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== Composition ==
== Composition ==
The [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) content of hash oil varies tremendously, since the manufacturers use a varying assortment of marijuana plants and preparation techniques. Dealers sometimes [[Cutting agent|cut]] hash oils with other oils.<ref name="starks">{{citation | author=Michael Starks | title=Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics, Processing, Potency| edition=2nd | pages=111–126 | publisher=Ronin | year=1993|isbn=9780914171393}}</ref><ref name="WD2009_98">{{citation | year=2014 | title=World Drug Report | chapter=Cannabis: Overview | publisher=United Nations Publications | url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cannabis_2014_web.pdf}}</ref>
The [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) content of hash oil varies tremendously, since the manufacturers use a varying assortment of marijuana plants and preparation techniques. Dealers sometimes [[Cutting agent|cut]] hash oils with other oils.<ref name="starks">{{citation | author=Michael Starks | title=Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics, Processing, Potency| edition=2nd | pages=111–126 | publisher=Ronin | year=1993|isbn=9780914171393}}</ref><ref name="WD2009_98">{{citation | year=2014 | title=World Drug Report | chapter=Cannabis: Overview | publisher=United Nations Publications | url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/Cannabis_2014_web.pdf}}</ref> In 2019 there has been an increase of vaping related hospital admissions and fatalities reporting the use of hash oil in black market vape cartridges of unknown origin. Further analysis of black market products contained 30% Vitamin E acetate and contained pesticide residues while regulated market products were free from pesticides and contained no Vitamin E acetate.


Hash oil seized in the 1970s had a THC content ranging from 10% to 30%. The oil available on the U.S. West Coast in 1974 averaged about 15% THC.<ref name="starks" /> Samples seized across the United States by the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] over an 18-year period (1980–1997) showed that THC content in hashish and hashish oil averaging 12.9% and 17.4%, respectively, did not show an increase over time.<ref name="huestis">{{citation | author1=Marilyn A. Huestis | author2=Michael L. Smith | editor=Mahmoud A. ElSohly | chapter=Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Interpretation of Cannabinoid Concentrations in Biological Fluids and Tissues | title=Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | publisher=Humana Press | year=2007 | pages=205–235}}</ref> The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil.<ref>{{citation | author=Rudolf Brenneisen | editor=Mahmoud A. ElSohly | chapter=Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents | title=Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | publisher=Humana Press | year=2007 | pages=17–49}}</ref> Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90%<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gloss|first1=D|title=An Overview of Products and Bias in Research.|journal=Neurotherapeutics|date=October 2015|volume=12|issue=4|pages=731–4|pmid=26202343|pmc=4604179|doi=10.1007/s13311-015-0370-x}}</ref><ref name=Colorado/> and other products achieving higher concentrations <ref name="dailybeast">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/21/hey-buddy-wanna-dab-inside-the-mainstream-explosion-of-cannabis-concentrates.html|title=Hey Buddy, Wanna Dab? Inside The Mainstream Explosion of Cannabis Concentrates|date=21 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2016|author=Valerie Vande Panne|publisher=The Daily Beast}}</ref>
Hash oil seized in the 1970s had a THC content ranging from 10% to 30%. The oil available on the U.S. West Coast in 1974 averaged about 15% THC.<ref name="starks" /> Samples seized across the United States by the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] over an 18-year period (1980–1997) showed that THC content in hashish and hashish oil averaging 12.9% and 17.4%, respectively, did not show an increase over time.<ref name="huestis">{{citation | author1=Marilyn A. Huestis | author2=Michael L. Smith | editor=Mahmoud A. ElSohly | chapter=Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Interpretation of Cannabinoid Concentrations in Biological Fluids and Tissues | title=Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | publisher=Humana Press | year=2007 | pages=205–235}}</ref> The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil.<ref>{{citation | author=Rudolf Brenneisen | editor=Mahmoud A. ElSohly | chapter=Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents | title=Marijuana and the Cannabinoids | publisher=Humana Press | year=2007 | pages=17–49}}</ref> Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90%<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gloss|first1=D|title=An Overview of Products and Bias in Research.|journal=Neurotherapeutics|date=October 2015|volume=12|issue=4|pages=731–4|pmid=26202343|pmc=4604179|doi=10.1007/s13311-015-0370-x}}</ref><ref name=Colorado/> and other products achieving higher concentrations <ref name="dailybeast">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/21/hey-buddy-wanna-dab-inside-the-mainstream-explosion-of-cannabis-concentrates.html|title=Hey Buddy, Wanna Dab? Inside The Mainstream Explosion of Cannabis Concentrates|date=21 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2016|author=Valerie Vande Panne|publisher=The Daily Beast}}</ref>


The following compounds were found in [[naphtha]] extracts of [[Cannabis strains#Bedrocan|Bedrocan]] Dutch medical cannabis:<ref name="romano">{{citation | author1=Luigi L. Romano | author2=Arno Hazekamp | title=Cannabis Oil: chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine | journal=Cannabinoids | volume=1 | issue=1 | year=2013 | pages=1–11 | url=http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/en_2013_01_1.pdf}}</ref>
The following compounds were found in [[naphtha]] extracts of [[Cannabis strains#Bedrocan|Bedrocan]] Dutch medical cannabis:<ref name="romano">{{citation | author1=Luigi L. Romano | author2=Arno Hazekamp | title=Cannabis Oil: chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine | journal=Cannabinoids | volume=1 | issue=1 | year=2013 | pages=1–11 | url=http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/en_2013_01_1.pdf}}</ref>
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==History==
==History==
{{Expand section|date=June 2018}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2018}}
Traditional [[Ice-water separation|ice-water separated]] hashish production utilizes [[water]] as a solvent, though this method still leaves much residual plant matter and is therefore poorly suited for full vaporization.
Traditional [[Ice-water separation|ice-water separated]] hashish production utilizes [[water]] as a solvent, though this method still leaves much residual plant matter and is therefore poorly suited for full vaporization.roduction method and temperature and are usually identified by their appearance or characteristics. Color most commonly range

Solvent extraction was documented in nineteenth century Europe as a method of creating an absolute. Ethanol hashish extracts created in the late 1800's described as an aromatic yellowish oil.


So called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970's.<ref name=Safe /><ref name=Bienenstock>{{cite book |last1=Bienenstock |first1=David |title=How to Smoke Pot (Properly): A Highbrow Guide to Getting High |date=2016 |publisher=Plume |isbn=978-0147517081 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjdDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46#v=onepage&f=false |accessdate=3 June 2018}}</ref> This product was made in [[Kabul, Afghanistan]] and smuggled into the United States by [[The Brotherhood of Eternal Love]]. Production is thought to have ceased when the facility was destroyed in an explosion.
So called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970's.<ref name=Safe /><ref name=Bienenstock>{{cite book |last1=Bienenstock |first1=David |title=How to Smoke Pot (Properly): A Highbrow Guide to Getting High |date=2016 |publisher=Plume |isbn=978-0147517081 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjdDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46#v=onepage&f=false |accessdate=3 June 2018}}</ref> This product was made in [[Kabul, Afghanistan]] and smuggled into the United States by [[The Brotherhood of Eternal Love]]. Production is thought to have ceased when the facility was destroyed in an explosion.

Revision as of 11:41, 5 October 2019

Hash oil
One form of hash oil
Source plant(s)Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, Cannabis ruderalis (rarely)
Part(s) of plantall
Geographic originUnited States
Afghanistan
Active ingredientsTetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin
Legal status
Part of a series on
Cannabis
Cannabis
Chemistry
  • Semi-synthetic cannabinoids
Pharmacology
Consumption
Economics
Effects
Forms
Law
Variants
  • Genus
  • Species
Related

Hash oil, also known as honey oil or cannabis oil, is an oleoresin obtained by the extraction of cannabis or hashish. It is a concentrated form of cannabis extracts containing many of its resins and terpenes – in particular, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids. There are various extraction methods, most involving a solvent, such as butane or ethanol. Hash oil is usually consumed by smoking, vaporizing or eating. Hash oil may be sold in cartridges used with pen vaporizers. Preparations of hash oil may be solid or colloidal depending on both production method and temperature and are usually identified by their appearance or characteristics. Color most commonly ranges from transparent golden or light brown, to tan or black. Cannabis retailers in California have reported about 40% of their sales are from cannabis oils.[1]

Hash oil is an extracted cannabis product that may use any part of the plant, with minimal or no residual solvent. It is generally thought to be indistinct from traditional hashish, according to the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (Schedule I and IV), as it is "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant".

Composition

The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of hash oil varies tremendously, since the manufacturers use a varying assortment of marijuana plants and preparation techniques. Dealers sometimes cut hash oils with other oils.[2][3] In 2019 there has been an increase of vaping related hospital admissions and fatalities reporting the use of hash oil in black market vape cartridges of unknown origin. Further analysis of black market products contained 30% Vitamin E acetate and contained pesticide residues while regulated market products were free from pesticides and contained no Vitamin E acetate.

Hash oil seized in the 1970s had a THC content ranging from 10% to 30%. The oil available on the U.S. West Coast in 1974 averaged about 15% THC.[2] Samples seized across the United States by the Drug Enforcement Administration over an 18-year period (1980–1997) showed that THC content in hashish and hashish oil averaging 12.9% and 17.4%, respectively, did not show an increase over time.[4] The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil.[5] Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90%[6][7] and other products achieving higher concentrations [8]

The following compounds were found in naphtha extracts of Bedrocan Dutch medical cannabis:[9]

The form of the extract varies depending on the process used; it may be liquid, a clear amber solid (called “shatter"), a sticky semisolid substance (called "wax"), or a brittle honeycombed solid (called "honeycomb wax").[10]

History

Traditional ice-water separated hashish production utilizes water as a solvent, though this method still leaves much residual plant matter and is therefore poorly suited for full vaporization.roduction method and temperature and are usually identified by their appearance or characteristics. Color most commonly range

Solvent extraction was documented in nineteenth century Europe as a method of creating an absolute. Ethanol hashish extracts created in the late 1800's described as an aromatic yellowish oil.

So called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970's.[1][11] This product was made in Kabul, Afghanistan and smuggled into the United States by The Brotherhood of Eternal Love. Production is thought to have ceased when the facility was destroyed in an explosion.

Gold described the use of alcohol and activated charcoal in honey oil production by 1989,[12] and Michael Starks further detailed procedures and various solvents by 1990.[13]

Colorado and Washington began licensing hash oil extraction operations in 2014.[1]

Use

Vaporizing hash oil, known as dabbing. The quartz piece is heated and a small amount of hash oil (seen on the end of a piece of metal) is placed in the encircling dish, where it vaporizes.
Full extract oil in an oral syringe.

Hash oil is consumed usually by smoking, ingestion, or vaporization.[10] Smoking or vaporizing hash oil is known colloquially as "dabbing",[10] from the English verb to daub (Dutch dabben, French dauber), "to smear with something adhesive".[14] Dabbing devices include special kinds of water pipes ("oil rigs"), and vaporizers similar in design to electronic cigarettes.[10] Oil rigs include a glass water pipe and a hollow tube (called a "nail"), with an indentation on the side which is sometimes covered with a dome.[10] The pipe is often heated with a gas blowtorch rather than a cigarette lighter.[10]

The oil can also be sold in pre-filled atomizer cartridges. The cartridge is used by connecting it to a battery and inhaling the vaporized oil from the cartridge's mouthpiece.[15]

Production

Hash oil is produced by solvent extraction (maceration, infusion or percolation) of marijuana or hashish. After filtering and evaporating the solvent, a sticky resinous liquid with a strong herbal odor (remarkably different from the peculiar odor of hemp) remains.[2][16]

Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil production, because much THC and CBD will be present in their carboxylic acid forms (THCA and CBDA), which may not be highly soluble in some solvents.[2] The acids are decarboxylated during drying and heating (smoking).

A wide variety of solvents can be used for extraction, such as chloroform, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, naphtha, benzene, butane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and olive oil.[2][9] Currently, resinoids are often obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide. The alcohols extract undesirable water-soluble substances such as chlorophyll and sugars (which can be removed later by washing with water). Non-polar solvents such as benzene, chloroform and petroleum ether will not extract the water-soluble constituents of marijuana or hashish while still producing hash oil. In general, non-polar cannabis extracts taste much better than polar extracts. Alkali washing further improves the odor and taste.

Hash oil produced in California, referred to as shatter due to its very thick and glass-like consistency

The oil may be further refined by 1) alkali washing, or removing the heavy aromatic carboxylic acids with antibiotic properties, which may cause heartburn, gallbladder and pancreas irritation, and resistance to hemp antibiotics; 2) conversion of CBD to THC. Process 1) consists of dissolving the oil in a nonpolar solvent such as petroleum ether, repeatedly washing (saponifying) with a base such as sodium carbonate solution until the yellow residue disappears from the watery phase, decanting, and washing with water to remove the base and the saponified components (and evaporating the solvents). This process reduces the oil yield, but the resulting oil is less acidic, more easily digestible and much more potent (almost pure THC). Process 2) consists of dissolving the oil in a suitable solvent such as absolute ethanol containing 0.05% hydrochloric acid, and boiling the mixture for 2 hours.[17]

One pound of marijuana yields from 1/5 to 1/10 of a pound of hash oil.[16] The oil may retain considerable residual solvent: oil extracted with longer-chain volatile hydrocarbons (such as naphtha) is less viscous (thinner) than oil extracted with short-chain hydrocarbons (such as butane).[9]

Colored impurities from the oil can be removed by adding activated charcoal to about one third to one half the weight or volume of the solvent containing the dissolved oil, mixing well, filtering, and evaporating the solvent.[2] When decolorizing fatty oils, oil retention can be up to 50 wt % on bleaching earths and nearly 100 wt % on activated charcoal.[18]

Legality

Main article: Legality of cannabis

In Canada, hash oil – defined as a chemically concentrated extract having up to 90% THC potency – was approved for commerce in October 2018.[19] In the United States, regulations specifically for hash oil have not been issued as of 2019, but hemp seed oil – along with hulled hemp seeds and hemp seed protein – were approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in December 2018, indicating that "these products can be legally marketed in human foods for these uses without food additive approval, provided they comply with all other requirements and do not make disease treatment claims".[20]

Safety

Use

Hash oil being purged of excess butane which forms bubbles as the solvent evaporates

As of 2015 the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke. However, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS).[10]

Production

Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.[16]

Solvents used to extract THC are flammable or combustible and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe injuries, and deaths.[21][22][7][23][24][25]

Handling

Butane honey oil

The LD50 for THC (Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol) is not precisely known, as there have been no recorded fatalities. Hash oil can contain up to 80% THC, though up to 99% is possible with other methods of extraction. While health issues of the lungs may be exacerbated by use of hash oil, it is not known to cause side effects not already found in other preparations of cannabis.[citation needed]

Storage

When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without antioxidants), the oil loses its taste and psychoactivity due to aging. Cannabinoid carboxylic acids (THCA, CBDA, and maybe others) have an antibiotic effect on gram-positive bacteria such as (penicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus, but gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli are unaffected.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Lewis, Amanda Chicago (30 April 2015). "Wax Is Weed's Next Big Thing And No One Knows If It's Safe". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Michael Starks (1993), Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics, Processing, Potency (2nd ed.), Ronin, pp. 111–126, ISBN 9780914171393
  3. ^ "Cannabis: Overview", World Drug Report (PDF), United Nations Publications, 2014
  4. ^ Marilyn A. Huestis; Michael L. Smith (2007), "Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Interpretation of Cannabinoid Concentrations in Biological Fluids and Tissues", in Mahmoud A. ElSohly (ed.), Marijuana and the Cannabinoids, Humana Press, pp. 205–235
  5. ^ Rudolf Brenneisen (2007), "Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents", in Mahmoud A. ElSohly (ed.), Marijuana and the Cannabinoids, Humana Press, pp. 17–49
  6. ^ Gloss, D (October 2015). "An Overview of Products and Bias in Research". Neurotherapeutics. 12 (4): 731–4. doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0370-x. PMC 4604179. PMID 26202343.
  7. ^ a b "Safety with hash oil". Colorado Marijuana. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  8. ^ Valerie Vande Panne (21 December 2013). "Hey Buddy, Wanna Dab? Inside The Mainstream Explosion of Cannabis Concentrates". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  9. ^ a b c Luigi L. Romano; Arno Hazekamp (2013), "Cannabis Oil: chemical evaluation of an upcoming cannabis-based medicine" (PDF), Cannabinoids, 1 (1): 1–11
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Stogner, JM; Miller, BL (July 2015). "Assessing the Dangers of "Dabbing": Mere Marijuana or Harmful New Trend?" (PDF). Pediatrics. 136 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0454. PMID 26077476.
  11. ^ Bienenstock, David (2016). How to Smoke Pot (Properly): A Highbrow Guide to Getting High (1st ed.). Plume. ISBN 978-0147517081. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  12. ^ Gold, D. (1989) [1973]. Cannabis Alchemy: The Art of Modern Hashmaking (2nd ed.).
  13. ^ Starks, Michael (1990) [1977]. Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics Processing and Potency (2nd ed.).
  14. ^ Samuel Johnson (1785), "daub", A Dictionary of the English Language, vol. 1 (6th ed.), p. 541
  15. ^ Lewis, Amanda. "Are Weed Vape Pens Safe?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  16. ^ a b c Alison Hallett (2013-02-20), "Hash Oil is Blowing Up Across the U.S. - Literally", Wired
  17. ^ Yechiel Gaoni; Raphael Mechoulam (1964), "Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 86 (8): 1646–1647, doi:10.1021/ja01062a046
  18. ^ Alfred Thomas (2007), "Fats and Fatty Oils", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 31
  19. ^ "About cannabis; Table 1". Government of Canada. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  20. ^ Scott Gottlieb, Commissioner (20 December 2018). "FDA Statement Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on signing of the Agriculture Improvement Act and the agency's regulation of products containing cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds". US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  21. ^ "Dangers of Butane Hash Oil Labs Cited as Five are Charged". US Department of Justice. March 30, 2016.
  22. ^ "Butane Hash Oil Extraction Hazards Issued" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. January 2013.
  23. ^ "Marijuana Butane Honey Oil Extraction on the Rise". Los Angeles County Fire Department. 19 June 2014.
  24. ^ Romanowski, KS; Barsun, A; Kwan, P; Teo, EH; Palmieri, TL; Sen, S; Maguina, P; Greenhalgh, DG (30 March 2016). "Butane Hash Oil Burns: A 7-Year Perspective on a Growing Problem". Journal of Burn Care & Research. doi:10.1097/BCR.0000000000000334. PMID 27058582.
  25. ^ Crawford, Angus (5 August 2016). "Rise in UK explosions linked to super-strength cannabis" – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  26. ^ Jan Kabelik (1955), "Hemp as a medicament" (PDF), Acta Univ. Olomuc., 6, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-01

Further reading

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