2010 G20 Toronto summit: Difference between revisions

G-20 Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy
Information
Date	June 26–27, 2010
Location	Metro Toronto Convention Centre; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Participants	G-20 (+ Ethiopia, Malawi, Netherlands, Nigeria, Spain, Vietnam), ASEAN, AU, FSB, ILO, IMF, NEPAD, OECD, UN, WBG, WTO
Follows	Pittsburgh Summit, 2009
Precedes	Seoul Summit, 2010
Website	Official website

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The 2010 G-20 Toronto summit was the fourth meeting of the G-20 heads of government, in discussion of the global financial system and the world economy, which took place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, during June 26–27, 2010. The summit was initially proposed to be held in the town of Huntsville, Ontario, where the immediately preceding 36th G8 summit was hosted by Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper. The town was later deemed insufficient to provide hospitality for the large number of G-20 delegates and journalists and the G-20 summit was thus later finalized to take place in Toronto.^[1]

In his welcome speech at the G-20 sherpas' meeting, Harper announced that the theme of the Toronto summit would be "recovery and new beginnings,"^[2] referring to an economic stimulus from the impact of the ongoing world recession. The summit's priorities included evaluating the progress of financial reform, developing sustainable stimulus measures,^[2] debating global bank tax,^[3] and promoting open markets.^[4] Alongside the twenty-one representatives of the G-20 major economies, leaders of six invited nations, and eight additional intergovernmental organizations also took part in the summit.

An Integrated Security Unit consisting of police officers from different regional departments began working on security in the Downtown area,^[5] where the venue was located, three months ahead of the summit. The event was part of the largest and most expensive security operation in Canadian history and the total cost for preparations,^[6] including security, infrastructure, and hospitality, was determined to be approximately C$858 million.^[7]

Agenda

Each leader of the G-20 brought their own agenda to the summit.^[8] The prime issue of the summit was the recovery from the ongoing global recession and the more recent European debt crisis.^[9] However, the leaders were divided over strategies on tackling the problem. The European Union wanted to focus on austerity to cut their deficits, while the United States sought to maintain economic stimulus spending to encourage growth.^[10] India was said to pitch for "durable, balanced and sustainable" global growth.^[11]

A divide arose between China, India, and the United States, who favoured increased stimulus funding to alleviate the recession, and the countries of the European Union, who favoured a reduction in spending and balanced budgets. The idea of imposing taxes on financial institutions, such as a global bank tax and the Robin Hood tax, which is supported by countries of the European Union but opposed by the United States and Canada, was another issue to be discussed at the summit.^[12] International development was also on the agenda, as well as requests to increase international aid to Africa and other developing nations.^[13] Also on the agenda was discussion of Israel's Gaza strip blockade and the nuclear programs of North Korea, each of which was met with criticism. The situation in Gaza was called "unsustainable", while the nuclear programs were considered very concerning for global and regional security.^[9] Corruption and security in Afghanistan was also an issue raised by the United States.

On June 24, Toronto mayor David Miller held a news conference at the International Media Centre, set up at the Exhibition Place, welcoming media from around the world.^[14] Leaders of the G8 arrived in Toronto after wrapping up their meeting in Huntsville, Ontario. During the afternoon of June 26, the rest of the G-20 leaders arrived to take part in the G-20 summit. That evening, Stephen Harper formally welcomed the G-20 leaders to the summit and a working dinner was arranged^[15] at the Fairmont Royal York Hotel.^[16] The following day, June 27, the formal summit meeting began during the morning.

Preparations

Security

Security officials began preparing for summit security in Toronto around mid-February 2010.^[17] General policing and patrolling was provided by the Toronto Police Service, the Ontario Provincial Police, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and the Canadian Forces, while the Peel Regional Police aided in policing at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga during the arrivals of delegates. The five departments formed an Integrated Security Unit (ISU), similar to the ISU created during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Additional officers were deployed from York Regional Police, Halton Regional Police Service,^[18] Barrie Police Service, Waterloo Regional Police Service, Niagara Regional Police Service, Hamilton Police Service, Ottawa Police Service,^[19] and Service de police de la Ville de Montréal. Calgary Police Service supplied 150 volunteer police officers a week before the summit.^[20]

According to an early estimate by the Globe and Mail, 10,000 uniformed police officers, 1,000 security guards, and several Canadian military forces were to be deployed during the summit.^[21] The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) conducted Amalgam Virgo exercises on May 6 and 7 across the Greater Toronto Area using CF-18 Hornet jets, CH-124 Sea Kings, and CH-146 Griffon helicopters at low altitudes.^[22] The total cost for security at both the G8 and the G-20 summits was determined to be $1 billion,^[23] paid entirely by the federal Crown-in-Council, excluding the costs of any possible damage to local business.^[24]

The Integrated Security Unit created a security perimeter, beginning with the outer boundary, specifically bordered by King Street to the north, Lakeshore Boulevard to the south, Yonge Street to the east, and Spadina Avenue to the west, where vehicles were to be restricted during the summit dates.^[21] Residents who lived within the security zone were issued registration cards prior to the summit and other pedestrians who wished to enter the security zone were only able to do so at one of 38 checkpoints, where they were required to present two pieces of photo identification and provide reasoning for entry.^[25] The area surrounding the Metro Toronto Convention Centre itself was fenced and off limits to civilians and protesters.^[26] The 3-metre (10 ft) high fence, contracted to SNC-Lavalin by Public Works and Government Services Canada and installed by two Gormley, Ontario-based companies,^[27] was built at a cost of $5.5-million and began erection on June 7.^[28] Toronto Police Service installed 77 additional closed-circuit television security cameras in the area and purchased four Long Range Acoustic Devices which were to be in use exclusively during the summit.^[29] The ISU decided on also using water cannons for riot control.^[30]

Infrastructure

A former film studio located on Eastern Avenue was designated as a temporary detention centre for individuals arrested during the summit.^[31] Toronto Police Service announced that Trinity Bellwoods Park would be the designated protest area, but following opposition from local residents, police relocated the designated protest zone to the northern part of Queen's Park.^[32] Canada Post declared that it would remove post boxes in the security zone.^[33] Toronto Parking Authority removed some parking meters as well. Small trees along sidewalks around the convention centre were removed to prevent them from being used as weapons by protesters.^[34]^[35] Other removed municipal property include 745 newspaper boxes, 200 public trash cans, 70 mailboxes, 29 bus shelters, and 5 public information boards.^[36]

Major banks headquartered in Downtown Toronto, which happen to be the largest banks in Canada's banking industry, made plans to have employees work in alternate places outside of their downtown headquarters, such as at home or in other branches.^[37] The Liquor Control Board of Ontario announced the closure of seven of liquor stores in Downtown during the summit as a precaution to looting.^[38] The PATH,^[25] CN Tower,^[39] University of Toronto,^[40] Art Gallery of Ontario,^[41] and the Ontario Legislative Building^[42] were also closed to public during the summit dates.

A three-game Major League Baseball series between the Toronto Blue Jays and the Philadelphia Phillies, which was set to take place from June 25 to 27 at the Rogers Centre, situated within the security zone, was relocated to Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, after much discussion and amidst discontent from fans.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] Mirvish Productions cancelled production of their two musicals Rock of Ages and Mamma Mia! during the week of the summit.^[47] Similarly, the Factory Theatre cancelled shows during the summit week.^[48]

Highway 427 and the Gardiner Expressway, the route from Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga to the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Downtown, periodically closed down for motorcades, along with jammed wireless reception along the two highways.^[49] Exits to Yonge Street and Bay Street on the Gardiner Expressway were closed during the summit dates.^[25] Toronto Transit Commission announced that subway stations near the convention centre would remain open and operational, despite some detoured bus routes and the closure of Queens Quay Station.^[50] Via Rail announced that it would not operate at Union Station during the summit dates,^[51] instead providing shuttle bus service from the Yorkdale and Scarborough Centre bus terminals to the Brampton and Oshawa stations respectively.^[25] Nav Canada announced that it would place restrictions on the airspace in Toronto, making it limited to commercial flights only while all others would be restricted within a 30-nautical-mile (56 km) radius.^[52] Porter Airlines was given permission to continue flights in and out of Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport.^[53] The Toronto District School Board and Toronto Catholic District School Board cancelled school bus services to six Downtown schools on June 25,^[54] affecting 45,000 students, 10,000 of whom were physically disabled.^[55]

A media centre for international media personnel, journalists, and press reporters was set up at the Direct Energy Centre at the Exhibition Place during the summit.^[56] A 20,000-square-foot (1,858 m²) pavilion, called Experience Canada or Canadian Corridor, was set up in the media centre to promote Canadian tourism internationally.^[57] The pavilion included three life-sized government-funded displays: Cityscape, which showcased successful Canadian businesses and innovation; The Bridge, which included information kiosks for media personnel as well as large high-definition screens that televised the 2010 FIFA World Cup games; and Northern Ontario Oasis, an artificial lakefront based on Muskoka region's cottage country.^[58]^[59] The Northern Ontario Oasis included donated canoes, a shoreline with deck chairs for journalists to cool off, and a mobile phone recharging station.^[60] The background was a large screen that portrayed various images of the Muskoka region.^[60] The cost of the international media centre, the Experience Canada pavilion, and artificial lake, which were $23 million, $1.9 million, and $57,000 respectively, was the target of controversies.^[61]

Attendance

Participants of the Toronto summit were announced by Stephen Harper on May 8, 2010. Harper extended invitations to the leaders of Ethiopia and Malawi to further represent the continent of Africa along with South Africa, a G-20 member.^[62] Netherlands, Spain, Vietnam, and Nigeria were also invited.^[63] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the International Labour Organization, as well as Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Vietnam made their first G-20 summit attendances in Toronto.^[64] Recently designated heads of government, namely British prime minister David Cameron and Japanese prime minister Naoto Kan, made the G8 and G-20 summits their first international conferences.^[65] Australia's deputy prime minister, Wayne Swan, attended the summit as Julia Gillard had only just been appointed prime minister on June 24.^[65]

Toronto Pearson International Airport was the port of entry for delegates attending both the G8 and G-20 summits. French president Nicolas Sarkozy and Chinese president Hu Jintao were the first of the G-20 leaders to arrive in Canada. The arrival of Hu coincided with his state visit to Canada, hosted by Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean in Ottawa.^[66] Presidents Jacob Zuma of South Africa and Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria arrived on June 24.^[67] David Cameron arrived on June 25, following a short visit in Halifax to celebrate the centennial of the Canadian Forces Maritime Command. Remaining leaders with the G8 also arrived on the same day.^[65]

After the G8 summit in Huntsville, Ontario ended, Cameron, whose aircraft was grounded due to weather conditions, hitched a ride to Toronto in Marine One with American president Barack Obama.^[68] Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva cancelled his trip to stay back and monitor the situation on the recent flooding in northeastern Brazil; in his place, Guido Mantega, Brazil's finance minister, headed the nation's delegation.^[69]

The following participants of the Toronto summit include the members of the G-20 major economies, which comprises 19 countries and the European Union, which is represented by its two governing bodies, the European Council and the European Commission,^[70] as well as other nations and regional organizations invited to take part in the summit.

G-20 members Host nation and leader are indicated in bold text.
Member		Represented by	Title
	Argentina	Cristina Fernández de Kirchner^[71]	President
	Australia	Wayne Swan^[72]	Deputy Prime Minister
	Brazil	Guido Mantega^[73]	Finance Minister
	Canada	Stephen Harper^[74]	Prime Minister
	China	Hu Jintao^[75]	President
	France	Nicolas Sarkozy^[76]	President
	Germany	Angela Merkel^[77]	Chancellor
	India	Manmohan Singh^[78]	Prime Minister
	Indonesia	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono^[77]	President
	Italy	Silvio Berlusconi^[77]	Prime Minister
	Japan	Naoto Kan ^[77]	Prime Minister
	Mexico	Felipe Calderón ^[79]	President
	Russia	Dmitry Medvedev ^[77]	President
	Saudi Arabia	Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz ^[80]	King
	South Africa	Jacob Zuma ^[77]	President
	South Korea	Lee Myung-bak ^[81]	President
	Turkey	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ^[82]	Prime Minister
	United Kingdom	David Cameron ^[77]	Prime Minister
	United States	Barack Obama ^[77]	President
	European Commission	Jose Manuel Barroso^[83]	President
	European Council	Herman Van Rompuy ^[77]	President
Invited nations
Nation		Represented by	Title
	Ethiopia^[84]	Meles Zenawi^[77]	Prime Minister
	Malawi^[84]	Bingu wa Mutharika^[77]	President
	Netherlands^[84]	Jan Peter Balkenende^[85]	Prime Minister
	Nigeria^[63]	Goodluck Jonathan ^[77]	President
	Spain^[84]	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero^[86]	Prime Minister
	Vietnam^[84]	Nguyễn Tấn Dũng^[75]	Prime Minister
International organizations
Organization		Represented by	Title
	African Union	Bingu wa Mutharika ^[87]	Chairperson
	ASEAN	Surin Pitsuwan ^[88]	Secretary General
	ASEAN	Nguyễn Tấn Dũng ^[88]	Summit President
	Financial Stability Board	Mario Draghi ^[89]	Chairman
	International Labour Organization	Juan Somavía ^[90]	Director-General
	International Monetary Fund	Dominique Strauss-Kahn ^[76]	Managing Director
	NEPAD	Meles Zenawi ^[87]	Chairman
	OECD	José Ángel Gurría ^[91]	Secretary General
	United Nations	Ban Ki-moon ^[92]	Secretary General
	World Bank Group	Robert Zoellick ^[91]	President
	World Trade Organization	Pascal Lamy ^[76]	Director-General

Protests

The Toronto summit was the target of widespread protesting which occurred in Downtown Toronto during the week of the summit. Early opposition to the G-20 included an incident in Ottawa where a bank was firebombed by anarchists, who claimed they would be present during the G-20 summit in Toronto.^[93] The perceived security threat caused the Integrated Security Unit to increase security measures.^[94]

Protests began one week ahead of the summit, organized by groups including Oxfam Canada and the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty.^[95] Issues such as poverty,^[95] gay rights,^[96] capitalism and globalization,^[97] indigenous rights,^[98] and controversial issues with the Toronto summit were the object of protests.^[99] Despite a few arrests, protests over the week were mainly determined to be peaceful.^[100]

As the first day of the summit approached, protesters grew in numbers. Several streets were closed down for demonstrations on the debut of the summit. Peaceful protests were followed by black bloc tactics as individuals dressed in black dispersed from the crowd and began damaging the windows of particular businesses across Downtown Toronto, mostly fast food chains, retail stores and banks, as well as local businesses.^[101] Police cruisers were set on fire and vehicles of media corporations were damaged.^[102] Nearby hospitals, shopping centres, and hotels were put in a lockdown mode while public transit services were diverted from Downtown to other locations.^[103]

As security was further tightened and forces increased in presence the following day, protests against police brutality occurred in front of the Eastern Avenue temporary detention centre, where nearly 500 arrested individuals were kept from the previous day's riots.^[104] A group of protesters was also "kettled" for several hours through the night after black bloc protesters were believed to be in the crowd.^[105] Over 900 people were confirmed to be arrested over the week.^[106] The ISU performed sweeping arrests within a specific boundary from the summit venue.^[107] However, despite media coverage informing the public that officers had the power to demand identification and to detain people within five metres of the site, it was later found that no such law existed.^[108] Individuals arrested during the protests condemned the treatment they received from police.^[109]

Outcome

Prior to the Toronto summit, it was speculated that it would not see the same outcome as previous summits. This was partially due to most countries' entering recovery mode from the global economic recession after the past G-20 summits; thus, the likelihood of new issues being raised was minimal.^[110]

During the working dinner for G-20 leaders on the evening of June 26, South African president Jacob Zuma promoted more partnership between the international community and Africa for the development in the continent. "As Africa we bring to the G20 Summit the key message that we must, together as the developing and developed worlds, promote stronger and more effective and equal international partnerships for growth and development," he remarked.^[111]

At the summit, US president Barack Obama warned that global recovery was still "fragile."^[112] In hopes of boosting American exports, he announced the proposal of a free trade agreement between the United States and South Korea.^[113] A key agreement the leaders of deleveloped nations made was to cut annual budget deficits in half by 2013.^[114] The leaders also agreed on reducing debt-to-GDP ratio in each economy by 2016.^[114] The debate on imposing a tax on financial institutions was settled as the group decided that financial institutions would be required to make fair contributions to recover costs from the financial sector reform,^[115] but the way the contributions would be collected would be up to each government.^[116] It was also decided that institutions would be required to keep a higher amount of financial capital in case of future financial shocks.^[117] Climate change and food security were also discussed; the leaders reiterated their commitment to a "greener growth"^[118]

The G-20 Toronto Summit Declaration, which was released shortly after the summit concluded, stated that "serious challenges remain."^[119] According to the document, the challenges include high unemployment rates in various economies and the concurrent existence of the impact of the financial crisis. The International Monetary Fund, in its post-summit document, indicated that a speedy cut in deficits may substantially slow growth. In a publication titled Top Ten Commandments for Fiscal Adjustment in Advanced Economies, the organization insisted that balanced public spending could stabilize bond markets, reduce interest rates from less government spending, and encourage private investment. It also recommended that emerging economies such as China, which has largely benefited from trade surpluses, rely less on developed nations and increase their own spending in order to promote domestic demand.^[120]

Criticism

Financial costs

The financial costs of hosting the G8 and G-20 summits was the topic of several political debates and the target of criticism by local groups.^[121] The reasons for the large price for both summits were questioned by a few politicians and local groups. Members of Parliament Olivia Chow and Mark Holland labelled the initially claimed budget of $1.1-billion for hosting the summits as "obscene" and "insane" while others argued that the money could have been used for long-pending municipal projects in Canada,^[122] such as Toronto's Transit City.^[123] The security cost for the two summits was believed to be more expensive than the combined security costs of the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia, which were $878 million.^[124] However, according to final calculations from the House of Commons of Canada as of October 2010, the exact cost for holding both summits was $857,901,850.31,^[125] making it less expensive than the security costs for the 2010 Winter Olympics.

It was initially claimed that the summits stand as the most expensive ever held, with security costs for the London and Pittsburgh G-20 summits in 2009 reported as having been only $30 million and $18 million, respectively.^[126] However, the Canadian Parliamentary Budget Officer, Kevin Page, stated in his official report on the costs of the Huntsville and Toronto gatherings that other countries had not been as open about the full price for the similar meetings held there and that the $18 million figure for the Pittsburgh summit was merely for overtime pay for local police and the cost of law enforcement brought in from other regions.^[127] Ward Elcock, former Canadian Security Intelligence Service director and the chief of the Integrated Security Units for the Winter Olympics and the G8/G-20 summits, claimed that the security costs were in fact "comparable" with those of previous summits.^[122] Finance minister Jim Flaherty defended the security cost, claiming "it's necessary to spend substantially to have security. It's Canada's turn, and it's necessary that we either don't take our turn or pay the appropriate price to have the security that is necessary so that everyone is safe here in Toronto."^[128]

The creation of the $23-million G8/G-20 international media centre, which included the $1.9 million Experience Canada pavilion and $57,000 artificial lake, at the Exhibition Place was widely opposed and criticized by politicians as "a waste of taxpayers' money."^[129] Criticism mostly targeted Stephen Harper and Canada's Conservative government. Some protesting groups gave names to the artificial lake, such as "Harper's Folly".^[130] In a debate in the House of Commons, Mark Holland said, "Instead of hosting world leaders, maybe the government should consider party planning for Lady Gaga."^[131] According to some critics, the spending misled the objective of the summits into showing off Canada's attributes instead of promoting the summits' agendas.^[132] New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton condemned the Harper government, saying, "we've got a government here that has to create an artificial lake when Canada has more lakes than just about any other country in the world. It is the taxpayers who are going to end up at the bottom of the fake lake." Transport minister John Baird defended the artificial lake, saying that the summits gave a "chance to showcase the very best that [Canada] has to offer." Foreign affairs minister Lawrence Cannon said it was "normal practice" for a country to showcase its attributes while hosting world events.^[132] Harper also defended by saying, "This is a classic attempt for us to be able to market the country."^[133] Upon its opening, the artificial lake received mixed reviews from Canadian reporters.^[134]

Economic impact

The summit's economic impact was a major concern of a few local politicians and citizens. The municipal government of Toronto, as well as some public representatives, previously argued that the G-20 summit should be held at an isolated venue, such as the Exhibition Place, rather than the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, which is located in the city's central business district.^[135] As a result, during the aftermath of the protests during the summit, in which several downtown business were damaged during the June 26 riots, Miller urged the federal government to compensate for all the damages. It was initially outlined by the government that only damages to businesses within the security zone would be compensated. However, all damages occurred outside of the security zone. Some businesses in the downtown core suffered financially as a result.^[136] According to Member of Parliament John McCallum, "Stephen Harper made a huge mistake in holding this summit in downtown Toronto." According to the Toronto Star, at least 40 stores in the Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area suffered damages and one repair firm performed up to $750,000 in repairs.^[137]

International response

On June 17, the United States Department of State issued a travel alert for Toronto, warning tourists of the expected traffic disruptions and potentially violent protests during the G-20 summit. The alert, which was expected to expire on the last day of the summit, stated that "Even demonstrations that are meant to be peaceful can become violent and unpredictable."^[138] The alert was criticized by Mayor David Miller as an "over-reaction."^[139]

During the midst of Toronto summit, a few overseas reporters commented on Canada and the summits. A reporter of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) made positive remarks about Canada's economy, saying "The Canadians, it seems, have answers for even the toughest puzzles and they are keen to share their strategies with the rest of the world. Why in this economy, we all want to be Canadian." A writer in The New York Times made positive comments about the summits' preparations and natural beauty of the Muskoka region. Times of India and The Hindu commented on impacts on city life in Toronto due to the G-20 summit and the "unprecedented" security measures taken in Canada. A Reuters reporter, on the other hand, condemned the international media centre's artificial lake.^[140]

During the summit, French president Nicolas Sarkozy claimed that the costs for hosting the proposed G8 and G-20 summits in France in 2011 would be one-tenth of Canada's.^[141]

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External links

[washingtonexaminer1-1] 6:26 EDT (2010-05-28). "Canada says spending nearly $1 billion on security for G8 and G-20 summits is worth it". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2010-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[autogenerated1-2] "G-20 Toronto Summit | Le Sommet du G-20 à Toronto » Summit Themes". G20.gc.ca. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

[3] Canada (April 28, 2010). "Background: Summit Issues". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[4] "Prime Minister of Canada: Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada". Pm.gc.ca. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[5] Toronto Police Service. "Toronto Police Service :: To Serve and Protect". Torontopolice.on.ca. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[6] Alcoba, Natalie. "G8/G20: Gearing up for the biggest security event in Canadian history". Posted Toronto. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[7] "CBC News – Toronto – G8/G20 costs top $857M". Cbc.ca. 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2010-11-05.

[8] Wolverson, Roya. "The G20's Twenty Agendas," Backgrounder (Council on Foreign Relations). June 24, 2010.

[AlJazeeraRecession-9] Recession recovery tops G20 agenda Al Jazeera. June 28, 2010.

[10] ttp://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/06/20106255843987843.html >> G20 split over global recovery. Al Jazeera.

[11] IANS, Jun 25, 2010, 11.39 am IST. "PM to pitch for durable, balanced growth at G20 – India Business – Business – The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[12] Arsenault, Chris and Rhodri Davies. "G20:Battles within and outside". Al Jazeera (Qatar). June 28, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-29.

[13] "Forgotten goals". Al Jazeera (Qatar). June 28, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-29.

[14] "G-20: Toronto Mayor David Miller welcomes the world's media to the city". Ontario: Prnewswire.com. 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2010-09-02.

[15] "CBC News - Politics - PM greets G20 leaders amid protests". Cbc.ca. 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2010-06-27.

[Whittington-16] Les Whittington Ottawa Bureau (2010-06-26). "The G20 quandary – keep spending or start trimming deficits". Toronto: thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-27.

[17] Integrated Security Unit (ISU): "Metro Toronto Convention Centre will be the official venue of the G20 Summit in Toronto in June," February 19, 2010.

[18] "Peter Kuitenbrouwer: Downtown doesn't feel like home during G20 | Posted Toronto | National Post". News.nationalpost.com. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-06-29.

[19] "Protesters gather at Allan Gardens to oppose G20 Summit". InsideToronto Article. 2010-06-25. Retrieved 2010-06-29.

[20] Calgary Herald June 14, 2010 (2010-06-14). "Calgary police head to Toronto for massive G20 security effort". Calgaryherald.com. Retrieved 2010-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^{[dead link]}

[mondaq1-21] "Canada, Labour and Employment, Toronto G8 and G20 Summits – Employer Planning Issues – Bennett Jones LLP – 06/05/2010, Health & Safety". Mondaq.com. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[22] Canada (2010-05-06). "It's a bird, it's a plane, it's a terrifying display of military might". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[23] Susan Delacourt Ottawa Bureau (2010-05-28). "G20 security tab: What else could $1B buy?". Toronto: thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[24] "CTV Toronto – Security chief defends high cost of G8-G20 summits – CTV News". Toronto.ctv.ca. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

[thestar2-25] Javed, Noor (2010-06-18). "G20 survival guide". Toronto: thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[26] "Details of G20 fence announced". TheStar.com. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-05-28.

[27] Ormsby, Mary (2010-06-19). "Fortress Toronto: Secrets of the fence". thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.

[28] "G20: Toronto's controversial security fence cost $5.5-million | Posted Toronto | National Post". News.nationalpost.com. 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[29] "Police sound off on G20 security tools". Globalnational.com. 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[30] McLean, Jesse (2010-06-21). "Police add water cannon to G20 arsenal". Toronto: thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-24.

[31] "CTV Toronto – Protesters prepare for G20 demonstrations – CTV News". Toronto.ctv.ca. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[32] "Police chief reconfirms that Queen's Park will be designated protest area during G20 – CTV News, Shows and Sports – Canadian Television". CP24. 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[33] Canada (2010-05-04). "Keep those cards and letters coming ..." The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[34] "Trees could be removed around Metro Toronto Convention Centre for summit". 680News. 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[35] "G20: Is security going too far? – Point of View". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[36] "Fortress Toronto," National Post (Canada). June 2010.

[37] Canada. "Banks make plans for employees to work off-site during G20". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[toronto1-38] "CTV Toronto – Police ride herd as G20 protesters march the streets – CTV News". Toronto.ctv.ca. 2010-04-29. Retrieved 2010-06-22.

[39] "CTV Toronto – Amid G20 security concerns, CN Tower to be shut – CTV News". Toronto.ctv.ca. 2010-05-16. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[40] "CTV Toronto – U of T to shut down during G20 Summit – CTV News". Toronto.ctv.ca. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

[41] Canada. "Art Gallery of Ontario to shutter during G20 summit". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[42] Rob Ferguson Queen's Park Bureau (2010-06-03). "Legislature closing for G20 summit". Toronto: thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

[thestar1-43] Zwolinski, Mark (2010-05-11). "G20 summit scuppers Halladay's first trip to Toronto as a Philly". thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[nytimes1-44] The Associated Press (2010-05-11). "Halladay's Return To Toronto Is Rerouted to Philadelphia". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[theglobeandmail2-45] Canada. "Jays-Phillies series moving to Philadelphia". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[46] Bastian, Jordan (May 11, 2010). "Jays' set vs. Phillies moved to Philadelphia". Major League Baseball. Retrieved May 12, 2010.

[47] "Mamma Mia! G20 derails trains, Jays and plays". Vancouversun.com. 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-06-20. ^{[dead link]}

[48] "Canoe Jam! Theatre: G20 summit dims Toronto musicals". Jam.canoe.ca. 2010-06-04. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[49] The Canadian Press (2010-06-09). "G8-G20 wireless signal blockers unlikely to leave cell phone users in a jam". 680News. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[50] G20 should cause only token disruption of TTC | Toronto & GTA | News | Toronto Sun

[51] "CTV Toronto – Via Rail to close at Union Station during G20 – CTV News". Toronto.ctv.ca. 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

[52] "GuelphMercury.com – News – Guelph pilots face G20 security restrictions". News.guelphmercury.com. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-06-26.

[53] Canada (2010-05-05). "Business as usual for Porter?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-05-20.

[54] The Canadian Press (2010-06-18). "CBC News – Toronto – G20 forces Toronto school bus cancellations". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[55] Canada. "G20 notebook: Police rehearsing crowd control". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[56] "G-20 Toronto Summit | Le Sommet du G-20 à Toronto » Media Centre". G20.gc.ca. 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

[57] "CTV Ottawa- G8/G20 organizer says marketing Canada worth cost – CTV News". Ottawa.ctv.ca. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[58] Muskoka 2010 G-8 | Le Sommet du G-8 de 2010 à Muskoka

[59] Canada. "Ottawa steered clear of corporate sponsorships for G8-G20". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[thestar3-60] Heather Scoffield The Canadian Press (2010-06-07). "Fake lake part of $1.9M G20/G8 Toronto media centre". thestar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[61] "CBC News – Canada – PM defends G8 fake lake pavilion". Cbc.ca. 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

[62] "Canadian Prime Minister invites Malawi, Ethiopia, for G20 summit in Toronto". New Sudan Vision (Sudan). May 5, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-28. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[punchng1-63] "Canada invites Nigeria to G20 summit". Punch (Nigeria). June 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-28. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[64] "Prime Minister of Canada: PM announces participation of key leaders at the Toronto G-20 Summit this June". Prime Minister's official website (Canada). May 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-28.; Moulid, Hussein. "Ethiopias Zenawi, Four Other Leaders Invited To Join G20 Toronto Summit". All Headline News (US). May 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-28. {{cite web}}: C1 control character in |title= at position 9 (help)

[toronto2-65] "Leaders arrive in Canada ahead of G8/G20 summits". CTV (Canada). June 24, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-28.

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 }}
-The '''2010 G-20 Toronto summit''' was the [[List of G-20 summits|fourth meeting]] of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]] [[Head of government|heads of government]].  They came together to discuss the [[global financial system]] and the [[world economy]], which took place at the [[Metro Toronto Convention Centre]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada, during June 26–27, 2010. Twenty-one representatives of the G-20 major economies came together in Toronto.  In addition, leaders of six invited nations and eight [[intergovernmental organizations]] participated in the summit.
+The '''2010 G-20 Toronto summit''' was the [[List of G-20 summits|fourth meeting]] of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]] [[Head of government|heads of government]], in discussion of the [[global financial system]] and the [[world economy]], which took place at the [[Metro Toronto Convention Centre]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada, during June 26–27, 2010. The summit was initially proposed to be held in the town of [[Huntsville, Ontario]], where the immediately preceding [[36th G8 summit]] was hosted by [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian prime minister]] [[Stephen Harper]]. The town was later deemed insufficient to provide hospitality for the large number of G-20 delegates and journalists and the G-20 summit was thus later finalized to take place in Toronto.<ref name=washingtonexaminer1>{{cite web|author=6:26 EDT |url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/world/canada-says-spending-nearly-1-billion-on-security-for-g-8-and-g-20-summits-is-worth-it-95107194.html |title=Canada says spending nearly {{Nowrap|$1 billion}} on security for G8 and G-20 summits is worth it |publisher=Washington Examiner |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref>
-The theme of the Toronto summit was "Recovery and New Beginnings."<ref>Simon, Bernard. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2f8bf6fe-7d8c-11df-a0f5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1IlUcwHHI  "G8 and G20: Harper puts recovery at heart of agendas,"] ''Financial Times'' (UK). June 25, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06; Harper, Stephen. [http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/newsdesk/g8g20/g8g20-harper-en.html "Recovery and New Beginnings,"] G-20 Information Centre (University of Toronto), retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>The summit provided an opportunity for the leaders to discuss plans to ameliorate the impact of the [[Late-2000s recession|ongoing world recession]]. The summit's priorities included evaluating the progress of financial reform, developing sustainable stimulus measures, debating [[bank tax|global bank tax]], and promoting [[open market]]s.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/background-summit-issues/article1547024/ "Background: Summit Issues,"] ''Globe and Mail'' (Canada). April 28, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+In his welcome speech at the G-20 [[Sherpa (emissary)|sherpas]]' meeting, Harper announced that the theme of the Toronto summit would be "recovery and new beginnings,"<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://g20.gc.ca/toronto-summit/summit-themes/ |title=G-20 Toronto Summit &#124; Le Sommet du G-20 à Toronto » Summit Themes |publisher=G20.gc.ca |date=2010-01-21 |accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref> referring to an [[economic stimulus]] from the impact of the [[Late-2000s recession|ongoing world recession]]. The summit's priorities included evaluating the progress of financial reform, developing sustainable stimulus measures,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> debating [[bank tax|global bank tax]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/background-summit-issues/article1547024/ |title=Background: Summit Issues |publisher=Globe and Mail |date=April 28, 2010 |accessdate=2010-06-20}}</ref> and promoting [[open market]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3209 |title=Prime Minister of Canada: Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada |publisher=Pm.gc.ca |date= |accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> Alongside the twenty-one representatives of the G-20 major economies, leaders of six invited nations, and eight additional [[intergovernmental organizations]] also took part in the summit.
+An [[Integrated Security Unit]] consisting of police officers from different regional departments began working on security in the [[Downtown Toronto|Downtown area]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Toronto Police Service |url=http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/g20/ |title=Toronto Police Service :: To Serve and Protect |publisher=Torontopolice.on.ca |date= |accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> where the venue was located, three months ahead of the summit. The event was part of the largest and most expensive security operation in [[History of Canada|Canadian history]] and the total cost for preparations,<ref>{{cite web|author=Alcoba, Natalie|url=http://network.nationalpost.com/NP/blogs/toronto/archive/2010/02/22/g8-g20-gearing-up-for-the-biggest-security-event-in-canadian-history.aspx#ixzz0gXPVjsqt |title=G8/G20: Gearing up for the biggest security event in Canadian history|publisher=Posted Toronto |date= |accessdate=2010-06-20}}</ref> including security, infrastructure, and hospitality, was determined to be approximately [[Canadian dollar|C$]]858 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/11/05/g20-costs-tabled.html |title=CBC News – Toronto – G8/G20 costs top $857M |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2010-11-05 |accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref>
 ==Agenda==
-Each leader of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]] brought their own agenda to the summit.<ref>Wolverson, Roya. [http://www.cfr.org/publication/22542/g20s_twenty_agendas.html?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2Fby_type%2Fbackgrounder "The G20's Twenty Agendas,"] ''Council on Foreign Relations'' (US). June 24, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06</ref> The prime focus of the summit discussions was the recovery from the ongoing [[Late-2000s recession|global recession]] and the [[2010 European sovereign debt crisis|European debt crisis]].
+Each leader of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]] brought their own agenda to the summit.<ref>Wolverson, Roya. [http://www.cfr.org/publication/22542/g20s_twenty_agendas.html?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2Fby_type%2Fbackgrounder "The G20's Twenty Agendas,"] [http://www.cfr.org/publication/22542/g20s_twenty_agendas.html?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2Fby_type%2Fbackgrounder ''Backgrounder''] ([[Council on Foreign Relations]]). June 24, 2010.</ref> The prime issue of the summit was the recovery from the ongoing [[Late-2000s recession|global recession]] and the more recent [[2010 European sovereign debt crisis|European debt crisis]].<ref name=AlJazeeraRecession>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/2010/06/2010627114252622620.html Recession recovery tops G20 agenda] Al Jazeera. June 28, 2010.</ref> However, the leaders were divided over strategies on tackling the problem. The [[European Union]] wanted to focus on [[austerity]] to cut their deficits, while the [[United States]] sought to maintain [[economic stimulus]] spending to encourage growth.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/06/20106255843987843.html >> G20 split over global recovery.  Al Jazeera.</ref> [[India]] was said to pitch for "durable, balanced and sustainable" global growth.<ref>{{cite web|author=IANS, Jun 25, 2010, {{Nowrap|11.39 am}} IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-to-pitch-for-durable-balanced-growth-at-G20/articleshow/6089729.cms |title=PM to pitch for durable, balanced growth at G20 – India Business – Business – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref>
+A divide arose between [[People's Republic of China|China]], India, and the United States, who favoured increased stimulus funding to alleviate the recession, and the countries of the European Union, who favoured a reduction in spending and balanced budgets. The idea of imposing [[tax]]es on financial institutions, such as a global [[bank tax]] and the [[Robin Hood tax]], which is supported by countries of the European Union but opposed by the United States and [[Canada]], was another issue to be discussed at the summit.<ref>Arsenault, Chris and Rhodri Davies. {{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/06/201062571713780493.html |title=G20:Battles within and outside|publisher=Al Jazeera (Qatar) |date= June 28, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-29}}</ref> [[International development]] was also on the agenda, as well as requests to increase [[international aid]] to [[Africa]] and other developing nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/insidestory/2010/06/2010624125511683950.html |title=Forgotten goals.|publisher=Al Jazeera (Qatar)|date= June 28, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-29}}</ref> Also on the agenda was discussion of [[Israel]]'s [[2007–present blockade of the Gaza Strip|Gaza strip blockade]] and the nuclear programs of [[North Korea]], each of which was met with criticism. The situation in Gaza was called "unsustainable", while the nuclear programs were considered very concerning for global and regional security.<ref name=AlJazeeraRecession/> Corruption and security in [[Afghanistan]] was also an issue raised by the United States.
-Summit leaders were divided over which strategies would be best for tackling these problems. The [[European Union]] emphasized the need for focusing on [[austerity]] to cut their deficits.  In contrast, the [[United States]] emphasized the importance of maintaining [[economic stimulus]] spending in order to encourage growth.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/2010/06/2010627114252622620.html "Recession recovery tops G20 agenda,"] ''Al Jazeera'' (Qatar). June 28, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06</ref>
+On June 24, [[Mayor of Toronto|Toronto mayor]] [[David Miller (Canadian politician)|David Miller]] held a news conference at the International Media Centre, set up at the [[Exhibition Place]], welcoming media from around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/g-20-toronto-mayor-david-miller-welcomes-the-worlds-media-to-the-city-97096999.html |title=G-20: Toronto Mayor David Miller welcomes the world's media to the city |location=Ontario |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=2010-06-24 |accessdate=2010-09-02}}</ref> Leaders of the [[G8]] arrived in Toronto after wrapping up their [[36th G8 summit|meeting]] in [[Huntsville, Ontario]]. During the afternoon of June 26, the rest of the G-20 leaders arrived to take part in the G-20 summit. That evening, [[Stephen Harper]] formally welcomed the G-20 leaders to the summit and a working dinner was arranged<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/politics/story/2010/06/26/g20-summit-leaders-meet.html |title=CBC News - Politics - PM greets G20 leaders amid protests |publisher=Cbc.ca |date= 2010-06-27|accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref> at the [[Fairmont Royal York|Fairmont Royal York Hotel]].<ref name="Whittington">{{cite news|author=Les Whittington Ottawa Bureau |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/829169--the-g20-quandary-keep-spending-or-start-trimming-deficits |title=The G20 quandary – keep spending or start trimming deficits |publisher=thestar.com |date= 2010-06-26|accessdate=2010-06-27 | location=Toronto}}</ref> The following day, June 27, the formal summit meeting began during the morning.
-In summit discussions, the countries of the European Union explained their projected plans for a reduction in spending and balanced budgets.  A different approach was favoured by the [[People's Republic of China|China]], India, and the United States, explaining plans for increased stimulus funding to alleviate the recession.
-The possibility of imposing [[tax]]es on financial institutions was discussed. Among the specifics considered were a global [[bank tax]] and a [[Robin Hood tax]], which are supported by the European Union. These specific proposals were opposed by the United States and [[Canada]].<ref>Davies, Rhodri. [http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/06/201062571713780493.html "G20:Battles within and outside,"] ''Al Jazeera'' (Qatar). June 28, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
-Other topics of concern were [[international development]] and increased [[international aid]] to [[Africa]] and other developing nations.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/insidestory/2010/06/2010624125511683950.html "Forgotten goals,"] ''Al Jazeera'' (Qatar). June 28, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>  Criticism of [[Israel]]'s [[2007–present blockade of the Gaza Strip|Gaza strip blockade]] was a topic of discussion.  Also, criticism of the nuclear programs of [[North Korea]] another topic of discussion. Issues of corruption and security in [[Afghanistan]] was raised by the United States.
 == Preparations ==
 {{Main|2010 G-20 Toronto summit preparations}}
-Initial plans for the summit in the town of [[Huntsville, Ontario]] were set aside. The site of the [[36th G8 summit]] was too small, and accommodations were to limited for the large numbers of delegates and journalists who were expected to attend.  The venue was moved to Toronto.
 === Security ===
 [[File:Fences Are Up Toronto 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Security fencing erected along the middle of Wellington Street]]
+Security officials began preparing for summit security in Toronto around mid-February 2010.<ref>[http://www.g8-g20isu.ca/g20/about-apropos-eng.htm  Integrated Security Unit (ISU)]: [http://www.g8-g20isu.ca/g20/news-nouvelles/10-02-19-eng.htm  "Metro Toronto Convention Centre will be the official venue of the G20 Summit in Toronto in June,"] February 19, 2010.</ref> General policing and patrolling was provided by the [[Toronto Police Service]], the [[Ontario Provincial Police]], the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]], and the [[Canadian Forces]], while the [[Peel Regional Police]] aided in policing at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] in [[Mississauga]] during the arrivals of delegates. The five departments formed an [[Integrated Security Unit]] (ISU), similar to the ISU created during the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in [[Vancouver]]. Additional officers were deployed from [[York Regional Police]], [[Halton Regional Police Service]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/22/peter-kuitenbrouwer-downtown-doesnt-feel-like-home-during-g20/ |title=Peter Kuitenbrouwer: Downtown doesn’t feel like home during G20 &#124; Posted Toronto &#124; National Post |publisher=News.nationalpost.com |date=2010-06-21 |accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> [[Barrie Police Service]], [[Waterloo Regional Police Service]], [[Niagara Regional Police Service]], [[Hamilton Police Service]], [[Ottawa Police Service]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidetoronto.com/news/article/839309--protesters-gather-at-allan-gardens-to-oppose-g20-summit |title=Protesters gather at Allan Gardens to oppose G20 Summit |publisher=InsideToronto Article |date=2010-06-25 |accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> and [[Service de police de la Ville de Montréal]]. [[Calgary Police Service]] supplied 150 volunteer police officers a week before the summit.<ref>{{cite web|author=Calgary Herald June 14, 2010 |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Calgary+police+head+Toronto+massive+security+effort/3150428/story.html |title=Calgary police head to Toronto for massive G20 security effort |publisher=Calgaryherald.com |date=2010-06-14 |accessdate=2010-06-22}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
+According to an early estimate by the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', 10,000 uniformed police officers, 1,000 security guards, and several Canadian military forces were to be deployed during the summit.<ref name=mondaq1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mondaq.com/canada/article.asp?articleid=99928 |title=Canada, Labour and Employment, Toronto G8 and G20 Summits – Employer Planning Issues – Bennett Jones LLP – 06/05/2010, Health & Safety |publisher=Mondaq.com |date=2010-05-06 |accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> The [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) conducted [[Amalgam Virgo]] exercises on May 6 and 7 across the [[Greater Toronto Area]] using [[CF-18 Hornet]] jets, [[CH-124 Sea King]]s, and [[CH-146 Griffon]] helicopters at low altitudes.<ref>{{cite news|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/blog-local-view/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-its-a-terrifying-display-of-military-might/article1558886/ |title=It's a bird, it's a plane, it's a terrifying display of military might |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date=2010-05-06 |accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> The total cost for security at both the G8 and the G-20 summits was determined to be {{Nowrap|$1 billion<!--THIS IS ONLY THE ESTIMATE THAT WAS GIVEN BEFORE THE SUMMIT. DO NOT CHANGE TO THE ACTUAL VALUE THAT WAS CALCULATED AFTER THE SUMMIT. SEE THE REFERENCE.-->}},<ref>{{cite news|author=Susan Delacourt Ottawa Bureau |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/816123--what-can-1-billion-buy?bn=1 |title=G20 security tab: What else could $1B buy? |publisher=thestar.com |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2010-06-20 | location=Toronto}}</ref> paid entirely by the [[Government of Canada|federal Crown]]-[[Queen-in-Council|in-Council]], excluding the costs of any possible damage to local business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100528/g8-g20-costs-page-100528/20100528/?hub=TorontoNewHome |title=CTV Toronto – Security chief defends high cost of G8-G20 summits – CTV News |publisher=Toronto.ctv.ca |date= |accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref>
-An [[Integrated Security Unit]] (ISU) comprised of the Toronto Police Service, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Ontario Provincial Police, the Peel Regional Police Service and the Canadian Forces worked together to develop security plans and preparations.<ref>Toronto Police Service. [http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/g20/ "G20 Toronto,"] retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>  The summit ISU was similar to the one created during the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in [[Vancouver]]. Additional officers were deployed from [[York Regional Police]], [[Halton Regional Police Service]],<ref>Kuitenbrouwer, Peter. [http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/22/peter-kuitenbrouwer-downtown-doesnt-feel-like-home-during-g20/ "Downtown doesn’t feel like home during G20,"] ''National Post'' (Canada). June 21, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref> [[Barrie Police Service]], [[Waterloo Regional Police Service]], [[Niagara Regional Police Service]], [[Hamilton Police Service]], [[Ottawa Police Service]],<ref>Skinner, Justin. [http://www.insidetoronto.com/news/article/839309--protesters-gather-at-allan-gardens-to-oppose-g20-summit "Protesters gather at Allan Gardens to oppose G20 Summit,"] ''InsideToronto'' (Canada). June 25, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref> and [[Service de police de la Ville de Montréal]]. [[Calgary Police Service]] supplied 150 volunteer police officers a week before the summit.<ref>"Calgary police head to Toronto for massive G20 security effort," ''Calgary Herald'' (Canada). June 14, 2010</ref>
-More than 11,000 uniformed police officers, security guards, and Canadian military forces were deployed during the summit.<ref name=mondaq1>Currie, Mary Beth. [http://www.mondaq.com/canada/article.asp?articleid=99928 "Toronto G8 and G20 Summits,"] Mondaq (UK). June 5, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref> The [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) conducted [[Amalgam Virgo]] exercises on May 6 and 7 across the [[Greater Toronto Area]] using [[CF-18 Hornet]] jets, [[CH-124 Sea King]]s, and [[CH-146 Griffon]] helicopters at low altitudes.<ref>{{cite news|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/blog-local-view/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-its-a-terrifying-display-of-military-might/article1558886/ |title=It's a bird, it's a plane, it's a terrifying display of military might |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date=2010-05-06 |accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> The total cost for security at both the G8 and the G-20 summits was determined to be {{Nowrap|$1 billion<!--THIS IS ONLY THE ESTIMATE THAT WAS GIVEN BEFORE THE SUMMIT. DO NOT CHANGE TO THE ACTUAL VALUE THAT WAS CALCULATED AFTER THE SUMMIT. SEE THE REFERENCE.-->}},<ref>{{cite news|author=Susan Delacourt Ottawa Bureau |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/816123--what-can-1-billion-buy?bn=1 |title=G20 security tab: What else could $1B buy? |publisher=thestar.com |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2010-06-20 | location=Toronto}}</ref> paid entirely by the [[Government of Canada|federal Crown]]-[[Queen-in-Council|in-Council]], excluding the costs of any possible damage to local business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100528/g8-g20-costs-page-100528/20100528/?hub=TorontoNewHome |title=CTV Toronto – Security chief defends high cost of G8-G20 summits – CTV News |publisher=Toronto.ctv.ca |date= |accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref>
 The Integrated Security Unit created a security perimeter, beginning with the outer boundary, specifically bordered by [[King Street (Toronto)|King Street]] to the north, [[Lakeshore Boulevard]] to the south, [[Yonge Street]] to the east, and [[Spadina Avenue]] to the west, where vehicles were to be restricted during the summit dates.<ref name="mondaq1"/> Residents who lived within the security zone were issued registration cards prior to the summit and other pedestrians who wished to enter the security zone were only able to do so at one of 38 checkpoints, where they were required to present two pieces of [[photo identification]] and provide reasoning for entry.<ref name=thestar2>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/825713--g20-survival-guide |title=G20 survival guide |publisher=thestar.com |date= 2010-06-18|accessdate=2010-06-20 | location=Toronto | first=Noor | last=Javed}}</ref> The area surrounding the [[Metro Toronto Convention Centre]] itself was fenced and off limits to civilians and protesters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestar.blogs.com/g20/2010/05/details-of-g20-red-zone-announced.html |title= Details of G20 fence announced |publisher=TheStar.com |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref> The {{convert|3|m|ft|0|adj=on}} high fence, contracted to [[SNC-Lavalin]] by [[Public Works and Government Services Canada]] and installed by two [[Gormley, Ontario]]-based companies,<ref>{{cite news|last=Ormsby |first=Mary |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/825908--fortress-toronto-secrets-of-the-fence |title=Fortress Toronto: Secrets of the fence |publisher=thestar.com |date=2010-06-19 |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref> was built at a cost of {{Nowrap|$5.5-million}} and began erection on June 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/10/g20-torontos-controversial-security-fence-cost-5-5-million/ |title=G20: Toronto's controversial security fence cost $5.5-million &#124; Posted Toronto &#124; National Post |publisher=News.nationalpost.com |date=2010-06-10 |accessdate=2010-06-20}}</ref> Toronto Police Service installed 77 additional [[closed-circuit television]] security cameras in the area and purchased four [[Long Range Acoustic Device]]s which were to be in use exclusively during the summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalnational.com/Toronto+Police+sound+security+tools/3108050/story.html |title=Police sound off on G20 security tools |publisher=Globalnational.com |date=2010-06-03 |accessdate=2010-06-20}}</ref> The ISU decided on also using [[water cannon]]s for [[riot control]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/826245--police-add-water-cannon-to-g20-arsenal?bn=1 |title=Police add water cannon to G20 arsenal |publisher=thestar.com |date= 2010-06-21|accessdate=2010-06-24 | location=Toronto | first=Jesse | last=McLean}}</ref>
-Security costs were a significant element of the approximately [[Canadian dollar|C$]]858 million total costs.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/11/05/g20-costs-tabled.html "G8/G20 costs top $857M,"] CBC News (Canada). November 5, 2010, retrieved 2011-03-06</ref>
 === Infrastructure ===
@@ Line 66: / Line 59: @@
 == Attendance ==
 [[File:G-20-2.jpg|thumb|Participants of the summit gather for a conventional "family photo"]]
-Participants of the Toronto summit were announced by [[Stephen Harper]] on May 8, 2010. Harper extended invitations to the leaders of [[Ethiopia]] and [[Malawi]] to further represent the interests of Africa.<ref>[http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2127:canadian-prime-minister-invites-malawi-ethiopia-for-g20-summit-in-toronto&catid=3:international&Itemid=10 "Canadian Prime Minister invites Malawi, Ethiopia, for G20 summit in Toronto,"] ''New Sudan Vision'' (Sudan). May 5, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>  [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Nigeria]] were also invited.<ref name=punchng1>[http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20100602522784 "Canada invites Nigeria to G20 summit,"] ''Punch'' (Nigeria). June 2, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+Participants of the Toronto summit were announced by [[Stephen Harper]] on May 8, 2010. Harper extended invitations to the leaders of [[Ethiopia]] and [[Malawi]] to further represent the continent of Africa along with [[South Africa]], a G-20 member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2127:canadian-prime-minister-invites-malawi-ethiopia-for-g20-summit-in-toronto&catid=3:international&Itemid=10 |title=Canadian Prime Minister invites Malawi, Ethiopia, for G20 summit in Toronto |publisher=''New Sudan Vision'' (Sudan)|date= May 5, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref>
+[[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Nigeria]] were also invited.<ref name=punchng1>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20100602522784|title=Canada invites Nigeria to G20 summit|publisher=''Punch'' (Nigeria)|date= June 2, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>  The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] and the [[International Labour Organization]], as well as Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Vietnam made their first G-20 summit attendances in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1&id=3342 |title=Prime Minister of Canada: PM announces participation of key leaders at the Toronto G-20 Summit this June|publisher=Prime Minister's official website (Canada) |date= May 8, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28}}; Moulid, Hussein. {{cite web|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7018646957 |title=Ethiopias Zenawi, Four Other Leaders Invited To Join G20 Toronto Summit|publisher=All Headline News (US) |date= May 10, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref> Recently designated heads of government, namely [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British prime minister]] [[David Cameron]] and [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese prime minister]] [[Naoto Kan]], made the [[36th G8 summit|G8]] and G-20 summits their first international [[diplomatic conference|conferences]].<ref name="toronto2">{{cite web|url=http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100624/g8-g20-leaders-arrive-100624/20100624/?hub=TorontoNewHome |title=Leaders arrive in Canada ahead of G8/G20 summits |publisher=CTV (Canada) |date= June 24, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref> Australia's deputy prime minister, [[Wayne Swan]], attended the summit as [[Julia Gillard]] had only just been appointed prime minister on June 24.<ref name="toronto2" />
-The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] and the [[International Labour Organization]], as well as Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Vietnam made their first G-20 summit attendances in Toronto.<ref>[http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1&id=3342 "Prime Minister of Canada: PM announces participation of key leaders at the Toronto G-20 Summit this June,"] Prime Minister's official website (Canada). May 8, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+[[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] was the [[port of entry]] for delegates attending both the G8 and G-20 summits. French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and Chinese president [[Hu Jintao]] were the first of the G-20 leaders to arrive in Canada. The arrival of Hu coincided with his [[state visit]] to Canada, hosted by [[Governor General of Canada]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] in [[Ottawa]].<ref>Zhang Xiang. {{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/17/c_13354870.htm |title=Chinese president to visit Canada, attend G20 summit |publisher=Xinhua (China) |date= June 17, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}; Delacourt, Susan. {{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/827903 |title=Hu visit sign of 'enduring friendship,' Jean says |publisher=''Toronto Star'' (Canada) |date= June 25, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 | first=Susan | last=Delacourt}}</ref> Presidents [[Jacob Zuma]] of South Africa and [[Goodluck Jonathan]] of Nigeria arrived on June 24.<ref name="leaders_begin">{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/827910--leaders-begin-arriving-for-g8-g20?bn=1 |title=Leaders begin arriving for G8, G20 |publisher=''Toronto Star'' (Canada) |date= June 24, 2010 |accessdate= 2010-09-28}}</ref> David Cameron arrived on June 25, following a short visit in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] to celebrate the centennial of the [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command]]. Remaining leaders with the G8 also arrived on the same day.<ref name=toronto2 />
-Recently designated heads of government, namely [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British prime minister]] [[David Cameron]] and [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese prime minister]] [[Naoto Kan]], made the [[36th G8 summit|G8]] and G-20 summits their first international [[diplomatic conference|conferences]].<ref name="toronto2">[http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20100624/g8-g20-leaders-arrive-100624/20100624/?hub=TorontoNewHome "Leaders arrive in Canada ahead of G8/G20 summits,"] CTV (Canada). June 24, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+After the G8 summit in [[Huntsville, Ontario]] ended, Cameron, whose aircraft was grounded due to weather conditions, hitched a ride to Toronto in [[Marine One]] with American president [[Barack Obama]].<ref>Wardell, Jane {{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/06/28/britains_cameron_bolsters_reputation_at_summits/ |title=Britain's Cameron bolsters reputation at summits |publisher=''Boston Globe'' (US) |date= June 28, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 | first=Jane | last=Wardell}}</ref> [[Brazil]]ian [[President of Brazil|president]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] cancelled his trip to stay back and monitor the situation on [[2010 northeastern Brazil floods|the recent flooding in northeastern Brazil]]; in his place, [[Guido Mantega]], Brazil's finance minister, headed the nation's delegation.<ref>Dantas, Iuri. {{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-25/lula-will-skip-g-20-summit-to-oversee-brazil-flood-relief-official-says.html |title=Lula Will Skip G-20 Summit to Oversee Brazil Flood Relief, Official Says |publisher=Bloomberg (US) |date= June 25, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref>
-Australia's deputy prime minister, [[Wayne Swan]], attended the summit as [[Julia Gillard]] had only just been appointed prime minister on June 24.<ref name="toronto2" />
+The following participants of the Toronto summit include the members of the [[G-20 major economies]], which comprises 19 countries and the [[European Union]], which is represented by its two governing bodies, the [[European Council]] and the [[European Commission]],<ref>Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx   "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part&nbsp;IV),"] Brookings Institution (US). March 27, 2009, retrieved 2010-09-28; [http://canadainternational.gc.ca/g20/about-a_propos/members-membres.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=13&menu=L Canada, G20 members], retrieved 2010-09-28</ref> as well as other nations and regional organizations invited to take part in the summit.
-===Core participants===
-The leaders at the Toronto summit included the members of the [[G-20 major economies]], which comprises 19 countries and the [[European Union]], which is represented by its two governing bodies, the [[European Council]] and the [[European Commission]].<ref>Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx   "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part&nbsp;IV),"] Brookings Institution (US). March 27, 2009, retrieved 2011-04-06; [http://canadainternational.gc.ca/g20/about-a_propos/members-membres.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=13&menu=L "G20 members,"] Government of Canada, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
 [[File:Obama and Cameron in Toronto 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Barack Obama]] (right) and [[David Cameron]] (centre) arrive after travelling together on [[Marine One]] from [[Huntsville, Ontario]]]]
@@ Line 90: / Line 81: @@
 ! {{flagicon|ARG}}
 | [[Argentina]]
-| [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]<ref>Campanario, Sebastián. [http://www.losandes.com.ar/notas/2010/6/26/politica-498796.asp "Cristina dirá ante las potencias que no hay una sola salida para la crisis,"] ''Los Andes'' (Argentina). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]<ref>Campanario, Sebastián. {{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/notas/2010/6/26/politica-498796.asp|title=Cristina dirá ante las potencias que no hay una sola salida para la crisis|publisher=''Los Andes'' (Argentina)|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate= 2010-09-28}}</ref>
 | [[President of Argentina|President]]
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|AUS}}
 | [[Australia]]
-| [[Wayne Swan]]<ref>O'Malley, Sandra [http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/swan-to-take-international-stage-at-g20-20100626-zahn.html "Swan to take International Stage at G20,"] ''Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Wayne Swan]]<ref>O'Malley, Sandra. {{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/swan-to-take-international-stage-at-g20-20100626-zahn.html|title=Swan to take International Stage at G20|publisher=''Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia)|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 | first=Sandra | last=O'Malley}}</ref>
 | [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]]
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|Brazil}}
 | [[Brazil]]
-| [[Guido Mantega]]<ref>Xavier, Luciana. [http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/internacional,g-20-deve-definir-meta-de-reforma-para-aprovacao-em-novembro,572584,0.htm "''G-20 deve definir meta de reform a para aprovação em novembro'',"] ''Estadão'' (Brazil). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06; Moura, Fabiola. [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-26/brazil-calls-draconian-goal-to-halve-g-20-nations-deficits.html "Brazil Calls 'Draconian' Goal to Halve G-20 Nations' Deficits,"] ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' (US). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Guido Mantega]]<ref>Xavier, Luciana. {{cite web|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/internacional,g-20-deve-definir-meta-de-reforma-para-aprovacao-em-novembro,572584,0.htm|title=''G-20 deve definir meta de reform a para aprovação em novembro''|publisher=''Estadão'' (Brazil)|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}; Moura, Fabiola. {{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-26/brazil-calls-draconian-goal-to-halve-g-20-nations-deficits.html|title=Brazil Calls 'Draconian' Goal to Halve G-20 Nations' Deficits|publisher=''Bloomberg Businessweek'' (US)|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate= 2010-09-28}}</ref>
 | [[Ministry of Finance (Brazil)|Finance Minister]]
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|CAN}}
 | '''[[Canada]]'''
-| '''[[Stephen Harper]]'''<ref>G20 Research Group. [http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2010/to-participants.html|title=G20 "Toronto Summit Participants,"] G20 Information Centre (Canada).  retrieved 2011-04-06; [http://canadainternational.gc.ca/g20/about-a_propos/canada-canada.aspx?lang=eng "Prime Minister's biography,"] Government of Canada, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| '''[[Stephen Harper]]'''<ref>{{cite web|author=G20 Research Group|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2010/to-participants.html|title=G20 Toronto Summit Participants|publisher=G20 Information Centre|date=|accessdate=2010-09-20}}; {{cite web|author=G-20 official website|url=http://canadainternational.gc.ca/g20/about-a_propos/canada-canada.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada|publisher=Government of Canada|date= |accessdate= }} retrieved 2010-09-20</ref>
 | '''[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]'''
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|China}}
 | [[People's Republic of China|China]]
-| [[Hu Jintao]]<ref name="lin">Lin Zhi. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-06/27/c_13371332.htm "G20 leaders meet in Toronto as world seeks sustained recovery,"] ''Xinhua'' (China). June 27, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Hu Jintao]]<ref name="lin">Lin Zhi. {{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-06/27/c_13371332.htm|title=G20 leaders meet in Toronto as world seeks sustained recovery|publisher=Xinhua (China)|date= June 27, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]]
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|FRA}}
 | [[France]]
-| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]<ref name="gubert">Gubert, Romain. [http://www.lepoint.fr/business/quatre-francais-pour-rien-26-06-2010-470729_51.php "''Quatre Français pour rien'',"] ''Le Point'' (France). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]<ref name="gubert">Gubert, Romain. {{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/business/quatre-francais-pour-rien-26-06-2010-470729_51.php|title=''Quatre Français pour rien''|publisher=''Le Point'' (France)|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[President of France|President]]
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|Germany}}
 | [[Germany]]
-| [[Angela Merkel]]<ref name="macleans_arrive">[http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/ "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit,"] ''Maclean's'' (Canada). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Angela Merkel]]<ref name="macleans_arrive">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/|title=The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit|publisher=''Maclean's''|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|Chancellor]]
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|IND}}
 | [[India]]
-| [[Manmohan Singh]]<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Packed-schedule-awaits-Manmohan-Singh-in-Toronto/Article1-563329.aspx "Packed Schedule Awaits Manmohan Singh in Toronto,"] ''The Hindustan Times'' (India). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Manmohan Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Packed-schedule-awaits-Manmohan-Singh-in-Toronto/Article1-563329.aspx|title=Packed Schedule Awaits Manmohan Singh in Toronto|publisher=''The Hindustan Times'' (India)|date= June 26, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
 |-
@@ Line 145: / Line 136: @@
 ! {{flagicon|MEX}}
 | [[Mexico]]
-| [[Felipe Calderón]] <ref>[http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=515014 "''Arriba Calderón a Toronto para participar en Cumbre de G-20'',"] ''La Crónica de Hoy'' (Mexico). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Felipe Calderón]] <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=515014|title=''Arriba Calderón a Toronto para participar en Cumbre de G-20''|publisher=''La Crónica de Hoy'' (Mexico)|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[President of Mexico|President]]
 |-
@@ Line 155: / Line 146: @@
 ! {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}
 | [[Saudi Arabia]]
-| [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz]] <ref>Husain, Syed  Rachid. [http://arabnews.com/world/article74663.ece "G20 leaders agree to disagree,"] ''Arab News'' (Saudi Arabia). June 28, 2010, retrieved 2011-03-06; [http://arabnews.com/world/article74608.ece "Kingdom's G20 participation reflects its stature,"] ''Arab News'' (Saudi Arabia). June 27, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz]] <ref>Husain, Syed Rachid. {{cite web|url=http://arabnews.com/world/article74663.ece|title=G20 leaders agree to disagree|publisher=''Arab News'' (Saudi Arabia)|date= June 28, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-28 }}; {{cite web|url=http://arabnews.com/world/article74608.ece|title=Kingdom's G20 participation reflects its stature|publisher=''Arab News'' |date= June 27, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]
 |-
@@ Line 165: / Line 156: @@
 ! {{flagicon|South Korea}}
 | [[South Korea]]
-| [[Lee Myung-bak]] <ref>Chan, Sewell and Jackie Calmes. [http://www.smh.com.au/world/were-staying-put-obama-warns-north-korea-20100627-zc33.html "We're staying put, Obama warns North Korea,"] ''Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Lee Myung-bak]] <ref>Chan, Sewell and Jackie Calmes. {{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/were-staying-put-obama-warns-north-korea-20100627-zc33.html|title=We're staying put, Obama warns North Korea|publisher=''Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia)|date= June 26, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 | first1=Sewell | last1=Chan | first2=Jackie | last2=Calmes}}</ref>
 | [[President of South Korea|President]]
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|Turkey}}
 | [[Turkey]]
-| [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] <ref>Haksever, Okan. "''Erdoğan Toronto'ya Mavi Marmara dosyasıyla gitti''," ''Dünya Bülteni'' (Turkey). June 27, 2010; [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article484949.ece "Differences on Economy Set to Play out in Toronto,"] ''The Hindu'' (India). June 25, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] <ref>Haksever, Okan. "''Erdoğan Toronto'ya Mavi Marmara dosyasıyla gitti''," ''Dünya Bülteni'' (Turkey). June 27, 2010; {{cite web|author= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article484949.ece|title=Differences on Economy Set to Play out in Toronto|publisher=''The Hindu'' (India)|date= June 25, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister]]
 |-
@@ Line 185: / Line 176: @@
 ! rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|European Union}}
 | [[European Commission]]
-| [[Jose Manuel Barroso]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article484949.ece "Differences on Economy Set to Play out in Toronto,"] ''The Hindu'' (India). June 25, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06</ref>
+| [[Jose Manuel Barroso]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article484949.ece|title=Differences on Economy Set to Play out in Toronto|publisher=''The Hindu'' (India)|date= June 25, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | [[President of the European Commission|President]]
 |-
@@ Line 199: / Line 190: @@
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|Ethiopia}}
-| [[Ethiopia]]<ref name = "pm_canada">[http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3342 "PM announces participation of key leaders at the Toronto G-20 Summit this June,"] Prime Minister's official website (Canada). May 8, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Ethiopia]]<ref name = "pm_canada">{{cite web|url=http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3342 |title=PM announces participation of key leaders at the Toronto G-20 Summit this June |publisher=Prime Minister's official website (Canada) |date= May 8, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28}}.</ref>
 | [[Meles Zenawi]]<ref name="macleans_arrive"/>
 | [[Heads of government of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]
@@ Line 210: / Line 201: @@
 ! {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
 | [[Netherlands]]<ref name = "pm_canada"/>
-| [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]<ref>[http://www.rtl.nl/%28/actueel/rtlnieuws/binnenland/%29/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2010/06_juni/26/binnenland/balkenende-in-canada-voor-g20_top.xml "''Balkenende in Canada voor G20-top,''"] ''RTL Nieuws'' (Netherlands). June 27, 2010; retrieved 2011-04-06; Power, Bill. "Dutch PM pays tribute at Pier 21," ''Chronicle-Herald'' (Halifax, Nova Scotia). June 27, 2010; excerpt, "Balkenende stopped overnight in Halifax on his way to the G20 Summit in Toronto. The visit was to commemorate the liberation of the Netherlands 65 years ago."</ref>
+| [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtl.nl/%28/actueel/rtlnieuws/binnenland/%29/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2010/06_juni/26/binnenland/balkenende-in-canada-voor-g20_top.xml|title=''Balkenende in Canada voor G20-top,''|publisher=''RTL Nieuws'' (Netherlands)|date= June 27, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-23 }}; Power, Bill. "Dutch PM pays tribute at Pier 21," ''Chronicle-Herald'' (Halifax, Nova Scotia). June 27, 2010; excerpt, "''Balkenende stopped overnight in Halifax on his way to the G20 Summit in Toronto. The visit was to commemorate the liberation of the Netherlands 65 years ago.''"</ref>
 | [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]]
 |-
@@ Line 236: / Line 227: @@
 !
 | [[African Union]]
-| [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] <ref name="au-nepad">[http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit,"] ''Maclean's'' (Canada) June 25, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06; Hassan, Mahmood. [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=145223 "Rich man, poor man,"] ''The Daily Star'' (Bangladesh). July 4, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06; Whittington, Les and Bruce Campion-Smith. [http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/828930--g20-set-to-tackle-sharp-differences-over-economic-policy  "G20 set to tackle sharp differences over economic policy,"] ''Toronto Star'' (Canada). June 25, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] <ref name="au-nepad">[http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/06/25/the-g20-leaders-make-an-entrance/  "The G20 Leaders Make an Entrance; Heads of State are Greeted by Mounties as They Arrive for the Summit,"] ''Maclean's'' (Canada) June 25, 2010, retrieved 2010-09-28; Hassan, Mahmood. [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=145223 "Rich man, poor man,"] ''The Daily Star'' (Bangladesh). July 4, 2010, retrieved 2010-09-28; Whittington, Les and Bruce Campion-Smith. [http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontog20summit/article/828930--g20-set-to-tackle-sharp-differences-over-economic-policy  "G20 set to tackle sharp differences over economic policy,"] ''Toronto Star'' (Canada). June 25, 2010, retrieved 2010-09-28.</ref>
 | [[Chairperson of the African Union|Chairperson]]
 |-
 ! rowspan="2"|
 | rowspan="2"| [[ASEAN]]
-| [[Surin Pitsuwan]] <ref name="rana">Rana, Pradumna B. [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2010/07/137_68891.html "How can Asia strengthen its voice at G-20?"] ''Korea Times'' (ROK) July 6, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Surin Pitsuwan]] <ref name="rana">Rana, Pradumna B. [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2010/07/137_68891.html "How can Asia strengthen its voice at G-20?"] ''Korea Times'' (ROK) July 6, 2010, retrieved 2010-09-28.</ref>
 | [[List of Secretaries General of ASEAN|Secretary General]]
 |-
@@ Line 254: / Line 245: @@
 !
 | [[International Labour Organization]]
-| [[Juan Somavía]] <ref>"''Choque de expectativas sobre reunión del G-20''," ''El Financiero'' (Mexico). June 25, 2010; Somavia, Juan.
+| [[Juan Somavía]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/ElFinanciero/Portal/cfpages/contentmgr.cfm?docId=270041&docTipo=1&orderby=docid&sortby=ASC|title=''Choque de expectativas sobre reunión del G-20''|publisher=''El Financiero'' (Mexico)|date= June 25, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-28 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}; Somavia, Juan.
-[http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201006250571117 |title=Economy: What’s at stake?"] ''Punch'' (Nigeria). June 25, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201006250571117 |title=Economy: What’s at stake?|publisher=''Punch'' (Nigeria)|date= June 25, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-28 }}</ref>
 | Director-General
 |-
@@ Line 270: / Line 261: @@
 !
 | [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]
-| [[José Ángel Gurría]] <ref name="simon">Simon, Bernard ''et al.'' "World Cup sneaks on to G20 agenda," ''Financial Times'' (UK). June 27, 2010.</ref>
+| [[José Ángel Gurría]] <ref name="simon">Simon, Bernard ''et al.''   "World Cup sneaks on to G20 agenda," ''Financial Times'' (UK). June 27, 2010, retrieved 2010-09-28.</ref>
 | Secretary General
 |-
 ! {{flagicon|United Nations}}
 | [[United Nations]]
-| [[Ban Ki-moon]] <ref>Ward, Olivia. [http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/829237--ban-ki-moon-at-g20-as-defender-of-the-defenceless  "Ban Ki-moon at G20 as 'defender of the defenceless',"] ''Toronto Star'' (Canada). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2011-04-06.</ref>
+| [[Ban Ki-moon]] <ref>Ward, Olivia. [http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/829237--ban-ki-moon-at-g20-as-defender-of-the-defenceless  "Ban Ki-moon at G20 as 'defender of the defenceless',"] ''Toronto Star'' (Canada). June 26, 2010, retrieved 2010-09-28.</ref>
 | [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General]]
 |-
@@ Line 338: / Line 329: @@
 == External links ==
 {{Commons category}}
-* {{Official website|1=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/g20/summit-sommet/2010/toronto-toronto.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=3}}
+* {{Official website|1=http://canadainternational.gc.ca/g20/summit-sommet/2010/toronto-toronto.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=3&menu=L}}
+* [http://www.g8-g20isu.ca/g20/index-eng.htm G-20 Integrated Security Unit]

v t e G20 summits
2000s	2008 Washington (1st) 2009 London (2nd) 2009 Pittsburgh (3rd)
2010s	2010 Toronto (4th) 2010 Seoul (5th) 2011 Cannes (6th) 2012 Los Cabos (7th) 2013 Saint Petersburg (8th) 2014 Brisbane (9th) 2015 Antalya (10th) 2016 Hangzhou (11th) 2017 Hamburg (12th) 2018 Buenos Aires (13th) 2019 Osaka (14th)
2020s	2020 extraordinary on COVID-19 / 2020 Riyadh (15th) 2021 Rome (16th) 2022 Bali (17th) 2023 Delhi (18th) 2024 Rio (19th)