Tofieldiaceae
| Tofieldiaceae | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 2 species of Tofieldia from: Thomé (1885) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Tofieldiaceae Takht. (1995) |
| genera | |
|
see text |
|
Tofieldiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales.[1] The family is divided into five genera, which together comprise 20 or 21 species.[2] They are small, herbaceous plants, mostly of arctic and subarctic regions, but a few extend further south, and one genus is endemic to northern South America. Tofieldia pusilla is sometimes grown as an ornamental.[3]
William Hudson (1730-1793) named Tofieldia for the British botanist Thomas Tofield (1730–1779).[4] The family Tofieldiaceae was erected by Armen Takhtajan in 1995.[5] Molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences have shown it to be the second diverging clade in Alismatales, after the most basal clade, the family Araceae. Before the segregation of Tofieldiaceae was confirmed by cladistic methods, its genera had usually been assigned to Nartheciaceae, [6] Liliaceae,[7] or Melanthiaceae. Tofieldiaceae is recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in their APG III system of plant classification.
The circumscription of genera in Tofieldiaceae has been controversial. Many authors do not recognize Triantha as a separate genus from Tofieldia.[6][8][9] A few authors have sunk other genera into Tofieldia as well.[10] A phylogenetic analysis, based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes, has confirmed that all five of the genera are monophyletic and that Triantha and Tofieldia are close sisters.[2]
Contents |
[edit] Description
Small herbaceous perennials. Leaves equitant (distichous and overlapping), isobifacial. Inflorescence a raceme. Calyculus present. Tepals free. Fruit a capsule, usually septicidal.
[edit] Genera
[edit] Phylogeny
The following phylogenetic tree is from a DNA paper that was published in 2011.[2]
| Tofieldiaceae |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
[edit] References
- ^ Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
- ^ a b c Hiroshi Azuma and Hiroshi Tobe. 2011. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Tofieldiaceae (Alismatales): family circumscription and intergeneric relationships". Journal of Plant Research 124(3):349-357. doi:10.1007/s10265-010-0387-5
- ^ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
- ^ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see External links below).
- ^ Tofieldiaceae. At: International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
- ^ a b Minoru N. Tamura. 1998. "Nartheciaceae" pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8 (vol. III).
- ^ Frederick H. Utech, Loran C. Anderson, and John C. Packer. 2002. pages 5-6. In: "Liliaceae". pages ??. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America vol. 26. Oxford University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3 (vol. 22). (see External links below).
- ^ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
- ^ Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.
- ^ Wendy B. Zomlefer. 1997. "The genera of Tofieldiaceae in the southeastern United States". Harvard Papers in Botany. 2:179-194.
[edit] External links
- CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z At: Botany & Plant Science At: Life Science At: CRC Press
- Tofieldiaceae At: Plant Names At: IPNI
- Harperocallis flava And Pleea tenuifolia And Tofieldia And Triantha At: Liliaceae At: Volume 26 At: FNA At: eFloras.org
- NCBI Taxonomy Browser
- links at CSDL, Texas
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tofieldiaceae |
