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|ref5 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20090226_00/testo_integrale_20090226.pdf]</ref>}}
|ref5 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20090226_00/testo_integrale_20090226.pdf]</ref>}}
|region6 = {{flag|Greece}}
|region6 = {{flag|Greece}}
|pop6 = 274,390
|pop6 = 481,663
|ref6 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gr/eng_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_12_Y_[1].pdf |title=Πληθυσμός Ελληνικής και ξένης υπηκοότητας |publisher=www.statistics.gr |language=Greek |date= |accessdate=2008-08-27}}{{Dead link|date=June 2009|url=http://www.statistics.gr/eng_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_12_Y_%5B1%5D.pdf}}</ref>}}
|ref6 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.eliamep.gr/en/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/migration-and-migration-policy-in-greece-critical-review-and-policy-recommendations.pdf Migration and Migration Policy in Greece.] Critical Review and Policy Recommendations. Anna Triandafyllidou. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). Data taken from Greek ministry of Interiors. p. 5 "the total number of Albanian citizens residing in Greece, including 185,000 co-ethnics holding special identity cards"
</ref>}}
|region7 = {{flag|Montenegro}}
|region7 = {{flag|Montenegro}}
|pop7 = 31,000
|pop7 = 31,000

Revision as of 15:29, 26 September 2009

Albanians
Albanian: Shqiptarë
File:Famous Albanians.jpg
Total population
approximately 10 million (July 2009 est.)
Regions with significant populations
 Albania3,457,480 95%[1]
 Kosovo1,942,257 (2009)[2]
 Turkey1,300,000[3]
 Macedonia509,083 (2002)[4]
 Italy438,000[5]
 Greece481,663[6]
 Montenegro31,000[7]
 Serbia55,000[8]
 United States114,000[9]
 Canada22,395[10]
 Sweden40,000[11]
  Switzerland150,000[12]
 Germany100,000[13]
 United Kingdom30,000[14]
 France20,000[15]
 Netherlands105,000[16][failed verification]
 Austria20,000[17][failed verification]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina15,600[18][failed verification]
 Croatia14,590[19]
 Egypt20,000[20]
 Denmark12,000[21]
 Australia11,140[22]
 Slovenia8,200[23]
 Norway12,000[24]
 Finland5,000[25]
 Belgium5,000[26][failed verification]
 Luxembourg4,800[27][failed verification]
 Spain4,500[28][failed verification]
 Romania4,000[29]
 Ukraine2,500[30]
Languages
Albanian (Gheg, Tosk, Arvanitika, Arbëresh, Cham)
Related ethnic groups
Arvanites, Arbëreshë, Chams, Arbanasi

Albanians (Albanian: Shqiptarët) are a people from southeast Europe who live in Albania and neighboring countries. They speak the Albanian language. About half of them live in Albania, with other large groups residing in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro. There are also Albanian communities in a number of other countries, including Turkey, Greece and Italy.

Ethnonym

While the exonym Albania for the general region inhabited by the Albanians does hark back to Classical Antiquity, and possibly to an Illyrian tribe, the name was lost within the Albanian language, the Albanian endonym being shqiptar, from the term for the Albanian language, shqip, a derivation of the verb shqipoj "to speak clearly", perhaps ultimately a loan from Latin excipio.[31] Thus, the Albanian endonym, like Slav and others, is in origin a term for "those who speak [intelligibly, the same language]".

In the 2nd century BCE, Polybius mentions the Arbanios, Arbanitai with their city Arbon; in the 1st century CE, Pliny refers to Illyrian Olbonensis, and the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy mentions an Illyrian tribe of the Albanoi, settling in what is now Central Albania, with Albanopolis as their main city.

In History written in 1079-1080, Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates referred to the Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the duke of Dyrrachium. It is disputed, however, whether that refers to Albanians in an ethnic sense.[32]. The first reference to a lingua albanesca dates to the later 13th century (around 1285)[33].

Distribution

Europe

Approximately 6 million Albanians are to be found within the Balkan peninsula with only about half this number residing in Albania and the other divided between Kosovo, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece and to a much smaller extent Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Approximately 1,5 million are dispersed throughout the rest of Europe, most of these in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria and France. Also to include Italy has a historical Albanian minority known as the Arbëreshë are scattered across Southern Italy, but the majority of Italo-Albanians have arrived since 1991 to surpass that of the older populations of Arbëreshë.


In February 2008, the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government, an assembly under UNMIK, declared Kosovo's independence as the Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës). Its independence is recognized by some countries and opposed by others, including the Republic of Serbia, which continues to claim sovereignty over it as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.

The conflict in the Republic of Macedonia seems to have calmed down. It was resolved by the Macedonian government giving the Albanian minority a greater role in the government and the right to use the Albanian language in areas where the Albanians form a majority.

It is worth mentioning here that rights to use the Albanian language in education and government were given and guaranteed by the Constitution of SFRY and were widely utilized in Serbia, Macedonia, and in Montenegro long before Dissolution of Yugoslavia. The only thing that changed in that matter is that before NATO intervention in 1999, there were information services and news ("Dnevnik") broadcaster in Albanian language on the Serbian National Radio and Television, RTS.

Turkey

According to a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia, there were approximately 1,300,000 Albanians living in Turkey.[34] Most of these people are assimilated into Turkish nation, and consider themselves more Turkish rather than Albanian.

Greece

Location of the Albani at 150 AD in Roman Macedon
Tosk Albanians wearing traditional costumes from southern Albania.

Albanians in Greece form the country's largest population group after the ethnic Greek majority. Due to different waves of migration, they are divided into distinct communities. Alongside these two indigenous groups, about 10 percent of the population of Albania has entered Greece after the fall of Communism, forming the third community of Albanian origin in Greece.

The first group of Northwestern Greece is mainly composed of Cham Albanians. Muslim Chams were expelled from the region of Epirus during World War II, by anti-communist resistance group, as a result of their participation in a communist resistance group and the collaboration in large parts with the Axis occupation, while Orthodox Albanians remained in Greece. This population forms part of the modern Albanian nation, alongside minor communities in Ioannina Prefecture and West Macedonia periphery, mainly concentrated in Konitsa and Florina, respectively.

Another group of Albanian origin, which speak a dialect of Albanian, but which does not identify with the modern Albanian nation is that of Arvanites and Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace, who retain a distinct ethnic identity, but self-identify nationally as Greeks.

Albanian immigrants, who have entered Greece in large numbers since the fall of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania, form the largest single expatriate group in the country today.

Rest of the world

Americas

In the United States the number reaches 113,661 according to the latest 2000 US Census which is published in 2004, while in Canada approximately 15,000 as of the 2001 census. Albanians also live in Latin America, they concentrate in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, although in smaller numbers than in the USA.

Asia and Oceania

In Australia and New Zealand 12,000 in total. Albanians are also known to reside in China, India, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan and Singapore, but the numbers are generally small. Albanians have been present in Arab countries such as Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria for about 5 centuries as a legacy of Ottoman Turkish rule.

Africa

In Egypt there are 18,000 Albanians, mostly Tosk speakers. Many are descendants of the soldiers of Mehmet Ali. A large part of the former nobility of Egypt was Albanian in origin. A small community also resides in South Africa.

Religion

Development of Modern Albanian Religious Affiliation

The original culture continued until the Roman and Byzantine Empires crowned Christianity- as official religion of the regime, thus suffusing Paganism. Both were later overshadowed by Islam, which kept the scepter of the major religion during the period of Ottoman Turkish rule from the 15th century until year 1912. Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Roman Catholicism and Paganism were continued practiced with less frequency.

During the 20th century the monarchy and later the totalitarian state followed a systematic secularization of the nation and the national culture. This policy was chiefly applied within the borders of the current Albanian state. It produced a secular majority in the population. All forms of Christianity, Islam and other religious practices were prohibited except for old non-institutional Pagan practices in the rural areas, which were seen as identifying with the national culture. The current Albanian state has revived some pagan festivals, such as the lunar Spring festival (Albanian: Dita e Verës) held yearly on March 14 in the city of Elbasan. It is a national holiday.

File:Albanian Fest.jpg
"Albanian fest" 1856, by Jean-Léon Gérôme.

Most of the Muslim Albanians in Albania are Sunni Muslims and Bektashi Shi'a Muslims[35][36]. It is estimated that 92% of ethnic Albanians in the Republic of Kosovo are Muslims[37]. The statistics, however are pre-WWII and with the collapse of communism there has been a revival of religiosity. There are also Orthodox Christians, predominantly in Southern Albania, bordering Greece, and Roman Catholics is the main religion among those Albanians living predominantly in northern Albania, bordering the Republic of Montenegro. After 1992 an influx of foreign missionaries has brought more religious diversity with groups such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Hindus, Bahá'í, a variety of Christian denominations and others. This rich blend of religions has however rarely caused religious strife. People of different religions freely intermarry. For part of its history, Albania has also had a Jewish community. Some of the members of the Jewish community were saved by a group of Albanians during the Nazi occupation. [38] Many left for Israel circa 1990-1992 after borders were open due to fall of communist regime in Albania.

Other ethnonyms

The Albanians are and have been referred to by other terms as well. Some of them are:

  • Arbër, Arbën, Arbëreshë; the old native term denoting ancient and medieval Albanians and sharing the same root with the latter. At the time the country was called Arbër (Gheg: Arbën) and Arbëria (Gheg: Arbënia). This term is still used for the Albanians that migrated to Italy during the Middle Ages.
  • Arnauts; old term used mainly from Turks and by extension by European authors during the Ottoman Empire. A derivate of Arbër, Albanian.
  • Skipetars; the historical rendering of the ethnonym Shqiptar (or Shqyptar by French, Austrian and German authors) in use from the 18th century (but probably earlier) to the present, the literal translation of which is subject of the eagle. The term Šiptari is a derivation used by Yugoslavs which the Albanians consider derogatory.

Misnaming

Because of a confusion of nationality with religious affiliation, many authors from Byzantine times referred to and recorded Albanians by the following names:

  • Latins; term used during the Middle Ages from Venetian and other European authors to denote Albanians of Catholic faith mainly in the Northern regions up to the 19th century.
  • Greeks; old term used generically from Byzantine times up to the 20th century by other European authors to denote Albanians of Orthodox faith in the Southern regions, as also those migrating, during the Ottoman Occupation, from Epirus and Peloponnese to Italy[citation needed]. Toponyms reflecting this historical misnaming began being changed in Fascist Italy during the 1930s (for instance, Piana dei Greci became Piana degli Albanesi)[citation needed].
  • Serbs; old term as above, used by authors to denote Albanians of Orthodox faith in the Northern regions up to the 19th century.
  • Turks; old term used by ecclesiastical writings and embraced by other European authors to denote Albanians of Muslim faith, and generally all Albanian legions of the Ottoman army.

Famous Albanians and individuals of at least partial Albanian ancestry

Mother Teresa

Prominent Albanians have included the defender of Albania during the mid-15th century Skenderbeg, Nobel Prize winner Mother Teresa, the writer Ismail Kadare, the painter Ibrahim Kodra, the composer Simon Gjoni, the Olympic athlete Klodiana Shala, and Pope Clement XI. Other well known individuals include the prime minister of the Ottoman Empire Ferhat Pasha and Mehemet Ali the viceroy of Egypt. John Belushi and his brother Jim Belushi were of Albanian parents who emigrated to the United States after WWII. The American actress Eliza Dushku was born of an Albanian father and a half-Danish mother, while Nobel Prize winner Ferid Murad has an Albanian father and an American mother

See also

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Notes and references

  1. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Albania
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ "Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı!" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
  4. ^ Republic of Macedonia 2002 census
  5. ^ [2]
  6. ^ "Πληθυσμός Ελληνικής και ξένης υπηκοότητας" (PDF) (in Greek). www.statistics.gr. Retrieved 2008-08-27.[dead link]
  7. ^ Albanians in Montenegro
  8. ^ - Albanians in Serbia
  9. ^ Albanians in USA
  10. ^ Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census
  11. ^ Hot tvingar kosovoalbaner att flytta
  12. ^ Albanians in Switzerland
  13. ^ Federal Republic of Germany - Albanians in Germany
  14. ^ Albanians in great Britain
  15. ^ Albanians in France
  16. ^ Dutch Bureau of Statistics
  17. ^ Außenministerium Österreich
  18. ^ Ministarstvo Vanjskih Poslova Bosne i Hercegovine
  19. ^ Ministarstvo Vanjskih Poslova Hrvatske
  20. ^ The Albanian Descendants of Muhamed Ali in Egypt
  21. ^ Danish Albanians
  22. ^ Albanian Australians
  23. ^ Minorities in Slovenia and the country's Foreign Policy
  24. ^ Norway migrants
  25. ^ Kosovar Albanian Migrants Celebrate Independence in Helsinki
  26. ^ 25,000 Albanians in Belgium according to 2007 census
  27. ^ Press release: Jean Asselborn meets Kastriot Islami, Albanian Minister for Foreign Affairs (March 31, 2005), Luxembourg presidency of the Council of the European Union.
  28. ^ Albanian immigrants number in Spain estimated...
  29. ^ Albanians of Romania Then and Today
  30. ^ Albanians in Ukraine
  31. ^ Robert Elsie, A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology and folk culture, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2001, ISBN 9781850655701, p. 79.
  32. ^ Pritsak, Omeljan (1991). "Albanians". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Vol. 1. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53.
  33. ^ Robert Elsie, The earliest reference to the existence of the Albanian Language
  34. ^ Milliyet, Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı. 2008-06-06.
  35. ^ Albania. The World Factbook.
  36. ^ Muslims in Europe: Country guide: Albania. BBC.
  37. ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Kosovo
  38. ^ Rescue in Albania: One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from Holocaust". "The Jews of Albania". California: Brunswick Press, 1997. Retrieved on 29 January 2007.
  39. ^ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, pp.16. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  40. ^ Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910-1997)

Further reading

External links