Kivu Ebola epidemic: Difference between revisions
Ozzie10aaaa (talk | contribs) |
Art LaPella (talk | contribs) →Increasing cases: You meant the DRC, not Uganda. The article doesn't mention Uganda, and if the epidemic does spread to Uganda it would start in the nearby southwest, not eastern Uganda. Also a comma splice and other proofreading. |
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believes a combination of factors could establish conditions for an epidemic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schlein |first1=Lisa |title=WHO Warns Ebola Spreading in Eastern DR Congo |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/who-warns-ebola-is-spreading-in-eastern-dr-congo/4586363.html |website=VOA |accessdate=25 September 2018 |language=en|quote="A perfect storm of active conflict limiting our ability to access civilians, distress by segments of the community already traumatized by decades of conflict and of murder, driven by a fear of a terrifying disease"}}</ref> On 18 October, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] raised its travelers' alert to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from a level 1 to level 2 for all U.S. travelers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo - Alert - Level 2, Practice Enhanced Precautions - Travel Health Notices {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/ebola-democratic-republic-of-the-congo |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |accessdate=19 October 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref> On 26 October, the World Health Organization indicated that half of confirmed cases were not showing any fever symptom, thus making diagnosis more difficult.<ref name=nofever/> |
believes a combination of factors could establish conditions for an epidemic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schlein |first1=Lisa |title=WHO Warns Ebola Spreading in Eastern DR Congo |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/who-warns-ebola-is-spreading-in-eastern-dr-congo/4586363.html |website=VOA |accessdate=25 September 2018 |language=en|quote="A perfect storm of active conflict limiting our ability to access civilians, distress by segments of the community already traumatized by decades of conflict and of murder, driven by a fear of a terrifying disease"}}</ref> On 18 October, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] raised its travelers' alert to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from a level 1 to level 2 for all U.S. travelers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo - Alert - Level 2, Practice Enhanced Precautions - Travel Health Notices {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/ebola-democratic-republic-of-the-congo |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |accessdate=19 October 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref> On 26 October, the World Health Organization indicated that half of confirmed cases were not showing any fever symptom, thus making diagnosis more difficult.<ref name=nofever/> |
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On 6 November, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] indicated that the current outbreak in the east |
On 6 November, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] indicated that the current outbreak in the east region of the DRC may not be containable due to several factors. This would be the first time since 1976 that an outbreak has not been able to be curbed.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDC director warns that Congo’s Ebola outbreak may not be containable |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2018/11/05/cdc-director-warns-that-congos-ebola-outbreak-may-not-be-containable/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.74d501d70f66 |website=Washington Post |accessdate=6 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> |
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===Military conflict=== |
===Military conflict=== |
Revision as of 14:50, 6 November 2018
Initial case: 1 August 2018 | |
![]() Location of North Kivu province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
![]() Location of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa (update as of 11/05/18) | |
Confirmed cases | 265[1] |
---|---|
Probable cases | 35[1] |
Suspected cases | 41[1] |
Total cases | 341[1] |
Deaths | 186[1] |
The 2018 Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak[note 1] began on August 1, 2018, when it was confirmed that four cases had tested positive for Ebola virus in the eastern region of Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[3][4][5] The viral infection outbreak also includes Ituri Province, after the first case was confirmed on 13 August.[2]
The affected province and general area are currently undergoing a military conflict, which is hindering treatment and prevention efforts. The World Health Organization's Deputy Director-General for Emergency Preparedness and Response has described the combination of military conflict and civilian distress as a potential "perfect storm" that could lead to a rapid worsening of the outbreak.[6][7] Due to the deteriorating situation in DRC (North Kivu and surrounding areas) the World Health Organization, on September 27, has raised the risk assessment at the national and regional level from 'high' to 'very high'.[8]
On 3 October, the United Nations Security Council stressed that all armed hostility should come to a stop in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to better fight the ongoing Ebola virus outbreak.[9] For the week ending October 14, DRC indicated 33 cases of EVD were identified, of which 24 died, in one week.[10]
Epidemiology
First cases and transmission
The Democratic Republic of Congo declared an Ebola outbreak on 1 August, when four cases had tested positive for the Ebola virus in the province of North Kivu. Additionally, on 1 August, 26 individuals with haemorrhagic signs, and 20 deaths were reported in the area of North Kivu.[11][12] On 2 August, Oxfam indicated it would be taking part in the response to this latest outbreak in the DRC.[13]
By 3 August, the virus had developed in multiple locations; cases were reported in five health zones – Beni, Butembo, Oicha, Musienene and Mabalako – in North Kivu province and additionally, Mandima and Mambasa in Ituri Province.[14] However, one month later there had been confirmed cases only in the Mabalako, Mandima, Beni and Oicha health zones. The five suspected cases in the Mambasa Health Zone proved not to be EVD; it was not possible to confirm the one probable case in the Musienene Health Zone and the two probable cases in the Butembo health zone. No new cases had been recorded in any of those health zones. The first confirmed case in Butembo was announced on 4 September, the same day that it was announced that one of the cases registered at Beni had actually come from the Kalunguta Health Zone.[15]
The DRC Ministry of Public Health confirmed that the new Ebola outbreak is caused by the Zaire ebolavirus species. This is the same strain that was involved in the early 2018 outbreak in western DRC.[16] Health authorities in the DRC confirmed they will use the ZEBOV vaccine once again.[16]
On 4 August, the World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the current situation in the DRC, due to several factors, warranted a "high risk assessment" at the national and regional level for public health.[17]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/2018_Kivu_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak_%28total_cases-death_as_of_Oct.16.jpg)
Date | Cases # | Deaths | CFR | Contacts | Sources | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confirmed | Probable | Suspected | Total | |||||
2018-08-01† | 4 | 22 | 0 | 26 | 20 | - | - | [20] |
2018-08-03 | 13 | 30 | 33 | 76 | 33 | 76.7%‡ | 879 | [21][22] |
2018-08-05 | 16 | 27 | 31 | 74 | 34 | 79%‡ | 966 | [23][24] |
2018-08-10 | 25 | 27 | 48 | 100 | 39 | 75%‡ | 953 | [25] |
2018-08-12 | 30 | 27 | 58 | 115 | 41 | - | 997 | [26] |
2018-08-17 | 64 | 27 | 12 | 103 | 50 | 55.6%‡ | 1,609 | [27] |
2018-08-20 | 75 | 27 | 9 | 111 | 59 | - | 2,408 | [28] |
2018-08-24 | 83 | 28 | 6 | 117 | 72 | 65%‡ | 3,421 | [29] |
2018-08-26 | 83 | 28 | 10 | 121 | 75 | 67.6%‡ | 2,445 | [30] |
2018-08-31 | 90 | 30 | 8 | 128 | 78 | 65%‡ | 2,462 | [31] |
2018-09-02 | 91 | 31 | 9 | 131 | 82 | - | 2,512 | [32] |
2018-09-07 | 100 | 31 | 14 | 145 | 89 | 68%‡ | 2,426 | [33] |
2018-09-09 | 101 | 31 | 9 | 141 | 91 | - | 2,265 | [34][35] |
2018-09-14 | 106 | 31 | 17 | 154 | 92 | 67.2%‡ | 1,751 | [36] |
2018-09-16 | 111 | 31 | 7 | 149 | 97 | - | 2,173 | [37][38] |
2018-09-21 | 116 | 31 | n/a | 147 | 99 | 67.3%‡ | 1,641 | [39] |
2018-09-23 | 119 | 31 | 9 | 159 | 100 | 67%‡ | 1,836 | [40] |
2018-09-28 | 126 | 31 | 23 | 180 | 102 | 65%‡ | 1,410 | [41] |
2018-10-02 | 130 | 32 | 17 | 179 | 106 | 65.4%‡ | 1,463 | [42] |
2018-10-05 | 142 | 35 | 11 | 188 | 113 | 63.8%‡ | 2,045 | [43] |
2018-10-07 | 146 | 35 | 21 | 202 | 115 | 63.5%‡ | 2,115 | [44] |
2018-10-12 | 176 | 35 | 32 | 243 | 135 | 64%‡ | 2,663 | [45] |
2018-10-15 | 181 | 35 | 32 | 248 | 139 | 64%‡ | 4,707 | [46] |
2018-10-19 | 202 | 35 | 33 | 270 | 153 | 65%‡ | 5,518 | [47] |
2018-10-21 | 203 | 35 | 14 | 252 | 155 | 65%‡ | 5,341 | [48] |
2018-10-26 | 232 | 35 | 43 | 310 | 170 | 64%‡ | 6,026 | [49] |
2018-10-28 | 239 | 35 | 32 | 306 | 174 | 63.5%‡ | 5,991 | [50] |
2018-11-02 | 263 | 35 | 70 | 368 | 186 | 62.4%‡ | 5036 | [18] |
# numbers are subject to revision both up, when new cases are discovered, and down consequently, when tests show cases were not Ebola-related. |
Increasing cases
The Uganda Ministry of Health has issued an alert for extra surveillance as the neighboring outbreak in the DRC is just 100 kilometres (62 mi) away from its border.[51] On 7 August, the DRC Ministry of Public Health indicated that the total count had climbed to almost 90 cases;[52] two days later, on 9 August, it was nearly 100 cases.[53] On 16 August, the United Kingdom indicated it would help with EVD diagnosis and monitoring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[54] On 17 August, the WHO reported that "contacts" numbered about 1500 individuals, however there could be more in certain conflict zones in the DRC that can not be reached.[55] Some 954 contacts were successfully followed up on 18 August, however, Mandima Health Zone indicated resistance; as a consequence, contacts were not followed up there per the World Health Organization.[27] On 3 September, WHO stated that 16 health workers had contracted the lethal virus.[32] Health workers must don PPE for protection during treatment of those affected by the virus, as well as various other tasks.[56]
On 4 September, Butembo, a city with almost one million people, logged its first fatality in the Ebola outbreak. The city of Butembo, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has trade links to Uganda, which it borders.[57][15]
On 24 September, it was reported that all contact tracing and vaccinations would stop for the foreseeable future in Beni, due to an attack the day before by rebel groups that left several individuals dead.[58] On 25 September, Peter Salama of the World Health Organization indicated that insecurity is obstructing efforts to stop the virus and believes a combination of factors could establish conditions for an epidemic.[59] On 18 October, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention raised its travelers' alert to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from a level 1 to level 2 for all U.S. travelers.[60] On 26 October, the World Health Organization indicated that half of confirmed cases were not showing any fever symptom, thus making diagnosis more difficult.[49]
On 6 November, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that the current outbreak in the east region of the DRC may not be containable due to several factors. This would be the first time since 1976 that an outbreak has not been able to be curbed.[61]
Military conflict
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Goma_-_North_Kivu_%2821070159821%29.jpg/140px-Goma_-_North_Kivu_%2821070159821%29.jpg)
The area in question, North Kivu, is also currently in the middle of the Kivu Conflict, a military conflict with thousands of displaced refugees.[62][63] The affected area has about one million uprooted people and shares borders with Rwanda and Uganda, with cross border movement because of trade activities. The humanitarian crisis and deterioration of the security situation is expected to affect any response to the outbreak.[64][65] The DRC is expected to hold presidential elections at the end of this year.[66]
There are about 70 armed military groups, among them the Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo and the Mai-Mayi Nduma défense du Congo-Rénové, in North Kivu. The armed fighting has apparently displaced thousands of individuals.[67] According to WHO, health care workers will be accompanied by military personnel for protection; additionally, ring vaccination may not be possible.[68] On 11 August, it was reported that seven individuals were killed in Mayi-Moya due to a military group, about 24 miles from Beni where there are several EVD cases.[69][70] The WHO is asking for safe passage to those areas that are within conflict zones, so that possible EVD cases may be found.[71]
On 24 August, it was reported that an Ebola-stricken physician had been in contact with some 97 individuals in an inaccessible military area, hence those 97 contacts cannot be diagnosed.[72][73]
On 4 September, it was reported that on the outskirts of the city of Beni (one of the areas affected by the EVD outbreak) 2 peacekeepers were attacked and wounded by rebel groups in the area which is part of a larger military conflict.[74] On 23 September, it was reported that 14 individuals were killed in a military attack in the city of Beni, which is an area affected by the current EVD outbreak.[75] In September 2018, the World Health Organization's Deputy Director-General for Emergency Preparedness and Response described the combination of military conflict and civilian distress as a potential "perfect storm" that could lead to a rapid worsening of the outbreak.[6][7] On 5 October, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Dr. Denis Mukwege, who tends to the female victims of the ongoing internal armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[76]
On 20 October, an armed rebel group in DRC killed some 13 civilians and took 12 children as hostages. This attack occurred in Beni which is the current epicenter of the Ebola virus outbreak.[77][78]
Uganda and border points
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Un-uganda.png/80px-Un-uganda.png)
On 11 August, a U.N. agency indicated that steps were being taken to assure that those leaving the DRC into Uganda are not infected with Ebola; this is being done via active screening.[2][79] On 13 August, the DRC reported a total of 115 cases of the virus within its borders so far.[2][79] Three individuals in Uganda that were suspected of contracting the virus were tested, with negative results.[80]
On 22 August, it was reported that the government of Uganda had opened two Ebola treatment centers at the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, though there are as yet no confirmed cases in the country of Uganda.[81][82]
According to the International Red Cross, a 'most likely scenario' entails an asymptomatic case will at some point enter the country of Uganda undetected among the numerous refugees coming from the DRC.[83]On 20 September Uganda indicated it was ready for immediate vaccination, should the Ebola virus be detected in any individual[84][85]
On 21 September, officials of the Democratic Republic of the Congo indicated a confirmed case of EVD at Lake Albert, an entry point into Uganda, though no case has been confirmed within Ugandan territory.[86][87]
On 2 November, it was reported that the Ugandan government would start vaccination of health workers along the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo as a proactive measure against the virus.[88]
Virology
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rousettus_aegyptiacus_1.jpg/160px-Rousettus_aegyptiacus_1.jpg)
Zaire ebolavirus strain is the most lethal of the six known strains (including the newly discovered Bombali strain);[89] it is fatal in up to 90% of cases.[90] Both Ebola and Marburg virus are part of the Filoviridae family.[91]
The filovirus genome contains seven genes, including VP40.[92] The natural reservoir of the virus is thought to be the African fruit bat,[93] which is used in many parts of Africa as bushmeat.[94]
Treatment
Vaccination
On 27 August, the World Health Organization evaluated the benefits and risks of drug treatment for EVD: Remdesivir, ZMapp, REGN3470-3471-3479, mAb114 and favipiravir.[95]mAb114 (which is a monoclonal antibody) is being used for the first time to treat infected individuals during this EVD outbreak.[96] An alternative treatment of ZMapp has not been used because it requires storage at −20 °C (−4 °F).[2]
On 8 August, the process of vaccination began with rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine.[97] Although the Ebola vaccine has had efficacy, a review by Medaglini et al. indicated that "long-term protection is undefined" via the vaccine mechanism.[98] The DRC Ministry of Public Health reported on 16 August that 316 individuals had been vaccinated.[99]
On 24 August, the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ministry of Public Health indicated it had vaccinated 2,957 individuals, including 1,422 in Mabalako against the Ebola virus.[100] On 29 August it was reported that women who are pregnant are not being given the vaccine,[101] even though more than 20,000 individuals have been and many more continue to be vaccinated.[102]
Treatment Centres
On 14 August, it was reported that the Mangina Ebola Treatment Center was now operational.[103][104] A fourth Ebola Treatment Center (after those in Mangina, Beni and Butembo) was inaugurated on 18 September in Makeke in the Mandima Health Zone of Ituri Province.[105] Makeke is less than five kilometers from Mangina along a well-traveled local road; the site had been proposed in August when it appeared that a second ETC would be needed in the area, and space was insufficient in Mangina itself to accommodate one.[106] By mid-September, however, there had been only two additional cases in the Mandima Health Zone, and only sporadic cases were being reported in the Mabalako Health Zone.[107]
Prognosis
In terms of prognosis, aside from the possible effects of post-Ebola syndrome,[108] there is also the reality of survivors returning to communities where they might be shunned due to the fear many have in the respective areas of the virus (EVD),[109][110] hence psychosocial assistance is needed.[111]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ebola_Virus_-_Electron_Micrograph.tiff/lossy-page1-70px-Ebola_Virus_-_Electron_Micrograph.tiff.jpg)
The Ebola virus disease outbreak in Zaire (Yambuku) started in late 1976, and was the second outbreak ever after the earlier one in Sudan the same year.[112][113] On 1 August 2018 the 10th Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only a few days after the prior outbreak in the same country had been declared over on 24 July.[114][115] World Health Organization chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus indicated on 15 August that the current outbreak in DRC may be worse than the West Africa outbreak of 2013-2016,[116] due to several factors.[117]
The table below indicates the 10 outbreaks that have occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1976:
Date | Country | Major location | Outbreak information | Source | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Cases | Deaths | CFR | ||||
Aug 1976 | Zaire | Yambuku | EBOV | 318 | 280 | 88% | [118] |
Jun 1977 | Zaire | Tandala | EBOV | 1 | 1 | 100% | [119][120] |
May–Jul 1995 | Zaire | Kikwit | EBOV | 315 | 254 | 81% | [121] |
Aug–Nov 2007 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Occidental | EBOV | 264 | 187 | 71% | [122] |
Dec 2008–Feb 2009 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Occidental | EBOV | 32 | 14 | 45% | [123] |
Jun–Nov 2012 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Orientale | BDBV | 77 | 36 | 47% | [119] |
Aug–Nov 2014 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshuapa | EBOV | 66 | 49 | 74% | [124] |
May–Jul 2017 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Likati | EBOV | 8 | 4 | 50% | [125] |
Apr–Jul 2018 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Équateur Province | EBOV | 54 | 33 | 61% | [126] |
Aug 2018–June 2020 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kivu | EBOV | 3,470 | 2,280 | 66% | [127] |
June–Nov 2020 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Équateur Province | EBOV | 130 | 55 | 42% | [128] |
Feb 2021–May 2021 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | North Kivu | EBOV | 12 | 6 | 50% | [129] |
April 2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Équateur Province | EBOV | 5 | 5 | 100% | [130][131] |
August 2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | North Kivu | EBOV | 1 | 1 | 100% | [132] |
This map and graph also show previous EVD outbreaks in the area of central Africa, which includes the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the graph is updated as total cases and deaths number may increase as the outbreak expands):
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Bar_graph_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_outbreaks_1976-present.jpg)
(Uganda has second most EVD cases '00-'01/425[135]
West African Ebola virus epidemic '13-'16/ >28,000[136])
See also
- rVSV-ZEBOV
- 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
- 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
- Filoviridae
- Haemorrhagic fever
Notes
References
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ Gulland, Anne (6 September 2018). "Ebola death in city of one million prompts fears of urban spread". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
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Further reading
- Dokubo, Emily Kainne; Wendland, Annika; Mate, Suzanne E.; Ladner, Jason T.; Hamblion, Esther L.; Raftery, Philomena; Blackley, David J.; Laney, A. Scott; Mahmoud, Nuha; Wayne-Davies, Gloria; Hensley, Lisa; Stavale, Eric; Fakoli, Lawrence; Gregory, Christopher; Chen, Tai-Ho; Koryon, Augustine; Roth Allen, Denise; Mann, Jennifer; Hickey, Andrew; Saindon, John; Badini, Mehboob; Baller, April; Clement, Peter; Bolay, Fatorma; Wapoe, Yatta; Wiley, Michael R.; Logue, James; Dighero-Kemp, Bonnie; Higgs, Elizabeth; Gasasira, Alex; Williams, Desmond E.; Dahn, Bernice; Kateh, Francis; Nyenswah, Tolbert; Palacios, Gustavo; Fallah, Mosoka P. (23 July 2018). "Persistence of Ebola virus after the end of widespread transmission in Liberia: an outbreak report". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 18 (9): 1015–1024. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30417-1. ISSN 1474-4457. PMID 30049622.
- Nanclares, Carolina; Kapetshi, Jimmy; et al. (2016). "Ebola Virus Disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2014". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22 (9): 1579–1586. doi:10.3201/eid2209.160354. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 4994351. PMID 27533284.
- "Experimental Ebola vaccines elicit year-long immune response/NIH reports final data from large clinical trial in West Africa". National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH.gov. 11 October 2017.
- Kuhn, Jens H.; et al. (24 November 2014). "Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014". Viruses. 6 (11): 4760–4799. doi:10.3390/v6114760. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 4246247. PMID 25421896.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Jones-Konneh, Tracey Elizabeth Claire; Suda, Tomomi; Sasaki, Hiroyuki; Egawa, Shinichi (2018). "Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation of Nosocomial Infection among Healthcare Workers during Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Sierra Leone". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 245 (4): 231–238. doi:10.1620/tjem.245.231. ISSN 1349-3329. PMID 30078788.
- "International travel and health". World Health Organization. WHO. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- "Rising to the Ebola challenge, again". Nature Microbiology. 3 (9): 965. 16 August 2018. doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0243-2. ISSN 2058-5276. PMID 30115963. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- Lévy, Yves; Lane, Clifford; Piot, Peter; Beavogui, Abdul Habib; Kieh, Mark; Leigh, Bailah; Doumbia, Seydou; D'Ortenzio, Eric; Lévy-Marchal, Claire; Pierson, Jerome; Watson-Jones, Deborah; Nguyen, Vinh-Kim; Larson, Heidi; Lysander, Julia; Lacabaratz, Christine; Thiebaut, Rodolphe; Augier, Augustin; Ishola, David; Kennedy, Stephen; Chêne, Geneviève; Greenwood, Brian; Neaton, James; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan (August 2018). "Prevention of Ebola virus disease through vaccination: where we are in 2018". The Lancet. 0 (10149): 787–790. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31710-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 6128979. PMID 30104048. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- Dhama, Kuldeep; Karthik, Kumaragurubaran; Khandia, Rekha; Chakraborty, Sandip; Munjal, Ashok; Latheef, Shyma K.; Kumar, Deepak; Ramakrishnan, Muthannan Andavar; Malik, Yashpal Singh; Singh, Rajendra; Malik, Satya Veer Singh; Singh, Raj Kumar; Chaicumpa, Wanpen (2018). "Advances in Designing and Developing Vaccines, Drugs, and Therapies to Counter Ebola Virus". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 1803. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01803. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 6095993. PMID 30147687.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - West, Brandyn R.; Moyer, Crystal L.; King, Liam B.; Fusco, Marnie L.; Milligan, Jacob C.; Hui, Sean; Saphire, Erica Ollmann (11 September 2018). "Structural Basis of Pan-Ebolavirus Neutralization by a Human Antibody against a Conserved, yet Cryptic Epitope". mBio. 9 (5). doi:10.1128/mBio.01674-18. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 6134094. PMID 30206174.
- Nakkazi, Esther (August 2018). "DR Congo Ebola virus outbreak: responding in a conflict zone". The Lancet. 392 (10148): 623. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31981-0. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 30152332.
- Juan-Giner, Aitana; Tchaton, Marie; Jemmy, Jean-Paul; Soumah, Aboubacar; Boum, Yap; Faga, Elisabetta Maria; Cisse, Mohamed; Grais, Rebecca F. (25 September 2018). "Safety of the rVSV ZEBOV vaccine against Ebola Zaire among frontline workers in Guinea". Vaccine. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.009. ISSN 1873-2518. PMID 30266489.
- Claude, Kasereka Masumbuko; Underschultz, Jack; Hawkes, Michael T (October 2018). "Ebola virus epidemic in war-torn eastern DR Congo". The Lancet. 0 (10156): 1399–1401. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32419-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 30297137. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- De Nys, Helene M.; Kingebeni, Placide Mbala; Keita, Alpha K.; Butel, Christelle; Thaurignac, Guillaume; Villabona-Arenas, Christian-Julian; Lemarcis, Thomas; Geraerts, Mare; Vidal, Nicole; Esteban, Amandine; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Roger, François; Leendertz, Fabian; Diallo, Ramadan; Ndimbo-Kumugo, Simon-Pierre; Nsio-Mbeta, Justus; Tagg, Nikki; Koivogui, Lamine; Toure, Abdoulaye; Delaporte, Eric; Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve; Tamfum, Jean-Jacques Muyembe; Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel; Ayouba, Ahidjo; Peeters, Martine (December 2018). "Survey of Ebola Viruses in Frugivorous and Insectivorous Bats in Guinea, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2015–2017". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24 (12). doi:10.3201/eid2412.180740. ISSN 1080-6040. PMID 30307845. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- Brett-Major, David; Lawler, James (19 August 2018). "Catching Chances: The Movement to Be on the Ground and Research Ready before an Outbreak". Viruses. 10 (8): 439. doi:10.3390/v10080439. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 6116208. PMID 30126221.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Cousins, Sophie (October 2018). "Violence and community mistrust hamper Ebola response". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 0. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30658-3. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 30385158. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
External links
- World Health Organization Democratic Republic of the Congo crisis information
- World Health Organization Ebola situation reports
- "Ebola outbreak: timeline". Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders.
Video
- "Donning PPE: Perform Hand Hygiene Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
- "Contact tracing/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". cdc.gov. Retrieved 15 September 2018.