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The Younger Saxony: The Duchy and the Electorate

Coat of arms of Saxony used since the accession of the House of Ascania to the dukedom in 1180, comprising the Ascanian arms with an added bendwise crancelin indicating the Saxon ducal rank

The new dukes replaced the Saxon horse emblem () and introduced their Ascanian family colours and emblem () added by a bendwise crancelin, symbolising the Saxon ducal crown, as new coat-of-arms of Saxony (). The later rulers of the House of Wettin adopted the Ascanian coat-of-arms.

House of Ascania

Partitions of Saxony under Ascanian rule

Duchy of Saxony (1180-1296)
Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg (1296-1356)	Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (1296-1303)
	Duchy of Saxe-Mölln (1303-1315)	Duchy of Saxe-Bergdorf-Lauenburg (1303-1315)		Duchy of Saxe-Ratzeburg (1303-1315)
	Duchy of Saxe-Bergdorf-Mölln (1315-1401)		Duchy of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg (1315-1401)
Electorate of Saxe-Wittenberg (1356-1422)
	Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (1401-1689)

The Ascanian Dynasty continued in Saxe-Lauenburg until 1689, but after the Lauenburg line had finally lost the Saxon Electorate to the Wittenberg line in 1356 and failed to obtain the succession in the Electorate after 1422, recognition of the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg as Dukes of Saxony waned. To follow the remnant House of Ascania in Saxe-Lauenburg, follow this table. For the following Electors of Saxony, see below the House of Wettin.

Table of rulers

(Note: Both lines follow the numbering established in this table until 1296. From 1296 on, each line follows independently the succession of Saxon dukes until 1296)

Ruler (Lifespan)		Born	Reign	Death	Consort	Notes
Bernard III (c.1134- 2 February 1212)			1180-1212 Duke of Saxony	Brigitte of Denmark six children Sophia of Thuringia one child Judith of Poland c.1173 no children	Also Count of Ballenstedt and Prince of Anhalt.
Albert I (c.1175- 7 October 1260)			1212-1260 Duke of Saxony	Agnes of Austria 1222 five children Agnes of Thuringia 1238 three children Helene of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1247 five children	Father of the following two dukes
Albert II (1250- 25 August 1298)			1260-1296 Duke of Saxony	Agnes of Austria 1282 six children	Until 1282, the brothers John I and Albert II ruled jointly. From John I's abdication in 1282, Albert shared rule with his minor nephews, sons of John I: John II, Albert III and Eric I. In 1296 they divided the land. Albert II retained Saxe-Wittenberg, and became the head of the elder Saxon Line, while his nephews ruled together in Saxe-Lauenburg, becoming the founders of the younger Saxon Line.
John I (1249- 30 July 1285)			1260-1282 Duke of Saxony	Ingeborg Birgersdotter of Sweden 1270 eight children
John II (1275- 22 April 1322)			1282-1296 Dukes of Saxony	Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg 1315 one child
Eric I (1280-1360)				Elisabeth of Pomerania 1316 or 1318 four children
Albert III (1281-1308)				Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 1302 two children
In 1296 Albert II and his nephews Albert III, Eric I, and John II ended their joint rule and partitioned Saxony into the Lauenburg line, where Albert III, Eric I, and John II continued to rule jointly until 1303, and the Wittenberg line, where Albert II continued as sole ruler until 1298. Since the Duke of Saxony was considered one of the prince-electors choosing a new Holy Roman Emperor, conflict arose between the lines of Lauenburg and Wittenberg over the issue of who should cast Saxony's vote. In 1314 both lines found themselves on different sides in a double election. Eventually, the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg succeeded in 1356 after the promulgation of the Golden Bull. To distinguish him from other rulers bearing the title Duke of Saxony, he was commonly called Elector of Saxony.
Albert II		1250	1296-1298 Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg	25 August 1298	Agnes of Austria 1282 six children	Became sole ruler of Saxe-Wittenberg.
John II		1275	1296-1303 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	22 April 1322	Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg 1315 one child	Ruled jointly until 1303, when they divided once more the territory between them.
Eric I		1280		1360	Elisabeth of Pomerania 1316 or 1318 four children
Albert III		1281		1308	Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 1302 two children
Rudolph I		1284	1298-1356 Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg	12 March 1356	Jutta of Brandenburg 1298 eight children Kunigunde of Poland 28 August 1328 one child Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin 1333 three children	In January 1356 the Golden Bull confirmed Rudolf I as the legitimate Saxon Prince-Elector, thus the rulers of Saxe-Wittenberg are conceived as Electors of Saxony.
John II		1275	1303-1315 Duke of Saxe-Mölln	22 April 1322	Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg 1315 one child	In 1315 he realigned the territory.
Eric I		1280	1303-1315 Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf	1360	Elisabeth of Pomerania 1316 or 1318 four children	In 1315 realigned the territory.
Albert III		1281	1303-1308 Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg	1308	Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 1302 two children	Left his lands to his widow.
Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel		1270	1308-1315 Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg	1 May 1315	Przemysł II, King of Poland 1302 two children Albert III 1302 two children	After her death, her brothers-in-law realigned the territory.
In 1315, after the death of Margaret of Brandenburg, the remaining brothers Eric and John redesigned the political division in Saxe-Lauenburg; Eric retained all of Margaret's part, but had to give part of his original domains to his brother. John ruled in Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln, Eric in Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg.
John II		1275	1315-1322 Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln	22 April 1322	Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg 1315 one child
Eric I		1280	1315-1338 Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg	1360	Elisabeth of Pomerania 1316 or 1318 four children	Abdicated in 1338 in favour of his son, Eric II.
Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg (regent)		c.1300	1322-1330 Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln	before 1340	John II 1315 one child Eric, Junior King of Denmark 1330 no children	Regent on behalf of her son, Albert.
Albert IV		1315	1322-1343 Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln	1343	Beata of Schwerin 1334 three child Sophia of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow 1341 no children
Eric II		1318/20	1338-1368 Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg	1368	Agnes of Holstein-Plön between 1342 and 1349 four children
John III		c.1330	1343-1356	1356 Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln	Unmarried	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother, Albert.
Albert V		c.1330	1343-1370 Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln	1370	Catherine of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow 25 January 1366 no children	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother, Eric.
The Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the right to participate in the election of a Holy Roman Emperor to the Duke of Saxony in the Saxe-Wittenberg line.
Rudolph I		1284	10 January 1356 - 12 March 1356 Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg	12 March 1356	Jutta of Brandenburg 1298 eight children Kunigunde of Poland 28 August 1328 one child Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin 1333 three children	In January 1356 was recognized as the First Prince-Elector of Saxony.
Rudolph II the Blind		1307	12 March 1356 - 6 December 1370 Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg	12 March 1356	Elisabeth of Hesse Before 8 May 1336 one child	Left no descendants.
Eric III		1354	1368-1401 Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg	21 June 1411/12	Sophia of Brunswick-Lüneburg 8 April 1373 ten children	In 1401 he reunited Saxe-Lauenburg.
Wenceslaus I		1337	6 December 1370 - 15 May 1388 Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg	15 May 1388	Cecilia da Carrara 23 January 1376 six children	Brother of his predecessor.
Eric IV		c.1330	1370-1401 Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln	1401	Unmarried	Determined to enter the clergy, has to resign to succeed his brothers. He also left no descendants, which allowed the Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg line to reunite Saxe-Lauenburg.
Rudolph III		1378	15 May 1388 - 11 June 1419 Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg	11 June 1419	Anna of Meissen 1387/89 three children Barbara of Legnica March 1396 two children	Left no male descendants. he was succeeded by his brother, Albert.
In 1401 Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg inherited Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln from the Ascanian Elder Lauenburg line there extinct upon Eric IV's death. The reunited duchy continued under the old name of Saxe-Lauenburg.
Eric III		1354	1401-1411/12 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	21 June 1411/12	Sophia of Brunswick-Lüneburg 8 April 1373 ten children	In 1401 reunited Saxe-Lauenburg.
Eric V		after 1373	1411/12-1436 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	1436	Elisabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg 1404 no children Elisabeth of Weinsberg before 1422 one child	Ruled jointly. The numberings here lead to some confusion, as not all genealogists of the House of Ascania count John IV in the list of Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg, numbering John V (John IV's nephew) as John IV.
John IV		after 1373	1411/12-1414 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	1414	Unmarried
Albert IV		1375/80	11 June 1419 - (before 12 November) 1422 Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg	before 12 November 1422	Euphemia of Oleśnica 14 January 1420 no children	Left no male descendants, which led the Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line to extinction.
The Ascanian Dynasty continued in Saxe-Lauenburg until 1689, but after the Lauenburg line had finally lost the Saxon Electorate to the Wittenberg line in 1356 and failed to obtain the succession in the Electorate after 1422, recognition of the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg as Dukes of Saxony waned. To follow the remnant House of Ascania in Saxe-Lauenburg, follow this table. For the following Electors of Saxony, see below the House of Wettin.
Bernard IV		1385/93	1436-1463 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	16 July 1463	Adelaide of Pomerania-Stolp 1428 two children
John V		18 July 1439	1463-1507 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	15 August 1507	Dorothea of Brandenburg 12 February 1464 twelve children	Sometimes numbered John IV. He is somestime confused with his uncle, John IV (Eric V and Bernard IV's brother) and a son of his own (John IV, Bishop of Hildesheim).
Magnus I		1 January 1470	1507-1543 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	1 August 1543		Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 20 November 1509 Wolfenbüttel six children
Francis I		1510	1543-1571 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	19 March 1581	Sibylle of Saxony 8 February 1540 Dresden nine children	In 1571, highly indebted, he resigned in favour of his eldest son Magnus II, who had promised to redeem the pawned ducal demesnes with funds he gained as Swedish military commander and by his marriage to a Swedish princess.
Magnus II		1543	1571-1573 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	14 March 1603	Sophia of Sweden 4 July 1568 Stockholm one child	Eldest son of Francis I. He didn't pay the debts he promised to pay, and led to war with his father and brothers. Two years later they deposed Magnus II and Francis I re-ascended. Magnus' violent and judicial attempts to regain the duchy failed. In 1588 he was imprisoned for the remainder of his life.
Francis I		1510	1573-1581 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	19 March 1581	Sibylle of Saxony 8 February 1540 Dresden nine children	Regained the title in 1573, after pushing back Magnus II.
Francis II		10 August 1547	1581-1619 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	2 July 1619	Margaret of Pomerania-Wolgast 26 December 1574 Wolgast four children Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 10 November 1582 Wolfenbüttel fourteen children	Brother of Magnus II. Vice-regent from 1578, administrator from 1581. Joint rule with his brother Maurice between 1581 and 1612. Father of Augustus and Julius Henry.
Maurice		1551	1581-1612 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	2 November 1612	Katharina von Spörck 1581 (annulled 1582) no children	Ruled jointly with his brother Francis II.
Augustus		17 February 1577	1619-1656 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	18 January 1656	Elisabeth Sofie of Holstein-Gottorp 5 March 1621 Husum six children Catherine of Oldenburg 4 June 1633 no children	Left no male descendants; he was succeeded by his half-brother Julius Henry.
Julius Henry		9 April 1586	1656-1665 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	20 November 1665	Anna of East Frisia 17 March 1617 Grabow no children Elisabeth Sophia of Brandenburg 4 June 1633 Toužim one child Anna Magdalena of Lobkowicz 18 August 1632 Vienna six children
Francis Erdmann		25 February 1629	1665-1666 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	30 July 1666	Sibylle Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg 1654 no children	Left no descendants; He was succeeded by his brother Julius Francis.
Julius Francis		16 September 1641	1666-1689 Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	30 September 1689	Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach 9 April 1668 Sulzbach two children

The male line of Saxe-Lauenburg died out in 1689 with Julius Francis's death. The Welfs of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle usurped the territory, preventing the succession of the legitimate heiress, Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg. In fact, George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg was a great-great-grandson of Magnus I through his great-grandmother Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. In 1814, after being deposed by various occupations in the Napoleonic Wars, Prince Regent George passed Saxe-Lauenburg to his cousin, Frederick VI of Denmark, in a general territorial realignment at the Congress of Vienna. In 1865, after the Second Schleswig War, the Treaty of Vienna handed Saxe-Lauenburg to William I of Prussia, to whom the Estates of Saxe-Lauenburg offered the ducal throne. Both duke and estates decided to merge Saxe-Lauenburg into Prussia, as the district Duchy of Lauenburg, with effect from 1 July 1876.

House of Wettin

The Ascanian line of Saxe-Wittenberg became extinct with the death of Elector Albert III in 1422, whereafter Emperor Sigismund bestowed the country and electoral dignity upon Margrave Frederick IV of Meissen, who had been a loyal supporter in the Hussite Wars. Late Albert's Ascanian relative Duke Eric V of Saxe-Lauenburg protested in vain. Frederick, now one of the seven Prince-electors, was a member of the House of Wettin, which since 1089 had ruled over the adjacent Margraviate of Meissen up the Elbe river, established under Emperor Otto I in 965, and since 1242 also over the Landgraviate of Thuringia. Thus, in 1423, Saxe-Wittenberg, the Margraviate of Meissen and Thuringia were united under one ruler, and the unified territory . gradually received the name of (Upper) Saxony (or simply Saxony).

Partitions of Saxony under Wettin rule

Electorate of Saxony (1422-1464)

Albertine territories

Ernestine territories

Albertine Duchy of Saxony (1464-1547)

Ernestine Electorate of Saxony (1464-1547)

Duchy of Saxe-Coburg (1542-1552)

Albertine Electorate of Saxony (1547-1806)

Ernestine Duchy of Saxony (1547-1554)

Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach (1554-1566)

Saxe-Gotha (1554-1565)

Saxe-Weimar (1554-1566)

Ernestine Duchy of Saxony (1566-1572)

Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach (1572-1596)

Saxe-Weimar (1572-1741)

Saxe-Coburg (1596-1633)

Saxe-Eisenach (1596-1633)

Saxe-Altenburg (1603-1672)

Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach (1633-1638)

Saxe-Eisenach (1640-1644)

'

Saxe-Gotha (1640-1672)

Saxe-Zeitz (1656-1718)

Saxe-Merseburg (1656-1738)

Saxe-Weissenfels (1656-1746)

Saxe-Eisenach (1662-1741)

Saxe-Marksuhl (1662-1671)

Saxe-Jena (1662-1690)

Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1672-1826)

Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt (1684-1690)

Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt (1680-1739)

Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby (1680-1739)

Saxe-Hildburghausen (1675-1826)

Saxe-Eisenberg (1675-1707)

Saxe-Meiningen (1675-1918)

Saxe-Saalfeld (1675-1699)

Saxe-Coburg (1675-1699)

Saxe-Römhild (1675-1710)

Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt (1699-1713)

Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig (1691-1715)

Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg (1694-1731)

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1699-1826)

Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme (1711-1715)

Saxe-Weissenfels (-1746)

Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1741-1815)

Kingdom of Saxony

Grand-Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1815-1918)

Saxe-Altenburg (1826-1918)

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1918)

Table of rulers

(Note: Here the numbering of the princes is the same for all principalities, as all were titled Dukes of Saxony, despite of the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The princes are numbered following Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line (their predecessors) and by the year of their succession.)

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling part	Consort	Notes
Frederick I the Warlike (Friedrich der Streitbare)		11 April 1370	6 January 1423 - 4 January 1428	4 January 1428	Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony	Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg 7 February 1402 seven children	After the Wittenberg line of the Ascanians became extinct, the Electorate was given to Frederick, Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia, of the House of Wettin.
Frederick II the Gentle (Friedrich der Sanftmütige)		22 April 1412	4 January 1428 - 7 September 1464	7 September 1464	Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony	Margaret of Austria 3 June 1431 Leipzig eight children	Son of Frederick I. Ruled jointly in Saxony with his brothers, but was the sole holder of the Electorate. Father of Ernest and Albert, founders of the Ernestine and Albertine Saxon lines.
Ernest I (Ernst)		24 March 1441	7 September 1464 - 26 August 1486	26 August 1486	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Elisabeth of Bavaria-Munich 25 November 1460 Leipzig seven children	Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Ernestine line.
Albert V the Bold		27 January 1443	1464–1500	12 September 1500	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Sidonie of Poděbrady 11 November 1464 Cheb nine children	Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Albertine line.
In the Treaty of Leipzig (1485) Ernest and Albert divided the Wettine territories among each other. Ernest retained the Electorate and most of Thuringia, while Albert received Meissen and parts in northern Thuringia.

Ernestine Dukes/Electors of Saxony

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling part	Consort	Notes
Ernest I (Ernst)		24 March 1441	7 September 1464 - 26 August 1486	26 August 1486	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Elisabeth of Bavaria-Munich 25 November 1460 Leipzig seven children	Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Ernestine line.
Frederick III the Wise (Friedrich der Weise)		17 January 1463	26 August 1486 - 5 May 1525	5 May 1525	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Unmarried	Son of Ernest. Protector of Martin Luther. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brothers.
John III the Steadfast (Johann der Beständige)		30 June 1468	5 May 1525 - 16 August 1532	16 August 1532	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Sophie of Mecklenburg 1 March 1500 Torgau one child Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen 13 November 1513 Torgau four children	Co-regent of his brother of Frederick III (26 August 1486 - 5 May 1525), with his own residence at Weimar since 1513. Established Lutheranism in his territories in 1527.
John Frederick I the Magnanimous (Johann Friedrich I der Großmütige)		30 June 1503	16 August 1532 - 19 May 1547	3 March 1554	Ernestine Electorate of Saxony	Sibylle of Cleves 9 February 1527 Torgau four children	Lost his Electoral dignity and territory to his cousin Maurice after being defeated the Emperor in the Schmalkaldic War. He was left with some territories as the Duchy of Saxony. After his death the Duchy of Saxony was divided between his three sons.
			19 May 1547 - 1554		Ernestine Duchy of Saxony
John Ernest I (Johann Ernst)		10 May 1521	16 August 1532 - 1553	8 February 1553	Ernestine Duchy of Saxony Saxe-Coburg	Catherine of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 12 February 1542 Torgau no children	Ruled together with his brother John Frederick until 1542, after that Duke of Saxe-Coburg. After his death, his territory reverted back to his brother.
Ernestine Duchies Following their displacement by the Albertines, the Ernestine branch of the Wettins continued to rule in southern Thuringia as "Dukes of Saxony", but their lands eventually split up into many different Ernestine duchies.
John Frederick II		8 January 1529	1554-1565	19 May 1595	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach	Agnes of Hesse 26 May 1555 Weimar no children Elisabeth of the Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim 12 June 1558 Weimar four children	Received Saxe-Weimar. In 1565 united his domains with those of his younger brother in Gotha.
John William I		11 March 1530	1554-1566	2 March 1573	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern 15 June 1560 Heidelberg five children	Received Saxe-Weimar. In 1565 united his domains with those of his younger brother in Gotha.
John Frederick III the Younger		16 January 1538	1554-1565	21 October 1565	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha	Unmarried	Received Saxe-Gotha. However he left its administration to his elder brothers. After his death, his domains were annexed by his elder brother.
John Frederick II		8 January 1529	1565-1566	19 May 1595	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach and Saxe-Gotha	Agnes of Hesse 26 May 1555 Weimar no children Elisabeth of the Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim 12 June 1558 Weimar four children	Reunited his domains with those of his younger brother in Gotha. In 1566 abdicated in favor of his brother John William, who reunited the duchy.
John William I		11 March 1530	1566-1572	2 March 1573	Ernestine Duchy of Saxony	Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern 15 June 1560 Heidelberg five children	Reunited Saxony in 1566, after the abdication of his older brother. In 1572, the Division of Erfurt divided Saxony once again, between John William and his nephews, sons of John Frederick II.
John William I		11 March 1530	1572-1573	2 March 1573	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern 15 June 1560 Heidelberg five children	Received Saxe-Weimar again.
John Casimir		12 June 1564	1572-1596	16 July 1633	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach	Anna of Saxony 16 January 1586 Dresden no children Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg 16 September 1599 Coburg no children	Received Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach together. In 1596 divided the land.
John Ernest II		9 July 1566		23 October 1638	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach	Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort 23 November 1591 Wiener Neustadt one child Christine of Hesse-Kassel 14 May 1598 Rotenburg an der Fulda no children
Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (regent)		31 July 1526	1573-1586	11 February 1586	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Anna of Denmark 7 October 1548 Torgau fifteen children Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt 3 January 1586 Dessau no children	Named regent for Frederick William.
Frederick William I		25 April 1562	1586-1602	7 July 1602	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Sophie of Württemberg 5 May 1583 Weimar six children Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg 9 September 1591 Neuburg an der Donau six children	After his death, his brother took the land and in the next year divided it with his nephews (sons of Frederick William).
John Casimir		12 June 1564	1596-1633	16 July 1633	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg	Anna of Saxony 16 January 1586 Dresden no children Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg 16 September 1599 Coburg no children	Received Saxe-Coburg. Died without descendants and his brother reunited the inherited duchy.
John Ernest II		9 July 1566	1596-1633	23 October 1638	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort 23 November 1591 Wiener Neustadt one child Christine of Hesse-Kassel 14 May 1598 Rotenburg an der Fulda no children	Received Saxe-Eisenach. His brother died without descendants and he reunited the inherited duchy.
John IV		22 May 1570	1602-1605	18 July 1605	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea Maria of Anhalt 7 January 1593 Altenburg twelve children	Divided Saxe-Weimar with his nephews in 1603, retaining a smaller Saxe-Weimar (sometimes called Saxe-Weimar-Jena).
John Philip		25 January 1597	1603-1639	1 April 1639	Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg	Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 25 October 1618 Altenburg one child	Received and ruled jointly the newly-created Saxe-Altenburg, after the partition of 1603. None of them had male descendants.
Frederick IV		12 February 1599	1603-1625	24 October 1625	Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg	Unmarried
John William II		13 April 1600	1603-1632	2 December 1632	Ernestine Saxe(-Weimar)-Altenburg	Unmarried
John Ernest III		21 February 1594	1605-1626	6 December 1626	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Unmarried	Ruled together the domains of their father. In 1640 divided the land. William kept Saxe-Weimar. In 1644 William reunited his own domains with Albert's.
William I the Great		11 April 1598	1626-1644	17 May 1662	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau 23 May 1625 Weimar nine children
Albert VI		27 July 1599	1605-1640	20 December 1644	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg 24 June 1633 Weimar no children
Ernest II the Pious		25 December 1601		26 March 1675	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg 24 October 1636 Altenburg eighteen children
John Ernest II		9 July 1566	1633-1638	23 October 1638	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach	Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort 23 November 1591 Wiener Neustadt one child Christine of Hesse-Kassel 14 May 1598 Rotenburg an der Fulda no children	Reunited Saxe-Eisenach. However died without descendants and his duchy was divided between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Altenburg.
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach divided between its neighbours Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar
Frederick William II		12 February 1602	1639-1669	22 April 1669	Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg	Sophie Elisabeth of Brandenburg 18 September 1638 Altenburg no children Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony 11 October 1652 Dresden three children	Brother of John Philip, Frederick and John William. Succeeded his childless brothers. Received part of Saxe-Weimar-Eiesnach in 1638.
Albert VI		27 July 1599	1640-1644	20 December 1644	Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Eisenach	Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg 24 June 1633 Weimar no children	Received Saxe-Eisenach from his father. After his death his brother William united Saxe-Eisenach with Saxe-Weimar.
Ernest II the Pious		25 December 1601	1640-1672	26 March 1675	Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Gotha	Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg 24 October 1636 Altenburg eighteen children	Received Saxe-Gotha from his father.
William I the Great		11 April 1598	1644-1662	17 May 1662	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach	Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau 23 May 1625 Weimar nine children	Reunited Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach under his rule. After his death his domains were divided by his four sons.
John Ernest IV		11 September 1627	1662-1683	15 May 1683	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg 14 August 1656 Weimar five children	Son of William I. Received the remaining Saxe-Weimar.
Bernard IV		14 October 1638	1662-1678	3 May 1678	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Marie Charlotte de la Trémoille 10 June 1662 Paris five children	Son of William I. Received Saxe-Jena.
Adolf William		15 May 1632	1662-1668	21 November 1668	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 18 January 1663 Wolfenbüttel five children	Son of William I. Received Saxe-Eisenach.
John George III		11 April 1598	1662-1671	17 May 1662	Ernestine Saxe-Marksuhl	Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein 29 May 1661 Wallau nine children	Son of William I. Received Saxe-Marksuhl. Inherited Eisenach from his minor nephew in 1671, merging Marksuhl in Eisenach.
Saxe-Marksuhl was annexed by Saxe-Eisenach
John George III, Duke of Saxe-Marksuhl (regent)		12 July 1634	1668-1671	19 September 1686	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein 29 May 1661 Wallau nine children	Regent for his nephew.
William August		30 November 1668		23 February 1671	Saxe-Eisenach	Unmarried	Died as a minor. His uncle, as regent, inherited his domain.
John George II, Elector of Saxony (regent)		31 May 1613	1669-1672	22 August 1680	Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg	Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 13 November 1638 Dresden three children	Regent in mae of Frederick William III. The minor duke never reached adulthood.
Frederick William III		12 July 1657		14 April 1672	Ernestine Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg	Unmarried	Son of Frederick William II. Died as a minor. His lands were divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar.
Saxe-Altenburg merged in Saxe-Gotha to form Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
John George III		12 July 1634	1671-1686	19 September 1686	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein 29 May 1661 Wallau nine children	Inherited Eisenach from his minor nephew in 1671, merging Marksuhl in Eisenach.
Ernest II the Pious		25 December 1601	1672-1675	26 March 1675	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg 24 October 1636 Altenburg eighteen children	Reunited his domains and his wife's (as heiress of Saxe-Altenburg).
Frederick V		15 July 1646	1675-1691	2 August 1691	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels 14 November 1669 Halle eight children Christine of Baden-Durlach 14 August 1681 Ansbach no children	Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Albert VII		24 May 1648	1675-1699	6 August 1699	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg	Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 18 July 1676 Gotha one child Susanne Elisabeth Kempinsky 24 May 1688 Coburg morganatic no children	Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Coburg. Left no male descendants. His lands were annexed by Saafeld.
Saxe-Coburg merged in Saxe-Saalfeld to form Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Bernard V		10 September 1649	1675-1706	27 April 1706	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt 20 November 1671 Gotha seven children Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 25 January 1681 Schöningen five children	Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Meiningen.
Henry V		19 November 1650	1675-1710	13 May 1710	Ernestine Saxe-Römhild	Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt 1 March 1676 Darmstadt no children	Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Römhild. Left no descendants and his lands were anexed to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Saxe-Römhild was annexed by Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Christian IV		6 January 1653	1675-1707	28 April 1707	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenberg	Christiane of Saxe-Merseburg 13 February 1677 Merseburg one child Sophie Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt 9 February 1681 Darmstadt no children	Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Eisenberg. Left no male descendants and his lands were anexed to Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Eisenberg was annexed by Saxe-Hildburghausen
Ernest III		12 June 1655	1675-1715	17 October 1715	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Sophie of Waldeck 30 November 1680 Arolsen eighteen children	Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Hildburghausen.
John Ernest V		22 August 1658	1675-1699	17 February 1729	Ernestine Saxe-Saalfeld	Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg 18 February 1680 Merseburg five children Charlotte Johanna of Waldeck-Wildungen 2 December 1690 Maastricht eight children	Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Saafeld. In 1699 reunified it with Saxe-Coburg, forming Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (regent)		11 September 1627	1678-1683	15 May 1683	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg 14 August 1656 Weimar five children	Regent for his nephew.
John George III, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (regent)		12 July 1634	1683-1686	19 September 1686	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein 29 May 1661 Wallau nine children	Regent for his nephew.
William Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (regent)		19 October 1662	1686-1690	26 August 1728	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Charlotte Marie of Saxe-Jena 2 November 1683 Eisenach no children	Regent for his cousin.
John William III		28 March 1675	1678-1690	4 November 1690	Ernestine Saxe-Jena	Unmarried	Son of Bernard IV. Died as a minor.
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach divided between its neighbours Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Weimar
William Ernest I		19 October 1662	1683-1728	26 August 1728	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Charlotte Marie of Saxe-Jena 2 November 1683 Eisenach no children	Ruled jointly. John Ernest was just a nominal ruler; William Ernest had full government.
John Ernest VI		22 June 1664	1683-1707	10 May 1707	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Sophie Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst 11 October 1685 Zerbst five children Charlotte of Hesse-Homburg 4 November 1694 Kassel four children
John George V		24 July 1665	1686-1698	10 November 1698	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Sophie Charlotte of Württemberg 20 September 1688 Kirchheim unter Teck no children	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Bernard V, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (regent)		10 September 1649	1691-1693	27 April 1706	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt 20 November 1671 Gotha seven children Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 25 January 1681 Schöningen five children	Regents in name of their nephew, Frederick VI.
Henry V, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (regent)		19 November 1650		13 May 1710	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt 1 March 1676 Darmstadt no children
Frederick VI		28 July 1676	1693-1732	23 March 1732	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst 7 June 1696 Gotha nineteen children
John William IV		17 October 1666	1698-1729	14 January 1729	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Amalie of Nassau-Dietz 28 November 1690 Oranjewoud two children Christine Juliane of Baden-Durlach 27 February 1697 Wolfenbüttel seven children Magdalene Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels 28 July 1708 Weissenfels three children Marie Christine Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg-Heidesheim 29 May 1727 Hanau no children
John Ernest V		22 August 1658	1699-1729	17 February 1729	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg 18 February 1680 Merseburg five children Charlotte Johanna of Waldeck-Wildungen 2 December 1690 Maastricht eight children	In 1699 reunified Saxe-Saafeld with Saxe-Coburg, forming Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Ernest Louis I		7 October 1672	1706-1724	24 November 1724	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Dorothea Marie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 19 September 1704 Gotha five children Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg 3 June 1714 Coburg no children
Ernest Frederick I		21 August 1681	1715-1724	9 March 1724	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach 4 February 1704 Erbach im Odenwald fourteen children
Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach (regent)		30 July 1683	1724-1728	4 September 1742	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Ernest Frederick I 4 February 1704 Erbach im Odenwald fourteen children	Regent on behalf of her son.
Ernest Frederick II		17 December 1707	1728-1745	13 August 1745	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau 19 June 1726 Fürstenau four children
Ernest Louis II		8 August 1709	1724-1729	24 February 1729	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Ernest Augustus I		19 April 1688	1728-1741	19 January 1748	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar	Eleonore Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Köthen 2 November 1683 Nienburg eight children Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 7 April 1734 Bayreuth four children	Son of John Ernest VI. Reunited under his rule the duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach.
William Henry		10 November 1691	1729-1741	26 July 1741	Ernestine Saxe-Eisenach	Albertine Juliane of Nassau-Idstein 15 February 1713 Idstein no children Anna Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt 3 June 1723 Berlin no children	Left no descendants: Saxe-Eisenach merged with Saxe-Weimar.
Saxe-Eisenach merged in Saxe-Weimar to form Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Christian Ernest		18 August 1683	1729-1745	4 September 1745	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Christiane Fredericka of Koss 18 August 1724 Naitschau (morganatic) no children	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Charles Frederick I		18 July 1712	1729-1743	28 March 1743	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Brother of Ernest Louis II. Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his uncle.
Frederick VIII		14 April 1699	1732-1772	10 March 1772	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen 17 September 1729 Gotha eight children
Ernest Augustus I		19 April 1688	1741-1748	19 January 1748	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Eleonore Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Köthen 2 November 1683 Nienburg eight children Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 7 April 1734 Bayreuth four children	Reunited under his rule the duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach.
Frederick William IV		16 February 1679	1743-1746	10 March 1746	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Unmarried	Brother of Ernest Louis I. Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his half-brother.
Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau (regent)		29 September 1700	1745-1748	7 May 1758	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Ernest Frederick II 19 June 1726 Fürstenau four children	Regent on behalf of her son.
Ernest Frederick III		10 June 1727	1748-1780	23 September 1780	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Louise of Denmark 1 October 1749 Copenhagen one child Christiane Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 20 January 1757 Copenhagen one child Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar 1 July 1758 Bayreuth three children
Francis Josias		25 September 1697	1745-1764	16 September 1764	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 2 January 1723 Rudolstadtbr>eight children	Brother of Christian Ernest.
Anthony Ulrich		22 October 1687	1746-1763	27 January 1763	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Philippine Elisabeth Caesar January 1711 morganatic ten children Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal 26 September 1750 Bad Homburg vor der Höhe eight children
Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (regent)		25 September 1697	1748-1755	16 September 1764	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 2 January 1723 Rudolstadtbr>eight children	Regents in name of Ernest Augstus I's son, Ernest Augustus II.
Frederick VIII, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (regent)		14 April 1699		10 March 1772	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen 17 September 1729 Gotha eight children
Ernest Augustus II		2 June 1737	1755-1758	28 May 1758	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 2 November 1683 Brunswick two children
Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (regent)		24 October 1739	1758-1775	10 April 1807	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Ernest Augustus II 2 November 1683 Brunswick two children
Charles Augustus		3 September 1757	1775-1828	14 June 1828	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 3 October 1775 Karlsruhe seven children	In 1815 his rank of Duke was elevated to Grand Duke; from 1815 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach becomes a Grand Duchy.
Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal (regent)		11 August 1730	1763-1779	7 September 1801	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Anthony Ulrich 26 September 1750 Bad Homburg vor der Höhe eight children
Charles William		19 November 1754	1779-1782	21 January 1782	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 5 June 1780 Gedern no children	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Ernest Frederick IV		8 March 1724	1764-1800	8 September 1800	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 23 April 1749 Wolfenbüttelbr>seven children
Ernest IV		30 January 1745	1772-1804	20 April 1804	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen 21 March 1769 Meiningen four children
Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen (regent)		5 October 1702	1780-1787	4 January 1787	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Maria Anna Victoria of Savoy 17 April 1738 Paris (annulled 1757) no children	Son of Ernest III. Regent on behalf of Frederick VIII.
Frederick IX		29 April 1763	1787-1826	29 September 1834	Ernestine Saxe-Hildburghausen	Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3 September 1785 Hildburghausen twelve children	Inherited Altenburg from Frederick X. The duchy changed its name to Saxe-Altenburg.
George II		4 February 1761	1782-1803	24 December 1803	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 27 November 1782 Langenburg four children
Francis		15 July 1750	1800-1806	9 December 1806	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen 6 March 1776 Hildburghausen no children Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf 13 June 1777 Ebersdorf ten children
Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (regent)		11 August 1763	1803-1821	30 April 1837	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	George I 27 November 1782 Langenburg four children	Regent on behalf of her son.
Bernard VI		17 December 1800	1821-1882	3 December 1882	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel 23 March 1825 Kassel two children
Augustus IV		23 November 1772	1804-1822	17 May 1822	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 21 October 1797 Ludwigslust one child Karoline Amalie of Hesse-Kassel 24 April 1802 Kassel no children	Left no male descendants. The land was inherited by his brother Frederick
Ernest V		2 January 1784	1806-1844	29 January 1844	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1800-1826) Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826-1844)	Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 3 July 1817 Gotha two children Marie of Württemberg 23 December 1832 Coburg no children	Inherited Gotha from Frederick IX, but had to cede Saafeld to Saxe-Meiningen. The duchy changed its name to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Frederick X		28 November 1774	1822-1825	11 February 1825	Ernestine Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Unmarried	Brother of Augustus. Left no male descendants. The land was divided between Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg divided between its neighbours Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen
Frederick IX		29 April 1763	1826-1834	29 September 1834	Ernestine Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg	Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3 September 1785 Hildburghausen twelve children	Inherited Altenburg from Frederick X. The duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen changed its name to Saxe-Altenburg.
Charles Frederick II		2 February 1783	1828-1853	8 July 1853	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Maria Pavlovna of Russia 3 August 1804 St. Petersburg four children
Joseph		27 August 1789	1834-1848	25 November 1868	Ernestine Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg	Amelia of Württemberg 24 April 1817 Kirchheim unter Teck six children	He implemented several buildings in Altenburg, but his government was considered conservative and resistant to reform; for this, he was forced to abdicate during the civil revolution of 1848. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother George.
Ernest VI		21 June 1818	1844-1893	22 August 1893	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Alexandrine of Baden 3 May 1842 Karlsruhe no children	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his nephews.
George III		24 July 1796	1848-1853	3 August 1853	Ernestine Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg	Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7 October 1825 Ludwigslust three children	Brother of Joseph.
Charles Alexander		24 June 1818	1853-1901	5 January 1901	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Sophie of the Netherlands 8 October 1842 The Hague four children
Ernest VII		16 February 1826	1853-1908	7 February 1908	Ernestine Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg	Agnes of Anhalt-Dessau 28 April 1853 Ludwigslust two children	Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his nephew.
George IV		2 April 1826	1882-1914	25 June 1914	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Charlotte of Prussia 18 May 1850 Berlin four children Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 23 October 1858 Langenburg three children Ellen Franz 18 March 1873 Liebenstein (morganatic) no children
Alfred		6 August 1844	1893-1900	30 July 1900	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Maria Alexandrovna of Russia 23 January 1874 St Petersburg six children	Son of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria.
Charles Edward		19 July 1884	1900-1918	6 March 1954	Ernestine Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein 11 October 1905 Schleswig five children	Son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany; Nephew of Alfred. Monarchy abolished in 1918.
William Ernest II		10 June 1876	1901-1918	24 April 1923	Ernestine Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Caroline Reuss of Greiz 30 April 1903 Bückeburg no children Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen 14 January 1910 Meiningen four children	Grandson of Charles Alexander, as son of Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Monarchy abolished in 1918.
Ernest VIII		31 August 1871	1908-1918	22 March 1955	Ernestine Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg	Adelaide of Schaumburg-Lippe 17 February 1898 Bückeburg (annulled 1920) four children Maria Triebel 15 July 1934 Trockenborn-Wolfersdorf (morganatic) no children	Grandson of George III, as son of Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg. Monarchy abolished in 1918.
Bernard VII		1 April 1851	1914-1918	16 January 1928	Ernestine Saxe-Meiningen	Charlotte of Prussia 18 February 1878 Berlin two children	Monarchy abolished in 1918.

Albertine Dukes/Electors of Saxony

(Note: Here the numbering of the princes is the same for all principalities, as all were titled Dukes of Saxony, despite of the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The princes are numbered following Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line (their predecessors) and by the year of their succession.)

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling part	Consort	Notes
Albert V the Bold		27 January 1443	1464–1500	12 September 1500	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Sidonie of Poděbrady 11 November 1464 Cheb nine children	Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Albertine line.
George I the Bearded		27 August 1471	1500-1539	17 April 1539	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Barbara of Poland 21 November 1496 Dresden ten children	Proponent of Catholic Reform and a staunch opponent of Martin Luther. Left no surviving male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother Henry.
Henry IV		16 March 1473	1539-1541	18 August 1541	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Catherine of Mecklenburg 69 January 1541 Marburg nine children	Succeeded his brother of George I. He established Lutheranism in Albertine Saxony.
Maurice I (Moritz)		21 March 1521	1541-1547	9 July 1553	Albertine Duchy of Saxony	Agnes of Hesse 9 January 1541 Marburg two children	Second cousin of John Frederick, grandson of Albert. Though a Lutheran, allied with Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League. Gained the Electorate for the Albertine line in 1547 after Charles V's victory at the Battle of Mühlberg. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother Augustus.
			4 June 1547 - 9 July 1553		Albertine Electorate of Saxony
Augustus I (August)		31 July 1526	9 July 1553 - 11 February 1586	11 February 1586	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Anna of Denmark 7 October 1548 Torgau fifteen children Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt 3 January 1586 Dessau no children	Brother of Maurice. Recognized as Elector by the ousted John Frederick I in 1554.
Christian I (Christian I)		21 March 1521	11 February 1586 - 25 September 1591	25 September 1591	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Sophie of Brandenburg 25 April 1582 Dresden seven children
Sophie of Brandenburg (regent)		6 June 1568	25 September 1591 - c.1601	7 December 1622	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Christian I 25 April 1582 Dresden seven children	Regent on behalf of her son Christian II.
Christian II (Christian II)		23 September 1583	c.1601 - 23 June 1611	23 June 1611	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Hedwig of Denmark 12 September 1602 Dresden no children
John George I (Johann Georg I)		5 March 1585	23 June 1611 - 8 October 1656	8 October 1656	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Sibylle Elisabeth of Württemberg 16 September 1604 Dresden one child Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia 19 July 1607 Torgau ten children	Brother of Christian II.
John George II (Johann Georg II)		31 May 1613	8 October 1656 - 22 August 1680	22 August 1680	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 13 November 1638 Dresden three children
Augustus II		13 August 1614	1656-1680	4 June 1680	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels	Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 23 November 1647 Schwerin twelve children Johanna Walpurgis of Leiningen-Westerburg 29 January 1672 Halle three children	Son of Elector John George I. Inherited Saxe-Weissenfels. After his death, Weissenfels was divided.
Christian III		27 October 1615	1656-1691	18 October 1691	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 19 November 1650 Dresden eleven children	Son of Elector John George I. Inherited Saxe-Merseburg.
Maurice II		28 March 1619	1662-1681	4 December 1681	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz	Sophie Hedwig of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 19 November 1650 Dresden two children Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar 3 July 1656 Weimar ten children Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg 14 June 1676 Wiesenburg no children	Son of Elector John George I. Inherited Saxe-Merseburg.
John George IV (Johann Georg III)		20 June 1647	22 August 1680 - 12 September 1691	12 September 1691	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Anna Sophie of Denmark 9 October 1666 Copenhagen two children
John Adolph I		2 November 1649	1680-1697	24 May 1697	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg 25 October 1671 Altenburg eleven children Christiane Wilhelmine of Bünau 3 February 1692 Querfurt (morganatic) eleven children	Inherited the remaining Saxe-Weissenfels.
Henry VI		29 September 1657	1680-1728	16 February 1728	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby	Elisabeth Albertine of Anhalt-Dessau 30 March 1686 Dessau seven children	Inherited Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby.
Maurice William I		12 March 1664	1681-1718	15 November 1718	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz	Marie Amalie of Brandenburg 25 June 1689 Potsdam five children	Left no descendants. After his death Saxe-Zeitz merged in the Electorate.
Saxe-Zeitz merged in the Electorate of Saxony
Philip		26 October 1657	1684-1690	1 July 1690	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt	Eleonore Sophie of Saxe-Weimar 9 July 1684 Weimar two children Louise Elisabeth of Württemberg-Oels 17 August 1688 Bernstadt one child	Son of Christian. Received from his father the town of Lauchstädt, and ruled it in his father's lifetime. After his death his land returned to is father.
John George VI (Johann Georg IV)		18 October 1668	12 September 1691 - 27 April 1694	27 April 1694	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach 17 April 1692 Leipzig no children
Christian V		19 November 1653	1691-1694	20 October 1694	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz 14 October 1679 Moritzburg seven children
Augustus III		15 February 1655	1691-1715	27 March 1715	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig	Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 1 December 1686 Güstrow eight children	Son of Christian. Received from his brother the town of Zörbig. Left no male descendants. His lands returned to Saxe-Merseburg.
Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig merged in Saxe-Merseburg
Frederick Augustus I the Strong (Friedrich August I)		12 May 1670	27 April 1694 - 1 February 1733	1 February 1733	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 20 January 1693 Bayreuth one child	Brother of John George IV. Converted to Catholicism 1697 in order to compete for the crown of Poland. Took the Polish crown 1697, opposed by Stanisław Leszczyński, in 1704, forced to renounce the throne 1706, returned as monarch 1709 until his death.
Henry VII		2 September 1661	1694-1731	28 July 1738	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg	Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 29 March 1692 Güstrow three children	Son of Christian. Received from his brother the town of Spremberg. In 1731 succeeded in Saxe-Merseburg, reuniting its original lands with those he unexpectedly inherited.
Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg merged in Saxe-Merseburg
Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (regent)		12 May 1670	1694-1712	1 February 1733	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 20 January 1693 Bayreuth one child	Regents on behalf of Christian Maurice, and then of Maurice Wilhelm.
Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz		13 November 1661		29 April 1720	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Christian II 14 October 1679 Moritzburg seven children
Christian VI Maurice		7 November 1680	1694	14 November 1694	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz 14 October 1679 Moritzburg seven children
Maurice William II		5 February 1688	1712-1731	21 April 1731	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Henriette Charlotte of Nassau-Idstein 4 November 1711 Istein one child	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his uncle, Henry.
John George VII		13 July 1677	1697-1712	16 March 1712	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Fredericka Elisabeth of Saxe-Eisenach 7 January 1698 Jena seven children	Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother Christian.
Frederick Henry		21 July 1668	1699-1713	18 December 1713	Albertine Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt	Sophie Angelika of Württemberg-Oels 23 April 1699 Oleśnica no children Anna Fredericka Philippine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg 27 February 1702 Moritzburg two children	Son of Maurice. Received from his brother the towns of Pegau and Neustadt. Left no male descendants. His lands returned to Saxe-Zeitz.
Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt merged in Saxe-Zeitz
Frederick VII		20 November 1673	1711-1715	16 April 1715	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme	Emilie Agnes Reuss of Schleiz 13 February 1711 Dahme no children	Son of Augustus. His brother John Adolph gave him in 1711 Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme. After his death Dahme was reabsorbed by Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme merged in Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
Christian VII		23 February 1682	1712-1736	28 June 1736	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Louise Christine of Stolberg-Stolberg-Ortenberg 12 May 1712 Stolberg no children	Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother John Adolf.
George Albert		19 April 1695	1728-1739	12 June 1739	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby	Auguste Louise of Württemberg-Oels 18 February 1721 Forst no children	Left no descendants, and his land merged in Saxe-Weissenfels.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby merged in Saxe-Weissenfels
Henry VII		2 September 1661	1731-1738	28 July 1738	Albertine Saxe-Merseburg	Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 29 March 1692 Güstrow three children	In 1731 succeeded in Saxe-Merseburg, reuniting its original lands with those he unexpectedly inherited. Left no descendants and Saxe-Merseburg merged in the Electorate of Saxony.
Saxe-Merseburg merged in the Electorate of Saxony
Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II)		17 October 1696	1 February 1733 - 5 October 1763	5 October 1763	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Maria Josepha of Austria 20 August 1719 Dresden sixteen children	Son of Frederick Augustus I. Converted to Catholicism 1712. King of Poland 1734–1763.
John Adolph II		4 September 1685	1736-1746	16 May 1746	Albertine Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt	Johannette Antoinette Juliane of Saxe-Eisenach 9 May 1721 Eisenach one child Fredericka of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 27 November 1734 Altenburg five children	Left no male descendants. After his death the Duchy was reannexed by the Electorate of Saxony.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt merged in the Electorate of Saxony
Frederick Christian (Friedrich Christian)		5 September 1722	5 October 1763 - 17 December 1763	17 December 1763	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Maria Antonia of Bavaria 13 June 1747 Munich (by proxy) 20 June 1747 Dresden (in person) nine children	Son of Frederick Augustus II, raised Catholic.
Maria Antonia of Bavaria (regent)		18 July 1724	17 December 1763 - c.1768	23 April 1780	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Frederick Christian 13 June 1747 Munich (by proxy) 20 June 1747 Dresden (in person) nine children	Regent on behalf of her son and heir, Frederick Augustus.
Frederick Augustus III (Friedrich August III)		23 December 1750	c.1768 - 20 December 1806	5 May 1827	Albertine Electorate of Saxony	Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld 17 January 1769 Mannheim (by proxy) 29 January 1769 Dresden (in person) four children	Son of Frederick Christian. His Electorate ceased with the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and he became King of Saxony.
In 1806 The Elector of Saxony became king of an independent Kingdom of Saxony. For the kings that followed the electors, see below the Kingdom of Saxony. For the multiple duchies that were contemporaries of this kingdom, see the later entries under Ernestine duchies.

Kingdom of Saxony

The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806. The Elector of Saxony, allied to Napoleon I, became King of an independent Saxony. The numbering resets in this point.

Ruler		Born	Reign	Death	Ruling part	Consort	Notes
Frederick Augustus I (Friedrich August I)		23 December 1750	20 December 1806 - 5 May 1827	5 May 1827	Kingdom of Saxony	Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld 17 January 1769 Mannheim (by proxy) 29 January 1769 Dresden (in person) four children	In 1806 became King of Saxony. Also Duke of Warsaw 1807–1813. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Anthony the Kind (Anton der Gütige)		27 December 1755	5 May 1827 - 6 June 1836	6 June 1836	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Carolina of Savoy 29 September 1781 Stupinigi (by proxy) 24 October 1781 Dresden (in person) four children Maria Theresa of Austria 8 September 1787 Florence (by proxy) 18 October 1787 Dresden (in person) four children	Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his nephew.
Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II)		18 May 1797	6 June 1836 - 9 August 1854	9 August 1854	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Carolina of Austria 26 September 1819 Vienna (by proxy) 7 October 1819 Dresden (by person) no children Maria Anna of Bavaria 24 April 1833 Dresden no children	Son of Prince Maximilian of Saxony. Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
John (Johann I)		12 December 1801	9 August 1854 - 29 October 1873	29 October 1873	Kingdom of Saxony	Amalie Auguste of Bavaria 10 November 1822 Munich (by proxy) 21 November 1822 Dresden (in person) nine children	Saxony became part of a unified Germany in 1871.
Albert the Good (Albrecht I)		23 April 1828	29 October 1873 - 19 June 1902	19 June 1902	Kingdom of Saxony	Carola of Sweden 18 June 1853 Dresden no children
George (Georg)		8 August 1832	19 June 1902 - 15 October 1904	15 October 1904	Kingdom of Saxony	Maria Anna of Portugal 11 May 1859 Lisbon eight children
Frederick Augustus III (Friedrich August III)		25 May 1865	15 October 1904 - 13 November 1918	18 February 1932	Kingdom of Saxony	Louise of Austria 21 November 1891 Vienna (annulled by royal decree in 1903, after her escape from court) seven children	The last King of Saxony. Abdicated in the German Revolution.

References

A barnstar for you!

	The Copyeditor's Barnstar
	For correcting, improving, and communication with others. Nice work. Kyle(talk) 15:18, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

"King of Germany" listed at Redirects for discussion

An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect King of Germany and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 December 2#King of Germany until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Srnec (talk) 14:35, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

September 2023

Hello, I'm Bedivere. Wikipedia is written by people who have a wide diversity of opinions, but we try hard to make sure articles have a neutral point of view. Your recent edit to 2022 proposed Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile seemed less than neutral and has been removed. If you think this was a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Bedivere (talk) 22:45, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

Leamington Spa

According to the Ordnance Survey maps the street name is Parade, no definite article. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 20:49, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

And still, everybody in Leamington calls it "The Parade". Even if the article were not part of the name, in a sentence the article (in this case definitely lower case) has to be included. The article does this in each and every other occurence. Reverting the article back out in this one occurence is obviously wrong. Str1977 ^(talk) 21:46, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

And your source for claiming that everybody in Leamington Spa calls it that is? the article should not be part of the link. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 08:25, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

I've lived there. Which "link" are you talking about? Str1977 ^(talk) 20:54, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

The fact that you lived there is not a reliable source. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 21:57, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

Neither is your insistence that in one instance (and only one) the street must be named without the article. Str1977 ^(talk) 22:50, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

I've supplied a source for that, Ordnance Survey. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 08:10, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

You've supplied no source for your claim that in a sentence the (supposedly official) street name "Parade" should not be prefaced with an article. And since you seem to care nothing for consistency, I cannot take your argument seriously. Str1977 ^(talk) 15:48, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

I am not insisting that it should apply in only one instance. That is your interpretation. I am stating the name is Parade without an article, as shown in the street signs and on the relevant Ordnance survey maps. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 15:57, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Have you even read the article on that street and the references given there, including this one. Str1977 ^(talk) 17:09, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

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On Traditionis custodes

On Traditionis custodes: please do not add claims from primary sources as if those were proven. Veverve (talk) 14:13, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

I did not. You however reinserted the weasel word "claim". Str1977 ^(talk) 14:24, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

Matthias Erzberger

Sorry for overdoing my revert when it came to the infobox. Your changes to his stint as minister without portfolio did have the correct info (although I had to make a change today to get the chancellors to display). But I am going to insist on President Friedrich Ebert - you're right that he wasn't minister president as the article originally said, but he was elected president by the National Assembly on 11 Feb 1919. Hope we're good now? GHStPaulMN (talk) 11:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

When was Erzberger appointed chairman of the armistice commission? If after 11 Feb, then yes, it was under President Ebert. But it would be simultanously under Minister-President Scheidemann.

My main point was that Ebert was never minister-president but served as Chancellor from the "abdication" of Wilhelm II until his own election as President. Str1977 ^(talk) 12:23, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

June 2024

Welcome to Wikipedia. Editors are expected to treat each other with respect and civility. On this encyclopedia project, editors assume good faith while interacting with other editors. Here is Wikipedia's welcome page, and it is hoped that you will assume the good faith of other editors and continue to help us improve Wikipedia! Thank you very much! Darkwarriorblake (talk) 16:09, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

I've been on Wikipedia for 19 years so your message here is insulting. Maybe you should heed your own advice.

You showed no reasoning behind your repeated reverting of my changes - and "unnecessary" is not a legitimate reasoning. Str1977 ^(talk) 16:12, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

If you've been here 19 years you would know about: A) WP: BRD, and B) not accusing someone of ownership just because they're undoing your edits. Unnecessary is legitimate, I can write "not an improvement" if you'd prefer but the same message is delivered. We also have a spoken version of the article on top of it being a Featured Article so changes should have a significant reasoning behind them. For example you moved content about casting of minor characters above main characters for no reason. That would not be an improvement. You keep saying that George was not spying on Lorraine despite him being outside her house peeping into a bedroom window and not being quite as pregnant as her mom, and changing the credit for Lorraine Baines McFly to Lorraine Baines/McFly, when noone uses a slash in a double surname, at least not in English. You can feel your edits were warranted and WP: BRD would tell you to take it to the talk page to discuss it and gain support, my opinion is they were negative for the article and so I restored it to it's agreed upon and supported version. That's not a reason to take it personally. EDIT: I can also see you've changed Lorraine's name on the character list to Lorraine Baines/McFly with a note saying she was never Baines McFly, and yet the official site says she was. Darkwarriorblake (talk) 16:23, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

"not an improvement" is even worse. It amounts to no reason.

If you don't want to be accused of claiming OWNership, don't behave that way.

If it is really Lorraine, I am sure you can prove it.

The "double surname" doesn't exist. She is first called Baines, then McFly. The "official site" is no reliable source for that. Only the film is. Str1977 ^(talk) 16:48, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

:/ I thought that would be the end of it but you're still claiming it's ownership to disagree with you and challenging me to prove things in the film. I think our discussion is at an end, use the film's talk page to solicit further input, I have no wish to interact with you further with that attitude. Darkwarriorblake (talk) 17:13, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

It is ownership to blanket revert any changes to an article even though can only claim that they are "unnecessary" or "not an improvement". Str1977 ^(talk) 17:34, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

de jure

Winkler: "Überdies wurde Deutschland seit dem 3. Oktober 1918 de facto und seit dem 28. Oktober de jure parlamentarisch regiert."

I'll leave it here and let you decide if de jure is an "empty" phrase. (Your last update is grammatically incorrect and needs to be changed anyway.) GHStPaulMN (talk) 11:21, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

Sonya Deville

If you want to replace "gay" with "lesbian", then cite new sources. The current citations just use gay. There is nothing such as lesbian there.[1][2]: said Deville—who is Daria Berenato, the first openly gay female wrestler in WWE history... --Mann Mann (talk) 20:08, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

By definition, a homosexual woman is called lesbian, a homosexual man is called gay. Citations misusing these terms is no reason for WP to follow suite. Also, the consensus on the talk page favours "lesbian". Str1977 ^(talk) 20:41, 18 July 2024 (UTC)