Chief Minister	Districts	Area	Pop. (2021)	Density (/km2)	HDI (2019)	GDP per capita (USD; 2021)	Map
Province No. 1	Biratnagar	Parshuram Khapung	Rajendra Kumar Rai	14	25,905 km2	4,972,021	192	0.597	1,298
Madhesh Province	Janakpur	Hari Shankar Mishra	Lalbabu Raut	8	9,661 km2	6,126,288	767	0.538	882
Bagmati Province	Hetauda	Yadav Chandra Sharma	Rajendra Prasad Pandey	13	20,300 km2	6,084,042	300	0.673	2,640
Gandaki Province	Pokhara	Prithvi Man Gurung	Krishna Chandra Nepali	11	21,504 km2	2,479,745	116	0.631	1,348
Lumbini Province	Deukhuri	Amik Sherchan	Kul Prasad KC	12	22,288 km2	5,124,225	230	0.583	1,209
Karnali Province	Birendranagar	Govinda Prasad Kalauni	Jeevan Bahadur Shahi	10	27,984 km2	1,694,889	61	0.568	1043
Sudurpashchim Province	Dhangadhi	Ganga Prasad Yadav	Trilochan Bhatta	9	19,915 km2	2,711,270	136	0.579	1135
Nepal	Kathmandu	President Bidya Devi Bhandari	PM Sher Bahadur Deuba	77	147,516 km2	30,192,480	198	0.602	1,372

See also

• List of districts in Nepal
• List of Nepalese provinces by population
• List of Nepalese provinces by GDP
• List of Nepalese provinces by HDI
• Administrative divisions of Nepal
• Nepal portal