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→Taxonomy: this info apparently comes from this document... need an URL! better find if this document really exists... I can read a bit of Russian... but I wish people would write these references in the original language, now I have to translate everything back to Russian to find stuff. Okay, I give up, elibrary.ru has many of the Известия Академии наук СССР 1988 articles, but not this one... too bad
→Culture: Mount Carmel, let's be specific here...; 'ahmar means 'red' in Classical Arabic too, not just Levant dialect
Line 90: Line 90:


==Culture==
==Culture==
In the Hebrew Bible [[Deuteronomy]] 14:5, the יַחְמ֑וּר, ''yahmur'', derived from 'to be red', is listed as the third species of animal that may be eaten. In most bibles this word has usually been translated as 'roe deer', and it still means as much in [[Palestinian Arabic]] -it was still said to be a common species here in the 19th century. The [[King James Bible]] translated the word as '[[fallow deer]]', and in other English bible translations the word has been translated as a number of different species.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/deuteronomy/14-5.htm |title=Deuteronomy 14:5 Parallel Hebrew Texts |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/1_kings/4-23.htm |title=1 Kings 4 23 Commentaries ten fat oxen, twenty pasture-fed oxen, a hundred sheep besides deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened fowl |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Easton |first=Matthew George |author-link=Matthew George Easton |date=1897 |title=Entry for Fallow-deer in the Illustrated Bible Dictionary |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/fallow-deer/ |edition=3 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Thomas Nelson |page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biblehub.com/interlinear/deuteronomy/14.htm |title=Deuteronomy 14 Interlinear Bible |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> When [[Modern Hebrew]] was reconstructed to serve as the language of the future [[Israel]] in late Ottoman and British [[Mandatory Palestine]], the King James Bible interpretation was chosen, despite the fallow deer being fallow, not red.
In the Hebrew Bible [[Deuteronomy]] 14:5, the יַחְמ֑וּר, ''yahmur'', derived from 'to be red', is listed as the third species of animal that may be eaten. In most bibles this word has usually been translated as 'roe deer', and it still means as much in [[Arabic]] (أحمر, pronounced '''ahmar'') -it was still said to be a common species in the [[Mount Carmel]] area in the 19th century. The [[King James Bible]] translated the word as '[[fallow deer]]', and in other English bible translations the word has been translated as a number of different species.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/deuteronomy/14-5.htm |title=Deuteronomy 14:5 Parallel Hebrew Texts |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/1_kings/4-23.htm |title=1 Kings 4 23 Commentaries ten fat oxen, twenty pasture-fed oxen, a hundred sheep besides deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened fowl |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Easton |first=Matthew George |author-link=Matthew George Easton |date=1897 |title=Entry for Fallow-deer in the Illustrated Bible Dictionary |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/fallow-deer/ |edition=3 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Thomas Nelson |page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biblehub.com/interlinear/deuteronomy/14.htm |title=Deuteronomy 14 Interlinear Bible |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the/arabic-word-for-78988010b890ce6f4d2136481f392787ec6d6106.html |title=How to say red in Arabic |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2008 |website=WordHippo |publisher=Kat IP Pty Ltd |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> When [[Modern Hebrew]] was reconstructed to serve as the language of the future [[Israel]] in late Ottoman and British [[Mandatory Palestine]], the King James Bible interpretation was chosen, despite the fallow deer being fallow, not red.


The world-famous deer Bambi (the titular character of the book ''[[Bambi, A Life in the Woods]]'' (1923) and its sequel ''[[Bambi's Children]]'' (1939), by the Austrian author [[Felix Salten]]) was originally a roe deer. When the story was adapted into the animated feature film ''[[Bambi]]'' (1942), by the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Walt Disney Studios]], Bambi was changed to a [[mule deer]], and accordingly, the setting was changed to a North American wilderness. These changes made Bambi a deer species more familiar to mainstream US viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/bambi.html|title=Bambi and That Other Guy|publisher=Bio.Miami.edu}}</ref>
The world-famous deer Bambi (the titular character of the book ''[[Bambi, A Life in the Woods]]'' (1923) and its sequel ''[[Bambi's Children]]'' (1939), by the Austrian author [[Felix Salten]]) was originally a roe deer. When the story was adapted into the animated feature film ''[[Bambi]]'' (1942), by the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Walt Disney Studios]], Bambi was changed to a [[mule deer]], and accordingly, the setting was changed to a North American wilderness. These changes made Bambi a deer species more familiar to mainstream US viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/bambi.html|title=Bambi and That Other Guy|publisher=Bio.Miami.edu}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:08, 20 November 2020

Roe deer
Male (buck) and female (doe) roe deer
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Subfamily: Capreolinae
Genus: Capreolus
Species:
C. capreolus
Binomial name
Capreolus capreolus
Range of roe deer
Synonyms

Cervus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758

The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), also known as the roe, western roe deer[3][4] or European roe,[3] is a species of deer. The male of the species is sometimes referred to as a roebuck. The roe is a small deer, reddish and grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold environments. The species is widespread in Europe, from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, from Scotland to the Caucasus, and east to northern Iran and Iraq.

Etymology

English roe is from Old English ra or rá, from raha, from Proto-Germanic *raikhaz, cognate to Old Norse ra, Old Saxon reho, Middle Dutch and Dutch ree, Old High German reh, German Reh. It is perhaps ultimately derived from a PIE root *rei-, meaning "streaked, spotted or striped".[5][6]

The word is attested on the 5th-century Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus -a roe deer talus bone, written in Elder Futhark as ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ, transliterated as raïhan.[7][8]

Taxonomy

Linnaeus first described the roe deer in the modern taxonomic system as Cervus capreolus in 1758.[2][3] The initially monotypic genus Capreolus was first proposed by John Edward Gray in 1821, although he did not provide a proper description for this taxon.[9] He was generally ignored until the 20th century, most 19th century works continued to follow Linnaeus.

Roe deer populations gradually become somewhat larger as one moves further to the east, peaking in Kazakhstan, then becoming smaller again towards the Pacific Ocean.[10] The Soviet mammalogist Vladimir Sokolov had recognised this as a separate species from 1985 already,[11][12] but Alexander S. Graphodatsky looked at the karyotypy and presented better evidence to recognise these Russian and Asian populations as a separate species, now renamed the eastern or Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), in his 1990 paper. This interpretation was first followed in the American book Mammals Species of the World in 1993. Populations of the roe from east of the Khoper River and Don River to Korea are considered to be this species. The main difference between the taxa are the B chromosomes found in C. pygargus.[13][14][15][16]

Subspecies

The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, following the Mammals Species of the World, gives the following subspecies:[3][17]

  • Capreolus capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Capreolus capreolus canus Miller, 1910 - Spain
  • Capreolus capreolus caucasicus Dinnik, 1910 - A large-sized subspecies north of Caucasus Mountains.
  • Capreolus capreolus italicus Festa, 1925 - Italy

Description

Roe deer in a grassland area

The roe deer is a relatively small deer, with a body length of 95–135 cm (3.1–4.4 ft) throughout its range, and a shoulder height of 63–67 cm (2.1–2.2 ft), and a weight of 15–35 kg (33–77 lb).[18] Populations from Urals and northern Kazakhstan are larger on average growing to 145 cm (4.8 ft) in length and 85 cm (2.8 ft) at shoulder height, with body weights of up to 60 kg (130 lb), with the deer populations becoming smaller again further east in the Transbaikal, Amur Oblast, and Primorsky Krai regions.[citation needed] Bucks are slightly larger than in does in healthy populations (where the population density is restricted by hunting or predators). Males from populations in bad conditions are similar or slightly smaller than females.[18]

Bucks in good conditions develop antlers up to 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long with two or three, rarely even four, points. When the male's antlers begin to regrow, they are covered in a thin layer of velvet-like fur which disappears later on after the hair's blood supply is lost. Males may speed up the process by rubbing their antlers on trees, so that their antlers are hard and stiff for the duels during the mating season. Unlike most cervids, roe deer begin regrowing antlers almost immediately after they are shed.[citation needed]

Distribution

Roe deer, male and female in Segovia, Spain

Within Europe the roe deer occurs in most areas with the exception of northernmost Scandinavia (north of Narvik) and some of the islands, notably Iceland, Ireland, and the Mediterranean Sea islands; in the Mediterranean region, it is largely confined to mountainous areas, and is absent or rare at low altitudes.

It is known that there are roe deer that live in the Red Forest near Chernobyl.[19]

Ireland

Scottish roe deer were introduced to the Lissadell Estate in County Sligo in Ireland around 1870 by Sir Henry Gore-Booth.[20] The Lissadell deer were noted for their occasional abnormal antlers and survived in that general area for about 50 years before they died out. According to the National Biodiversity Data Centre, in 2014 there was a confirmed sighting of roe deer in County Armagh. There have been other, unconfirmed, sightings in County Wicklow.[21][22]

Britain

In England and Wales roe have experienced a substantial expansion in their range in the latter half of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century.[23] This increase in population also appears to be affecting woodland ecosystems.[24] At the start of the 20th century, they were almost extirpated in Southern England, but since then have hugely expanded their range, mostly due to restrictions and decrease in hunting, increases in forests and reductions in arable farming, changes in agriculture (more winter cereal crops), a massive reduction in extensive livestock husbandry, and a general warming climate over the past 200 years. Furthermore, there are no large predators in Britain.[25][26] In some cases roe have been introduced with human help. In 1884 roe were introduced from Württemberg in Germany into the Thetford Forest, and these spread to populate most of Norfolk, Suffolk, and substantial parts of Cambridgeshire. In southern England, they started their expansion in Sussex (possibly from enclosed stock in Petworth Park) and from there soon spread into Surrey, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Dorset, and for the first half of the 20th century, most roe in southern England were to be found in these counties. By the end of the 20th century, they had repopulated much of southern England and had expanded into Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire, and had even spread into Wales from the Ludlow area where an isolated population had appeared. At the same time the surviving population in Scotland and the Lake District had pushed further south beyond Yorkshire and Lancashire and into Derbyshire and Humberside.[27]

In the 1970s the species was still completely absent from Wales.[24] Roe can now be found in most of rural England except for south-east Kent and parts of Wales, anywhere in the UK mainland suitable for roe may have a population.[24] Not being a species that needs large areas of woodland to survive, urban roe are now a feature of several cities, notably Glasgow and Bristol, where in particular they favour cemeteries.[citation needed] In Wales, they are the least common, but they are reasonably well established in Powys and Monmouthshire.[24]

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands roe deer were extirpated from the entirety of the country except for a two small areas around 1875. As new forests were planted in the country in the 20th century, the population began to expand rapidly. Although it was a protected species in 1950, the population is no longer considered threatened and it has lost legal protection. As of 2016 there are some 110,000 deer in the country. The population is primarily kept in check through the efforts of hunters[28] and traffic accidents: 4,000 deer are killed a year by cars.[citation needed]

Ecology

Ultrasonography of the uterine pregnancy of a roe deer in Bulgaria

Habitat

This species can utilize a large number of habitats, including open agricultural areas and above the tree line, but a requisite factor is access to food and cover. It retreats to dense woodland, especially among conifers, or bramble scrub when it must rest, but it is very opportunistic and a hedgerow may be good enough. Deer in the southern Czech Republic live in almost completely open agricultural land.[18] The animal is more likely to be spotted in places with nearby forests to retreat to.[29] A pioneer species commonly associated with biotic communities at an early stage of succession, during the Neolithic period in Europe when farming humans began to colonise the continent from the Middle East, the roe deer was abundant, taking advantage of areas of forest or woodland cleared by Neolithic farmers.[30]

Behaviour

In order to mitigate risk, roe deer remain within refuge habitats (such as forests) during the day. They are likelier to venture into more open habitats at night and during crepuscular periods when there is less ambient activity.[29] It scrapes leaf litter off the ground to make a 'bed'.[18]

When alarmed it will bark a sound much like a dog and flash out its white rump patch. Rump patches differ between the sexes, with the white rump patches heart-shaped on females and kidney-shaped on males. Males may also bark or make a low grunting noise. Females (does) make a high-pitched "pheep" whine to attract males during the rut (breeding season) in July and August. Initially the female goes looking for a mate and commonly lures the buck back into her territory before mating.[citation needed] The roe deer is territorial, and while the territories of a male and a female might overlap, other roe deer of the same sex are excluded unless they are the doe's offspring of that year.[18]

Diet

Roe deer tracks

It feeds mainly on grass, leaves, berries, and young shoots. It particularly likes very young, tender grass with a high moisture content, i.e., grass that has received rain the day before. Roe deer will not generally venture into a field that has had or has livestock in it.[30]

Reproduction

Roe deer fawn, two to three weeks old

The polygamous roe deer males clash over territory in early summer and mate in early autumn. During courtship, when the males chase the females, they often flatten the underbrush, leaving behind areas of the forest in the shape of a figure eight called 'roe rings'. Males may also use their antlers to shovel around fallen foliage and soil as a way of attracting a mate. Roebucks enter rutting inappetence during the July and August breeding season. Females are monoestrous and after delayed implantation usually give birth the following June, after a 10-month gestation period, typically to two spotted fawns of opposite sexes. The fawns remain hidden in long grass from predators; they are suckled by their mother several times a day for around three months. Young female roe deer can begin to reproduce when they are around 6 months old.[citation needed] During the mating season, a male roe deer may mount the same doe several times over a duration of several hours.[31]

Population ecology

A roe deer can live up to 20 years, but it usually does not reach such an age. A normal life span in the wild is seven to eight years,[18] or 10 years.[32]

The roe deer population shows irruptive growth. It is extremely fecund and can double its population every year; it shows a retarded reaction to population density with females continuing to have a similar fecundity at high population densities. Roe deer can double its population every year.[32]

Population structure is modified by available nutrition, where populations are irrupting there are few animals over six years old. Where populations are stagnant or moribund, there is huge fawn mortality and a large part of the population is over seven years old. Mortality is highest in the first weeks after birth due to predation, or sometimes farm machinery; or in the first winter due to starvation or disease, with up to 90% mortality.[18]

Uses

The roe deer is a game animal of great economic value in Europe, providing large amounts of meat and earning millions of euros in sport hunting. In 1998, some 2,500,000 deer were shot per year in Western Europe.[32] In Germany alone, 700,000 were shot a year in the 1990s.[18] This is insufficient to slow down the population growth, and the roe deer continues to increase in number.[32] It is the main source of venison in Europe.[18]

Conservation

Populations are increasing throughout Europe.[1][18][32]

Culture

In the Hebrew Bible Deuteronomy 14:5, the יַחְמ֑וּר, yahmur, derived from 'to be red', is listed as the third species of animal that may be eaten. In most bibles this word has usually been translated as 'roe deer', and it still means as much in Arabic (أحمر, pronounced 'ahmar) -it was still said to be a common species in the Mount Carmel area in the 19th century. The King James Bible translated the word as 'fallow deer', and in other English bible translations the word has been translated as a number of different species.[33][34][35][36][37] When Modern Hebrew was reconstructed to serve as the language of the future Israel in late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine, the King James Bible interpretation was chosen, despite the fallow deer being fallow, not red.

The world-famous deer Bambi (the titular character of the book Bambi, A Life in the Woods (1923) and its sequel Bambi's Children (1939), by the Austrian author Felix Salten) was originally a roe deer. When the story was adapted into the animated feature film Bambi (1942), by the Walt Disney Studios, Bambi was changed to a mule deer, and accordingly, the setting was changed to a North American wilderness. These changes made Bambi a deer species more familiar to mainstream US viewers.[38]

References

  1. ^ a b Lovari, S.; Herrero, J.; Masseti, M.; Ambarli, H.; Lorenzini, R. & Giannatos, G. (2016). "Capreolus capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42395A22161386.
  2. ^ a b Linnæus, C. (1758). "Cervus capreolus". Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 78. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d "Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. United States Government. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E.; F. Russell Cole, eds. (2000). Common Names of Mammals of the World. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-383-3.
  5. ^ Harper, Douglas (2020). "Roe". Online Etymological Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  6. ^ Johnson, Mary Lynch (1927). A Modern English - Old English Dictionary (PhD Dissertation). Meredith College. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  7. ^ "Caistor-by-Norwich, astragalus" (in German). RUNES: Forshungsproject der Akadmeia der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  8. ^ Waxenberger, Gaby (2006). "The Yew-Rune and the Runes Haglaz, Gyfu, Ior, and Is in the Old English Corpus". In Stoklund, Marie; Nielsen, Michael Lerche; et al. (eds.). Runes and their secrets: Studies in Runology. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 385–414. ISBN 87-635-0428-6. pp. 389-91.
  9. ^ Gray, John Edward (1821). "On the natural arrangement of Vertebrose Animals". London Medical Repository. 15: 296–310. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  10. ^ ?, ?, 1988, Известия Академии наук СССР - Серия биологическая, Vol.15, p.305. ISSN 0002-3329
  11. ^ Sokolov, Vladimir Evgenievich; Shurkhal, A. V.; Danilkin, A. A.; Podogas, A. V.; Rakitskaya, T. A.; Markov, G. G. (1986). "A comparative analysis of electrophoretic spectra of blood and muscle tissue proteins of European (Capreolus capreolus L.) and Siberian (Capreolus pygargus Pall.) roe deer". Доклады Академии наук СССР (in Russian). 288 (5): 1274–1276.
  12. ^ Sokolov, Vladimir Evgenievich; Gromov, V. S. (1990). "The contemporary ideas on roe deer (Capreolus Gray, 1821) systematization: Morphological, ethological and hybridological analysis". Mammalia. 54: 431–444.
  13. ^ Dementyeva, Polina V.; Trifonov, Vladimir A.; Kulemzina, Anastasia I.; Graphodatsky, Alexander S. (June 2010). "Reconstruction of the Putative Cervidae Ancestral Karyotype by Chromosome Painting of Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus) with Dromedary Probes". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 128 (4): 228–235. doi:10.1159/000298878. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  14. ^ Vorobieva, Nadezhda V.; Sherbakov, Dmitry Y.; Druzhkova, Anna S.; Stanyon, Roscoe; Tsybankov, Alexander A.; Vasil'ev, Sergey K.; Shunkov, Mikhail V.; Trifonov, Vladimir A.; Graphodatsky, Alexander S. (29 August 2011). "Genotyping of Capreolus pygargus Fossil DNA from Denisova Cave Reveals Phylogenetic Relationships between Ancient and Modern Populations". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24045. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024045.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Lee, Yun Sun; Markov, Nickolay; Argunov, Alexander; Voloshina, Inna; Bayarlkhagva, Damdingiin; Kim, Baek-Jun; Min, Mi-Sook; Lee, Hang; Kim, Kyung Seok (2016). "Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Siberian roe deer, Capreolus pygargus, in central and peripheral populations". Ecology and Evolution. 2016: 1–12. doi:10.1002/ece3.2458. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Capreolus pygargus (Pallas, 1771)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. United States Government. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  17. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Species Capreolus capreolus". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Macdonald, David W.; Barrett, Priscilla (1993). Mammals of Europe. Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 211–214. ISBN 0-691-09160-9.
  19. ^ Lavars, Nick (5 October 2015). "Deer, wolves and other wildlife thriving in Chernobyl exclusion zone". Gizmag.
  20. ^ Tegner, H. (1951). The Roe Deer: Their History, Habits, and Pursuit. Batchworth Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  21. ^ O’Rourke, Erin; Lysaght, Liam (22 September 2014). "Risk Assessment of Capreolus capreolus" (PDF). nonnativespecies.ie. National Biodiversity Data Centre. p. 6. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  22. ^ "Roe Deer" (PDF). Biodiversity Ireland.
  23. ^ Walker, M.D. 2016. Headhunting; the distribution of deer in Great Britain. British Naturalist, 2: 15-25
  24. ^ a b c d Kinver, Mark (2013). "=Roe deer numbers 'changing woodland ecosystems'". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  25. ^ Emma Goldberg (2003). English Nature Research Reports Number 548 Proceedings of the Future for Deer Conference 28 & 29 March 2003 (Report). English Nature. p. 1-104. ISSN 0967-876X. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  26. ^ Fuller, R. J.; Gill, R. M. A. (2001). "Ecological impacts of increasing numbers of deer in British woodland" (PDF). Forestry. 74 (3): 193–199. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  27. ^ Baker, Karis H.; Hoelzel, A. Rus (January 2013). "Evolution of population genetic structure of the British roe deer by natural and anthropogenic processes (Capreolus capreolus)". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (1): 89–102. doi:10.1002/ece3.430. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  28. ^ Algemeen Dagblad; Hoera, daar ligt weer een dode otter
  29. ^ a b Martin, J.; Vourc’h, G.; Bonnot, N.; Cargnelutti, B.; Chaval, Y.; Lourtet, B.; Goulard, M.; Hoch, T.; Plantard, O.; Hewison, A. J. M. & Morellet, N. (2018). "Temporal shifts in landscape connectivity for an ecosystem engineer, the roe deer, across a multiple-use landscape". Landscape Ecology. 33 (6): 937–954. doi:10.1007/s10980-018-0641-0. S2CID 4694121.
  30. ^ a b Boyle, K. V. (2006). "The Roe Deer: Conservation of a Native Species". In Serjeantson, D.; Field, D. (eds.). Neolithic wild game animals in Western Europe: The question of hunting. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 10–23. ISBN 978-1-84217-214-8.
  31. ^ Linnell, John D. C.; Andersen, Reidar (1998). "Timing and synchrony of birth in a hider species, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 244 (4): 497–504.
  32. ^ a b c d e Andersen, Reidar; Linnell, John D. C. (2000). "Irruptive potential in roe deer: Density-dependent effects on body mass and fertility". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 64 (3): 698–706. doi:10.2307/3802739. JSTOR 3802739. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  33. ^ "Deuteronomy 14:5 Parallel Hebrew Texts". Bible Hub. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  34. ^ "1 Kings 4 23 Commentaries ten fat oxen, twenty pasture-fed oxen, a hundred sheep besides deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened fowl". Bible Hub. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  35. ^ Easton, Matthew George (1897). Entry for Fallow-deer in the Illustrated Bible Dictionary (3 ed.). Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson.
  36. ^ "Deuteronomy 14 Interlinear Bible". Bible Hub. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  37. ^ "How to say red in Arabic". WordHippo. Kat IP Pty Ltd. 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  38. ^ "Bambi and That Other Guy". Bio.Miami.edu.

Further reading

  • Prior, Richard (1995). The Roe Deer: Conservation of a Native Species. Swan-Hill Press.
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