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{{for|the historical territory of the Russian Empire|Novorossiya}}
Novorossya is a big bullshit of cowards taht attack mixed ukranian mixed russian cities in Eastern Ukrain for economic reasons. ridicule politicians from the russian federation like Vladimir Putin or Segey Lavrov claim not to have connection with this mnovement but without their support all this would be finished in a day. It's very eveil that teh powerful russian army does not fight a war against Ukraine by itself and hide behind silly puppets like the electician Zakharchenko.
{{Use Canadian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name =Novorossiya<br>New Russia
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%;
| <hr/>{{native name|ru|Новороссия|italics=off}}
| <hr/>{{native name|uk|Новоросія|italics=off}}
}}
|common_name = Novorossiya
|linking_name = Novorossiya
|
|image_flag = War Flag of Novorussia (Variant).svg
|flag_caption = Flag
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Novorussia.svg
|image_map = Insurgencia en Donbass.png
|map_caption = Territories controlled by [[Donetsk People's Republic|DPR]] and [[Lugansk People's Republic|LPR]] 02/1015.
|status = [[Self-proclaimed]]
|image_map2 =
|map_caption2 = Territory under the control of Novorossiya forces as at {{nowrap|December 2014}} (red and pink) and contested (orange).
|continent = Europe
|national_anthem = "[[Zhivi, Novorossiya!|Живи Новороссия]]"

{{YouTube|vJcXzoFhBmM|Zhivi, Novorossiya!}} {{ru icon}} {{uk icon}}<br><small>"Live, New Russia!"</small>
|official_languages = [[Russian language|Russian]]<br>[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|capital =
|government_type = [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[Confederation]]
|leader_title1 = Speaker of the Parliament
|leader_name1 = [[Oleg Tsaryov]]<ref name=globalsec>{{cite web|title= Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/novorossiya.htm}}</ref>
|leader_title2 = Head of the DPR
|leader_name2 = [[Alexander Zakharchenko]]
|leader_title3 = Head of the LPR
|leader_name3 = [[Igor Plotnitsky]]
|religion = [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] {{small|(official)}}<ref name="welcomenr"/>
|sovereignty_type = Confederation {{nobold|between [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Lugansk People's Republic|Lugansk]]}}
|membership = {{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}}<br/>{{flag|Lugansk People's Republic}}
|established_event1 = Agreed
|established_date1 = 24 May 2014
|established_event2 = Name adopted
|established_date2 = 15 July 2014
}}
'''Novorossiya''' or '''New Russia''' ({{lang-rus|Новоро́ссия|Novorossiya|nəvɐˈrosʲɪjə}}; {{lang-uk|Новоросія, ''Novorosiya''}}), also referred to as the '''Union of [[People's Republic]]s''' ({{lang-rus|Сою́з наро́дных респу́блик|Soyuz Narodnykh Respublik|sɐˈjus nɐˈrodnɨx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk}}; {{lang-uk|Союз Народних Республік, ''Soyuz Narodnykh Respublik''}}), is a [[confederation]] of the self-proclaimed [[Donetsk People's Republic]] (DPR) and [[Lugansk People's Republic]] (LPR) in [[eastern Ukraine]], both of which share a border with [[Russia]].

The two constituent republics of the confederation are not recognized by any country and are classified by Ukraine as terrorist organizations.<ref name=terrorist>{{cite news|title=Ukraine's prosecutor general classifies self-declared Donetsk and Lugansk republics as terrorist organizations|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraines-prosecutor-general-classifies-self-declared-donetsk-and-luhansk-republics-as-terrorist-organizations-348212.html|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=16 May 2014}}</ref> The creation of Novorossiya was declared on 22 May 2014, and agreements were signed between the leaders of the two organizations on 24 May.<ref name="welcomenr">{{cite news|last=Babiak|first=Mat|title=Welcome to New Russia|url=http://ukrainianpolicy.com/welcome-to-new-russia/|newspaper=Ukrainian Policy|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=8 June 2014 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140608053925/http://ukrainianpolicy.com/welcome-to-new-russia/|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="novo">{{cite news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_05_24/Donetsk-Lugansk-Peoples-Republics-unite-in-Novorossiya-1012/|title=Donetsk, Lugansk People's Republics unite in Novorossiya|newspaper=[[Voice of Russia]]|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140607011548/http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_05_24/Donetsk-Lugansk-Peoples-Republics-unite-in-Novorossiya-1012/|deadurl=no}}</ref> On 24 June, leaders from the "Supreme Soviet" of each group declared the merger of their constitutions, and the creation of Novorossiya as a confederal "Union of People's Republics".<ref name="ep24">{{cite news|last1=Babiak|first1=Mat|title =Terrorist organizations declare New Russian "Union of People’s Republics"|url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/06/24/terrorist-organizations-declare-new-russian-union-of-peoples-republics/|agency=Euromaidan Press|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=25 June 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140714232949/http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/06/24/terrorist-organizations-declare-new-russian-union-of-peoples-republics/ |archivedate=14 July 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Novorossiya]] was the name of a territory of the [[Russian Empire]] formed from the [[Crimean Khanate]], which had been annexed several years after the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)|Russo-Turkish War]] in 1774. Novorossiya initially included today's Southern Ukraine as well as some parts of today's Russia (including [[Novorossiysk]]). The region was soon colonized by Ukrainian, Russian, German, Greek, Bulgarian, Jewish and other settlers. The major cities were [[Odessa]], [[Kherson]], [[Mykolaiv]], and [[Novorossiysk]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}. In 1802 the province of Novorossiya was split into three [[Governorate]]s. In 1917 most of 18th century Novorossiya was incorporated into the newly proclaimed [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] because ethnic Ukrainians constituted the majority of the population. After the defeat of pro-independence Ukrainians in the [[Ukrainian–Soviet War]], the Soviet government confirmed that Southern Ukraine was part of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]].

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union<ref name="dic.academic.ru">{{cite news|script-title=ru:Ст. Донецко-Криворожская советская республика|url= http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/122586|edition=Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Изд. 2-е, перераб. и доп. — 2000|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CYUAmSFG|archivedate=30 November 2012|deadurl=no|language=ru}}</ref> the term Novorossiya began to be used again in calls for the independence or secession of regions of Ukraine corresponding to different areas.<ref name=NewRepublic>{{cite news|last=Kinstler|first=Linda |title=Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting "Novorossiya", an Old Term That's Back in Vogue|url=http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=[[The New Republic]]|date=7 April 2014|archivedate=19 April 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140419020255/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|deadurl=no}}</ref> However, throughout 1990s and 2000s, these movements remained marginal and failed to win support from the majority of the local population.<ref>{{cite book|title=The CIS Handbook|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=Chicago and London|editor1=Patrick Heenan|editor2=Monique Lamontagne|year=2013|page=75}}</ref> Dmitry Trenin of the Carnegie Moscow Center wrote that in 2003 some Russian academics discussed the idea of a pro-Russia Novorossiya state being formed out of southern Ukraine in response to moves towards bringing Ukraine into NATO.<ref name=NewRepublic/>

The term Novorossiya came into usage in 2014 among [[Antimaidan]] protesters following the [[Euromaidan]] [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Ukrainian Revolution]]. A Novorossiya account was created on [[Twitter]] and gained thousands of followers in the first weekend.<ref name=NewRepublic/> Amidst talks in Geneva on resolving the rising unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine, President Putin noted at a Q&A session that the southern and eastern portions of Ukraine had originally been part of Novorossiya and suggested that it had been a mistake to cede them.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gentleman|first=Amelia|title=Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/vladimir-putin-denies-russian-forces-eastern-ukraine-kiev|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 April 2014|archivedate=17 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140517152737/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/vladimir-putin-denies-russian-forces-eastern-ukraine-kiev|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|War in Donbass}}

===Formation===
[[File:2014-12-24. Мероприятия, посвященные 90-летию со дня образования Донецкого краеведческого музея 30.JPG|thumb|Pavel Gubarev (left)]]
[[File:2014-12-27. День спасателя в Донецке 048.JPG|thumb|[[Alexander Zakharchenko]], leader of the Donetsk People's Republic, 27 December 2014]]
The right-wing nationalist [[New Russia Party]], founded on 13 May 2014 in [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]],<ref name=kp13>{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/donetsk-announces-creation-of-novorossiya-party-347670.html|title=Donetsk announces creation of Novorossiya Party|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=22 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140522142347/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/donetsk-announces-creation-of-novorossiya-party-347670.html}}</ref> declared, in its first congress on 22 May 2014, the formation of a new self-proclaimed state named 'Novorossiya', inspired by the historical region of the Russian Empire that carried that name. The congress was attended by leaders of the separatist group Donetsk People's Republic, [[Donbass People's Militia]] as well as by the Donetsk Republic leader [[Pavel Gubarev]], writer [[Alexander Prokhanov]],<ref name=boro2>{{cite news|last=Young|first=Cathy|title=Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/05/21/fascism_comes_to_ukraine_--_from_russia_122700.html|date=21 May 2014}}</ref> nationalist political scientist and [[Eurasia Party]] leader [[Aleksandr Dugin]], and [[Valery Korovin]].<ref name=ross1 /><ref name=ross1>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Состоялся учредительный съезд ОПД "Партия Новороссия"|trans_title= Founding congress of the social-political movement "New Russia Party" held|language=ru|url=http://novorossia.su/node/1750|publisher=Novorossiya|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=22 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140522232839/http://novorossia.su/node/1750|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.ca/2013/08/window-on-eurasia-to-save-russia-and.html|title=Window on Eurasia -- New Series|author=paul goble|work=windowoneurasia2.blogspot.ca}}</ref> The state would, according to Dugin, have its capital city in Donetsk, Russian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion, and would nationalize major industries.<ref name=welcomenr/> According to Gubarev the state would also include (major cities currently not under control of separatists) [[Kharkiv]]{{#tag:ref|[[Kharkiv]] was not part of the historical region of Novorossiya; but of the historical region [[Sloboda Ukraine]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MZcRbSQgu9wC&pg=PA19&dq=Sloboda+Ukraine+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=gdzbVNG0KMHd7gbup4HgAw&ved=0CGYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Sloboda%20Ukraine%20Kharkiv&f=false Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History] by [[Serhii Plokhii]], [[University of Toronto Press]], 2005, ISBN 0802039375 (page 19)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8LkxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=Sloboda+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=B-LbVMa1HYeC7gaiiIGoAw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Sloboda%20Ukraine&f=false Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands] by [[Richard Sakwa]], [[I.B. Tauris]], 2015, ISBN 1784530646 (page 9)</ref>|group=nb}}, [[Kherson]], [[Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Mykolaiv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Zaporizhia]].<ref name="NPUP23512">{{cite news|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026209|script-title=uk:У Донецьку створили партію "Новоросія" |trans_title=In Donetsk the party "New Russia" has been founded|newspaper=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]|date=23 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140523170324/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026209|archivedate=23 May 2014|deadurl=no|language=uk}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine crisis timeline BBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine crisis timeline|date=8 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|work=[[BBC News Online]]|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140526075056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|archivedate=26 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

Two days after the congress of the New Russia Party, on 24 May, the self-appointed Prime Minister of the DPR [[Alexander Borodai]] and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the LPR [[Alexei Koryakin]] signed a document, behind closed doors, agreeing to the formation of a new confederation.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=26 May 2014|url= http://www.unian.net/politics/921422-smi-terroristyi-iz-dnr-i-lnr-obyedinilis.html |script-title=ru:СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились|trans_title=Mass media: Terrorists of the "LNR" and "DNR" have united|language=ru|agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency|UNIAN]]|date=24 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140525195812/http://www.unian.net/politics/921422-smi-terroristyi-iz-dnr-i-lnr-obyedinilis.html|archivedate=25 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
In an interview on 31 May, [[Denis Pushilin]], then acting as head of state of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that Novorossiya currently existed as a union of people's republics, but cooperation could be deepened if more territories were to join.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=31 May 2014|accessdate=1 June 2014|title=Интервью Дениса Пушилина журналистам Washington Post 31 мая|trans_title=Interview of Denis Pushilin with a journalist of the Washington Post, 31 May|medium=video|minutes=12|language=ru|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzqinnDnwA4}}</ref> On 24 June, the two People's Republics proclaimed their accession to the union of people's republics, and at the second plenum of the new Parliament of Novorossiya on 15 July, the confederation adopted the official name of Novorossiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1318438|title=Парламент Союза народных республик принял конституцию Новороссии|publisher=TASS|language=ru|date=15 June 2014|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

===Parallel December 2014 declaration===

On 12 December 2014, a "Congress of Deputies of All Levels" led by former DPR deputy foreign minister Boris Borisov, alongside figures such as Pavel Gubarev, issued a renewed declaration of the state sovereignty of the "Union of Sovereign Republics" of Novorossiya, claiming it to be an amendment of the 1922 [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dialog.ua/news/32228_1418575420|title=В самопровозглашенных республиках Донбасса приняли "Декларацию о госсуверенитете Новороссии"|language=ru|date=14 December 2014|publisher=Dialog.ua|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="gazeta">{{cite news|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2015/01/18_a_6379541.shtml|title=Сепаратисты готовят замену ополченцам|author=Vladimir Dergachev|date=19 January 2015|language=ru|newspaper=[[Gazeta.ru]]|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> In contrast to the May agreement, the new declaration aimed to build a new executive "from scratch".<ref name="gazeta" /> An official of the DPR responded that although Borisov was well-intentioned, his initiative did not have the material backing necessary for success.<ref name="gazeta" />

==Military==
{{main|United Armed Forces of Novorossiya}}
The armed forces of Novorossiya were composed of the [[Donbass People's Militia]]<ref>[http://www.vz.ru/news/2014/4/12/681759.html Жители Славянска поддержали "Народное ополчение Донбасса"] // "[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Взгляд.RU]]" от 12 апреля 2014</ref><ref>"''"Народное ополчение Донбасса" строит баррикады''"<br/>[http://itar-tass.com/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1117448 Протесты в Славянске Донецкой области] // "[[Information Telegraph Agency of Russia|ИТАР-ТАСС]]" от 13 апреля 2014</ref> and the LPR People's Militia (formerly known as Army of the South-East).

The militias of the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and [[Lugansk People's Republic]], merged into one group on 16 September 2014, forming the "United Armed Forces of Novorossiya".<ref name="NO16SEPT">{{cite news | url=http://novorossia.su/ru/node/6688 | script-title=ru:ДНР и ЛНР приступили к созданию Армии Новороссии | work=Novorossiya | date=16 September 2014 | accessdate=19 September 2014|language=Russian}}</ref>

It is regarded as a [[terrorist group]] by the [[Ukrainian government]], and was accused in the downing of [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]] on 17 July 2014.

==Demographics==
[[File:2014-12-20. Праздник солидарности 064.jpg|thumb|DPR supporters in Donetsk, 20 December 2014]]

===People===
About 3–3.09 million people live in the self-proclaimed people's republics controlled areas combined; more than 1 million residents have been displaced and more than 5,000 have been killed so far, according to the UN.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-01/ukraine-rebels-hold-russia-backed-polls-condemned-by-un.html |title=Ukraine Rebels Hold Polls Rebuked From Kiev to Washington|work=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/14/world/europe/nowhere-to-run-in-eastern-ukraine-.html?_r=0 |title=Nowhere to Run in Eastern Ukraine |publisher=www.nytimes.com |date=2014-11-13 |accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref>

==Controversy==
The status of Novorossiya came into dispute on 26 May 2014, when according to Bolotov, "none of the agreements have been concluded" but the intention is to form a "Union of People's Republics".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ostro.org/lugansk/politics/news/445579/|script-title=ru:В.Болотов опроверг информацию об объединении ЛНР и ДНР в Новороссию|trans_title=V. Bolotov denied the merger of the LNR and the DNR in Novorossiya|publisher=Ostro.org|language=ru|date=26 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140620004848/http://www.ostro.org/lugansk/politics/news/445579/|archivedate=20 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

On 1 January 2015, former Donetsk Republic Prime Minister [[Alexander Borodai]], who resigned on 7 August 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/line/2014-08-07/|title=August 7, 2014 - RT News|publisher=Rt.com|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Olearchyk|first1=Roman|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3PN8wZzTW|website=Financial Times|publisher=Rebel leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|accessdate=20 January 2015|date=7 August 2014}}</ref> stated that "there is no Novorossiya" and that the proposed state was a "dream that was not brought to life" and called it a false start.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belsat.eu/en/articles/ex-prime-minister-unrecognised-donetsk-republic-theres-no-novorossiya-its-false-start/|title=Ex-prime minister of unrecognised Donetsk republic: There's no 'Novorossiya', but a false start|work=belsat.eu|date=2 January 2015|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref>

Russian dissidents Alexandr Skobov and [[Andrey Piontkovsky]], regular commentators for [[Radio Liberty]], commented that in its political features ([[nationalism]], [[imperialism]]) the entity has similarities with 20th century [[fascism|fascist]] movements.<ref name="skobov">{{cite web|url=http://grani.ru/opinion/skobov/m.231294.html|title=Реконструкция ада|work=[[Grani.ru]]|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=21 July 2014|author=Александр Скобов|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140728052320/http://grani.ru/opinion/skobov/m.231294.html|deadurl=no|archivedate=28 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=53C8DE6037FB2|title=Июльские БУКи|publisher=Kasparov.info|date=18 July 2014|accessdate=21 July 2014|author=Андрей Пионтковский}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Federal State of New Russia}}
*[[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine]]
*[[United Armed Forces of Novorossiya]]
*[[War in Donbass]]
*[[Pavel Gubarev]]
*[[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]]
*[[List of active separatist movements in Europe]]
*[[List of active rebel groups]]
*[[2014 Crimean crisis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Federal State of Novorossiya}}
*[http://novorossia.su/official Official press releases ]

{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}

{{coord|48.0028|N|37.8053|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Donetsk Oblast]]
[[Category:History of Luhansk Oblast]]
[[Category:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Secession in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Irredentism]]
[[Category:Donbas]]
[[Category:Novorossiya]]
[[Category:Novorossiya (confederation)| ]]

Revision as of 22:26, 22 February 2015

For the historical territory of the Russian Empire, see Novorossiya.

Novorossiya
New Russia
Coat of arms of Novorossiya
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Живи Новороссия" Zhivi, Novorossiya! on YouTube Template:Ru icon Template:Uk icon
"Live, New Russia!"
Territories controlled by DPR and LPR 02/1015.
Territories controlled by DPR and LPR 02/1015.
StatusSelf-proclaimed
Official languagesRussian
Ukrainian
Religion
Russian Orthodox (official)[1]
Membership Donetsk People's Republic
 Lugansk People's Republic
GovernmentProvisional Confederation
• Speaker of the Parliament
Oleg Tsaryov[2]
• Head of the DPR
Alexander Zakharchenko
• Head of the LPR
Igor Plotnitsky
Confederation between Donetsk and Lugansk
• Agreed
24 May 2014
• Name adopted
15 July 2014

Novorossiya or New Russia (Russian: Новоро́ссия, romanized: Novorossiya, IPA: [nəvɐˈrosʲɪjə]; [Новоросія, Novorosiya] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), also referred to as the Union of People's Republics (Russian: Сою́з наро́дных респу́блик, romanized: Soyuz Narodnykh Respublik, IPA: [sɐˈjus nɐˈrodnɨx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]; [Союз Народних Республік, Soyuz Narodnykh Respublik] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), is a confederation of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Lugansk People's Republic (LPR) in eastern Ukraine, both of which share a border with Russia.

The two constituent republics of the confederation are not recognized by any country and are classified by Ukraine as terrorist organizations.[3] The creation of Novorossiya was declared on 22 May 2014, and agreements were signed between the leaders of the two organizations on 24 May.[1][4] On 24 June, leaders from the "Supreme Soviet" of each group declared the merger of their constitutions, and the creation of Novorossiya as a confederal "Union of People's Republics".[5]

Background

Novorossiya was the name of a territory of the Russian Empire formed from the Crimean Khanate, which had been annexed several years after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca concluded the Russo-Turkish War in 1774. Novorossiya initially included today's Southern Ukraine as well as some parts of today's Russia (including Novorossiysk). The region was soon colonized by Ukrainian, Russian, German, Greek, Bulgarian, Jewish and other settlers. The major cities were Odessa, Kherson, Mykolaiv, and Novorossiysk.[citation needed]. In 1802 the province of Novorossiya was split into three Governorates. In 1917 most of 18th century Novorossiya was incorporated into the newly proclaimed Ukrainian People's Republic because ethnic Ukrainians constituted the majority of the population. After the defeat of pro-independence Ukrainians in the Ukrainian–Soviet War, the Soviet government confirmed that Southern Ukraine was part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union[6] the term Novorossiya began to be used again in calls for the independence or secession of regions of Ukraine corresponding to different areas.[7] However, throughout 1990s and 2000s, these movements remained marginal and failed to win support from the majority of the local population.[8] Dmitry Trenin of the Carnegie Moscow Center wrote that in 2003 some Russian academics discussed the idea of a pro-Russia Novorossiya state being formed out of southern Ukraine in response to moves towards bringing Ukraine into NATO.[7]

The term Novorossiya came into usage in 2014 among Antimaidan protesters following the Euromaidan Ukrainian Revolution. A Novorossiya account was created on Twitter and gained thousands of followers in the first weekend.[7] Amidst talks in Geneva on resolving the rising unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine, President Putin noted at a Q&A session that the southern and eastern portions of Ukraine had originally been part of Novorossiya and suggested that it had been a mistake to cede them.[9]

History

Main articles: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine and War in Donbass

Formation

Pavel Gubarev (left)
Alexander Zakharchenko, leader of the Donetsk People's Republic, 27 December 2014

The right-wing nationalist New Russia Party, founded on 13 May 2014 in Donetsk, Ukraine,[10] declared, in its first congress on 22 May 2014, the formation of a new self-proclaimed state named 'Novorossiya', inspired by the historical region of the Russian Empire that carried that name. The congress was attended by leaders of the separatist group Donetsk People's Republic, Donbass People's Militia as well as by the Donetsk Republic leader Pavel Gubarev, writer Alexander Prokhanov,[11] nationalist political scientist and Eurasia Party leader Aleksandr Dugin, and Valery Korovin.[12][12][13] The state would, according to Dugin, have its capital city in Donetsk, Russian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion, and would nationalize major industries.[1] According to Gubarev the state would also include (major cities currently not under control of separatists) Kharkiv[nb 1], Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Odessa and Zaporizhia.[16][17]

Two days after the congress of the New Russia Party, on 24 May, the self-appointed Prime Minister of the DPR Alexander Borodai and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the LPR Alexei Koryakin signed a document, behind closed doors, agreeing to the formation of a new confederation.[18] In an interview on 31 May, Denis Pushilin, then acting as head of state of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that Novorossiya currently existed as a union of people's republics, but cooperation could be deepened if more territories were to join.[19] On 24 June, the two People's Republics proclaimed their accession to the union of people's republics, and at the second plenum of the new Parliament of Novorossiya on 15 July, the confederation adopted the official name of Novorossiya.[20]

Parallel December 2014 declaration

On 12 December 2014, a "Congress of Deputies of All Levels" led by former DPR deputy foreign minister Boris Borisov, alongside figures such as Pavel Gubarev, issued a renewed declaration of the state sovereignty of the "Union of Sovereign Republics" of Novorossiya, claiming it to be an amendment of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.[21][22] In contrast to the May agreement, the new declaration aimed to build a new executive "from scratch".[22] An official of the DPR responded that although Borisov was well-intentioned, his initiative did not have the material backing necessary for success.[22]

Military

Main article: United Armed Forces of Novorossiya

The armed forces of Novorossiya were composed of the Donbass People's Militia[23][24] and the LPR People's Militia (formerly known as Army of the South-East).

The militias of the Donetsk People's Republic and Lugansk People's Republic, merged into one group on 16 September 2014, forming the "United Armed Forces of Novorossiya".[25]

It is regarded as a terrorist group by the Ukrainian government, and was accused in the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 on 17 July 2014.

Demographics

DPR supporters in Donetsk, 20 December 2014

People

About 3–3.09 million people live in the self-proclaimed people's republics controlled areas combined; more than 1 million residents have been displaced and more than 5,000 have been killed so far, according to the UN.[26][27]

Controversy

The status of Novorossiya came into dispute on 26 May 2014, when according to Bolotov, "none of the agreements have been concluded" but the intention is to form a "Union of People's Republics".[28]

On 1 January 2015, former Donetsk Republic Prime Minister Alexander Borodai, who resigned on 7 August 2014,[29][30] stated that "there is no Novorossiya" and that the proposed state was a "dream that was not brought to life" and called it a false start.[31]

Russian dissidents Alexandr Skobov and Andrey Piontkovsky, regular commentators for Radio Liberty, commented that in its political features (nationalism, imperialism) the entity has similarities with 20th century fascist movements.[32][33]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal State of New Russia.

Notes

  1. ^ Kharkiv was not part of the historical region of Novorossiya; but of the historical region Sloboda Ukraine.[14][15]

References

  1. ^ a b c Babiak, Mat (22 May 2014). "Welcome to New Russia". Ukrainian Policy. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics".
  3. ^ "Ukraine's prosecutor general classifies self-declared Donetsk and Lugansk republics as terrorist organizations". Kyiv Post. 16 May 2014.
  4. ^ "Donetsk, Lugansk People's Republics unite in Novorossiya". Voice of Russia. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Babiak, Mat (24 June 2014). "Terrorist organizations declare New Russian "Union of People's Republics"". Euromaidan Press. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Ст. Донецко-Криворожская советская республика (in Russian) (Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Изд. 2-е, перераб. и доп. — 2000 ed.). Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c Kinstler, Linda (7 April 2014). "Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting "Novorossiya", an Old Term That's Back in Vogue". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Patrick Heenan; Monique Lamontagne, eds. (2013). The CIS Handbook. Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 75.
  9. ^ Gentleman, Amelia (17 April 2014). "Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Donetsk announces creation of Novorossiya Party". Kyiv Post. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  11. ^ Young, Cathy (21 May 2014). "Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia".
  12. ^ a b Состоялся учредительный съезд ОПД "Партия Новороссия" (in Russian). Novorossiya. 22 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ paul goble. "Window on Eurasia -- New Series". windowoneurasia2.blogspot.ca.
  14. ^ Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History by Serhii Plokhii, University of Toronto Press, 2005, ISBN 0802039375 (page 19)
  15. ^ Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands by Richard Sakwa, I.B. Tauris, 2015, ISBN 1784530646 (page 9)
  16. ^ У Донецьку створили партію "Новоросія". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Ukraine crisis timeline". BBC News Online. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились (in Russian). UNIAN. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Интервью Дениса Пушилина журналистам Washington Post 31 мая (video) (in Russian). 31 May 2014. 12 minutes in. Retrieved 1 June 2014. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Парламент Союза народных республик принял конституцию Новороссии" (in Russian). TASS. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  21. ^ "В самопровозглашенных республиках Донбасса приняли "Декларацию о госсуверенитете Новороссии"" (in Russian). Dialog.ua. 14 December 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  22. ^ a b c Vladimir Dergachev (19 January 2015). "Сепаратисты готовят замену ополченцам". Gazeta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  23. ^ Жители Славянска поддержали "Народное ополчение Донбасса" // "Взгляд.RU" от 12 апреля 2014
  24. ^ ""Народное ополчение Донбасса" строит баррикады"
    Протесты в Славянске Донецкой области // "ИТАР-ТАСС" от 13 апреля 2014
  25. ^ ДНР и ЛНР приступили к созданию Армии Новороссии. Novorossiya (in Russian). 16 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  26. ^ "Ukraine Rebels Hold Polls Rebuked From Kiev to Washington". Bloomberg.
  27. ^ "Nowhere to Run in Eastern Ukraine". www.nytimes.com. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  28. ^ В.Болотов опроверг информацию об объединении ЛНР и ДНР в Новороссию (in Russian). Ostro.org. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "August 7, 2014 - RT News". Rt.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  30. ^ Olearchyk, Roman (7 August 2014). Financial Times. Rebel leader quits Donetsk amid infighting http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3PN8wZzTW. Retrieved 20 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ^ "Ex-prime minister of unrecognised Donetsk republic: There's no 'Novorossiya', but a false start". belsat.eu. 2 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  32. ^ Александр Скобов (21 July 2014). "Реконструкция ада". Grani.ru. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Андрей Пионтковский (18 July 2014). "Июльские БУКи". Kasparov.info. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal State of Novorossiya.

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