Cannabis edible: Difference between revisions
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A '''cannabis edible''', also called a '''cannabis-infused food''' or simply an '''edible''', is a [[food|food product]] that contains [[cannabinoid]]s, especially [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justthinktwice.gov/article/drug-alert-marijuana-edibles |title=Drug Alert: Marijuana Edibles |website=JustThinkTwice.gov |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> Although the term ''edible'' may refer to both food and drink products, a '''cannabis-infused drink''' may be referred to more specifically as a '''liquid edible''' or '''drinkable'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eater.com/2016/12/13/13939418/cannabis-infused-water-everx-puration |title=Cannabis Water Is Coming to Take the Pain Out of Exercise |author=Forster, Tim |website=Eater.com |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> |
A '''cannabis edible''', also called a '''cannabis-infused food''' or simply an '''edible''', is a [[food|food product]] that contains [[cannabinoid]]s, especially [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justthinktwice.gov/article/drug-alert-marijuana-edibles |title=Drug Alert: Marijuana Edibles |website=JustThinkTwice.gov |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> Although the term ''edible'' may refer to both food and drink products, a '''cannabis-infused drink''' may be referred to more specifically as a '''liquid edible''' or '''drinkable'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eater.com/2016/12/13/13939418/cannabis-infused-water-everx-puration |title=Cannabis Water Is Coming to Take the Pain Out of Exercise |author=Forster, Tim |website=Eater.com |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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The majority of edibles contain a significant amount of THC, which can induce a wide variety of feelings, including [[relaxation]], [[euphoria]], [[Polyphagia|increased appetite]], [[anxiety]], and [[fatigue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/24558-marijuana-effects.html |title=Marijuana: Effects of Weed on Brain and Body |author=Cox, Laura |website=LiveScience.com |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuana-effects |title=What are marijuana effects? |website=DrugAbuse.gov |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> Among the factors that influence the [[Effects of cannabis|effects of THC]] are the amount of THC consumed and the simultaneous consumption of other [[psychoactive drug|psychoactive substance]]s, usually other cannabinoids. |
The majority of edibles contain a significant amount of THC, which can induce a wide variety of feelings, including [[relaxation]], [[euphoria]], [[Polyphagia|increased appetite]], [[anxiety]], and [[fatigue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/24558-marijuana-effects.html |title=Marijuana: Effects of Weed on Brain and Body |author=Cox, Laura |website=LiveScience.com |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuana-effects |title=What are marijuana effects? |website=DrugAbuse.gov |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> Among the factors that influence the [[Effects of cannabis|effects of THC]] are the amount of THC consumed and the simultaneous consumption of other [[psychoactive drug|psychoactive substance]]s, usually other cannabinoids. Some edibles contain equal amounts of THC and [[Cannabidiol|CBD]], since CBD seems to mitigate the potential negative effects of THC.<ref>https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cannabis-dosing</ref> |
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A minority of cannabis edibles contain trace amounts of THC and instead contain significant levels of other cannabinoids, most commonly [[Cannabidiol|CBD]]. Because CBD does not cause a "high" like THC, CBD-dominant edibles are usually consumed for [[Medical cannabis|medical]] purposes only.<ref>http://www.presstelegram.com/2017/10/19/long-beachs-first-medical-marijuana-shop-opens-for-business-in-belmont-shore/</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 07:46, 20 October 2017
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A cannabis edible, also called a cannabis-infused food or simply an edible, is a food product that contains cannabinoids, especially THC.[1] Although the term edible may refer to both food and drink products, a cannabis-infused drink may be referred to more specifically as a liquid edible or drinkable.[2]
The majority of edibles contain a significant amount of THC, which can induce a wide variety of feelings, including relaxation, euphoria, increased appetite, anxiety, and fatigue.[3][4] Among the factors that influence the effects of THC are the amount of THC consumed and the simultaneous consumption of other psychoactive substances, usually other cannabinoids. Some edibles contain equal amounts of THC and CBD, since CBD seems to mitigate the potential negative effects of THC.[5]
A minority of cannabis edibles contain trace amounts of THC and instead contain significant levels of other cannabinoids, most commonly CBD. Because CBD does not cause a "high" like THC, CBD-dominant edibles are usually consumed for medical purposes only.[6]
History
The first known cannabis-infused food was in India. Indians have prepared food and drink with bhang for millennia, for both spiritual and medicinal purposes.[7] The oil-solubility of cannabis extracts was also known to Indians, when Sanskrit recipes required the cannabis to be sautéed in ghee before mixing it with other ingredients.[8][9]
Modern interest in cannabis-infused food is credited to the publication of The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook. Toklas included a recipe for "haschich fudge", which was contributed by artist and friend Brion Gysin when the book was published in 1954. Although it was omitted from the first American editions, Toklas' name and her "brownies" became synonymous with cannabis in the growing 1960s counterculture.[10]
In some U.S. states that have legalized cannabis, edibles have experienced a dramatic rise in sales.[11][12][13] However, there is growing concern about the danger edibles pose to children and inexperienced cannabis consumers, who may easily consume too much at once, possibly not even realizing the food has been infused.[14]
Methods of infusion
THC-infusion
Because cannabis does not naturally include THC, but rather its precursor THCA, cannabis must be decarboxylated in order to convert THCA into THC.[15] This process involves a precise level of heating, hot enough to convert THCA into THC but cool enough to avoid combustion. Because THC is soluble in fats and alcohols, decarboxylated cannabis must be cooked with one of these two substances in order to infuse THC into the substance.[16][17]
Ingredients and effects
Some authors claim that oral consumption of cannabis, when properly cooked, is a more efficient way to absorb cannabinoids than smoking it,[18] and can result in a similar psychoactive effect or "high" as smoking cannabis,[19] although it may be delayed or mitigated due to slower absorption of the THC from the digestive tract. Whereas the effects from smoking cannabis are usually felt within a few minutes, it can take up to two hours to reach full effects after ingesting it, and effects can last from 6 to 8 hours. Cannabis produces THCA, an acid with the carboxylic group (COOH) attached. THCA is not very psychoactive. It is only when the carboxyl group is removed that the THCA becomes THC, which is psychoactive. Liquid THC and other cannabinoids have a boiling point of between 180–200 °C (355–392 °F). Before it turns gaseous, the carboxyl group is released from the molecule as carbon dioxide and water vapor at around 106 °C (220 °F). In the cooking of edible psychoactive products, some research indicates heating cannabis to a temperature of 122 °C (251 °F) for 27 minutes to be the optimum method to optimize THC:THCA ratios.[20]
Because oral doses are processed by the liver before entering the bloodstream, oral THC produces high levels of active metabolite 11-Hydroxy-THC, while smoked cannabis does not.[21] 11-OH-THC is more potent than THC and crosses the blood–brain barrier more easily.[22]
Types
Baked goods
Hash cookies are bakery products made using hashish. One is not usually able to tell the difference between regular baked goods and those containing drugs before consumption, but they tend to have a slight greenish tinge with marijuana, and they often emit a faint odor. A mild grassy flavor can be detectable if sufficient quantities are used. Many resources for recipes, preparation, and dosage are available online, though they vary greatly in effectiveness and quality.[citation needed]
The writer Alice B. Toklas's inclusion of her friend Brion Gysin's recipe for "Haschich Fudge" in her 1954 literary memoir The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook caused a sensation at the time, and led to her name becoming associated with cannabis food with the use of the phrase "Alice B. Toklas brownies" for many years afterwards.[citation needed]
"Space cakes" is a common name for muffins, brownies, and cookies baked with marijuana, which are very popular in the Netherlands. It used to sometimes be popular to frost these with psilocybin mushroom frosting, but this practice has since been discontinued when psilocybin mushrooms were banned in 2008.[citation needed]
Drinks
A cannabis-infused drink, also known as a liquid edible or drinkable, is a drink that has been infused with cannabinoids.
Traditional cannabis-infused drinks include the Indian drinks lassi and thandai when prepared with bhang. Cannabis tea is an herbal tea that is psychoactively weak due to the lack of fat and alcohol in the drink.
In U.S. states that have legalized cannabis for recreational use, drinks are an increasingly popular means of consuming cannabinoids.[23] Mirth Provisions is one of the largest companies in the emerging cannabis-infused beverage market, known for its line of drinks called Legal.[24]
Ingredients
Tincture
Because cannabis resins are soluble in alcohol, an effective way of adding them into dishes is through cooking brandy or rum infused with cannabinoids. Generally, stems and leaves of the marijuana plant are used due to their lower THC content when smoked. When infused in high-proof grain-based alcohol (such as Everclear) it becomes what is commonly known as "Green Dragon". Creme de Gras (a play on the English "grass", as creme de gras translates literally as "cream of fat") is a flavored liqueur made from cannabis.[25] It can be added to coffee and other beverages.[citation needed]
Oil
A cannabis oil is a product based in a cooking oil that has been infused with cannabinoids by mixing cannabis with the heated oil. Ground cannabis plant material must be "activated" by the decarboxylation of (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol acid to (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in order to become a psychoactive compound. This activation process can be done before or during the extraction into oil. A recent research study on the decarboxylation of THC performed by heating ground plant material found the highest yield of psychoactive THC to be achieved at 110 °C after 110 minutes.[26] Once this chemical conversion has been accomplished, the ground plant material must be solvated in a lipid solvent. Any cooking oil can be used for this. The activated plant material should be mixed with the oil vigorously for 5–10 minutes, and then the oil can be strained depending on preference. Activation and solvation can be accomplished simultaneously by mixing the plant material into pre-heated oil. Using a double boiler is a common method for this extraction technique as it keeps the temperature at a near-constant 100 °C. As a general rule, a higher temperature leads to a faster reaction rate and therefore requires less cooking time to be activated; it should be noted however that temperatures above 140 °C run the risk of beginning to vaporize compounds out of the mixture and temperatures below 90 °C may not lead to significant chemical conversion on a time scale of less than 24 hours.[20][27] Cannabis cooking oils are available to medical cannabis patients in a variety of organic blends for various cooking applications.[28]
Butter
Cannabis-infused butter, or cannabutter, is a cannabis-infused ingredient used in many cannabis edibles.[29] Heating the raw cannabis in melted butter allows the cannabinoids to be extracted by the fat. A more complicated process is using a double-boiler, or slow cooker, cheesecloth or tea strainer and funnel.[30]
Sauce
Bhanga chutney is a Pahari cusine from the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
See also
References
- ^ "Drug Alert: Marijuana Edibles". JustThinkTwice.gov. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^ Forster, Tim. "Cannabis Water Is Coming to Take the Pain Out of Exercise". Eater.com. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^ Cox, Laura. "Marijuana: Effects of Weed on Brain and Body". LiveScience.com. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^ "What are marijuana effects?". DrugAbuse.gov. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^ https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cannabis-dosing
- ^ http://www.presstelegram.com/2017/10/19/long-beachs-first-medical-marijuana-shop-opens-for-business-in-belmont-shore/
- ^ Staelens, Stefanie. "The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva". Vice.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
- ^ Gottlieb, Adam (1993). Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil. Ronin Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 0-914171-55-0.
- ^ Drake, Bill (2002). The Marijuana Food Handbook. Ronin Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 0-914171-99-2.
- ^ Eplatt, Layla (April 20, 2015). "Go Ask Alice: The History of Toklas' Legendary Hashish Fudge". Scientific America. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
- ^ Lacsamana, Pauline. "Edible Marijuana Sales Continue to Rise, With Gummies and Mints Topping Sales". TheDailyMeal.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
- ^ "Chart of the Week: Sales of Marijuana Concentrates, Edibles Surging in Colorado". MJBizDaily.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
- ^ "GTSO: Popularity Of Cannabis Edibles Continues To Rise". TheStreet.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
- ^ "The rise of legal weed in America". TheWeek.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
- ^ Rosenthal, Ed (January 2, 2003). "Does marijuana have to be heated to become psychoactive?". Cannabis Culture. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ Cooking With Cannabis
- ^ "Cooking with Cannabis". MedicalJane.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
- ^ Gottlieb, Adam (1993). Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil. Ronin Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 0-914171-55-0.
- ^ T, Manish. "Time period for edible to kick in". Spotmags. Spotmags. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
- ^ a b Veress, T.; Szanto, J.I.; Leisztner, L. (9 November 1990). "Determination of cannabinoid acids by high-performance liquid chromatography of their neutral derivatives formed by thermal decarboxylation: I. Study of the decarboxylation process in open reactors". Journal of Chromatography A. 520: 339–347. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(90)85118-F.
- ^ Government Marijuana Researcher Speaks Favorably About Marijuana's Medical Utility NORML September 26, 1996.
- ^ Possible hepatotoxicity of chronic marijuana usage Sao Paulo Med. J. vol.122 no.3 São Paulo May 2004.
- ^ News, A. B. C. (2011-01-29). "Company Introduces Marijuana Soda". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Reed, Danny. "5 Cold Cannabis Beverages to Enjoy While it is Still Summer". MGRetailer.com. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
- ^ Gottlieb, Adam (1993). Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil. Ronin Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 0-914171-55-0.
- ^ Perrotin-Brunel, H, Buijs, W, Spronsen, JV, Roosmalen, MJEV, Peters, CJ, Verpoorte, R, Wikamp, GJ. Decarboxylation of -Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Kinetics and molecular modeling. Journal of Molecular Structure 987 (2011): 67-73. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.11.061
- ^ Perrotin-Brunel, H, Buijs, W, Spronsen, JV, Roosmalen, MJEV, Peters, CJ, Verpoorte, R, Wikamp, GJ. Decarboxylation of -Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Kinetics and molecular modeling. Journal of Molecular Structure 987 (2011): 67–73. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.11.061
- ^ "Cooking With Cannabis | New Haven Independent". New Haven Independent. 2017-07-25. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
- ^ "Foodie Gossip: Cooking with Cannabis: Medical Edibles Go Mainstream". Foodiegossip.blogspot.com. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
- ^ Pilcher, Tim. The Cannabis Cookbook. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-3090-1.
External links
- The Straight Dope column on Alice B. Toklas brownies (includes original text of recipe)
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