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'''Al Jazeera''' ({{lang-ar|الجزيرة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|al-ǧazīrah}}'' {{IPA-ar|ˌʔæl.dʒæˈziːrɐ|IPA}}, literally, "The Island")
'''Al Jazeera''' ({{lang-ar|الجزيرة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|al-ǧazīrah}}'' {{IPA-ar|ˌʔæl.dʒæˈziːrɐ|IPA}}, literally, "The Island")
is an international news network [[headquarter]]ed in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]. Initially launched as an Arabic news and [[current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] [[satellite TV]] channel with the same [[name]], Al Jazeera has since expanded into a network with several outlets, including the Internet and [[specialty channel|specialty]] [[television channel|TV channels]] in multiple languages. Al Jazeera is accessible in several world regions and is owned by [[Qatar Media Corporation]].
is an international manipulating network [[headquarter]]ed in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]. Initially launched as an Arabic news and [[current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] [[satellite TV]] channel with the same [[name]], Al Jazeera has since expanded into a network with several outlets, including the Internet and [[specialty channel|specialty]] [[television channel|TV channels]] in multiple languages. Al Jazeera is accessible in several world regions and is owned by [[Qatar Media Corporation]].


The original Al Jazeera channel's willingness to broadcast dissenting views, including on [[Phone in|call-in]] shows, created controversies in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]. The station gained worldwide attention following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], when it was the only channel to cover the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] live from its office there.
The original Al Jazeera channel's willingness to broadcast dissenting views, including on [[Phone in|call-in]] shows, created controversies in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]. The station gained worldwide attention following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], when it was the only channel to cover the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] live from its office there.

Revision as of 03:33, 4 February 2011

This article is about the TV network and channel. For the English-language channel, see Al Jazeera English. For the magazine, see Aljazeera Publishing and aljazeera.com. For other uses, see Jazira.
Al Jazeera
TypeSatellite television network
Country
Qatar
AvailabilityWorldwide
OwnerSheikh Hamad bin Thamer al-Thani (Qatar Media Corporation)
Key people
Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer al-Thani, Chairman
Wadah Khanfar, Director-General
Ahmed Sheikh, Editor-in-chief
Launch date
1996
Official website
http://english.aljazeera.net/

Al Jazeera (Arabic: الجزيرة al-ǧazīrah IPA: [ˌʔæl.dʒæˈziːrɐ], literally, "The Island") is an international manipulating network headquartered in Doha, Qatar. Initially launched as an Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel with the same name, Al Jazeera has since expanded into a network with several outlets, including the Internet and specialty TV channels in multiple languages. Al Jazeera is accessible in several world regions and is owned by Qatar Media Corporation.

The original Al Jazeera channel's willingness to broadcast dissenting views, including on call-in shows, created controversies in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The station gained worldwide attention following the September 11, 2001 attacks, when it was the only channel to cover the war in Afghanistan live from its office there.

Al Jazeera newsroom

Organization

The original Al Jazeera channel was started in 1996 by an emiri decree with a loan of 500 million Qatari riyals (US$137 million) from the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa.[1][2] By its funding through loans or grants rather than direct government subsidies, the channel claims to maintain independent editorial policy.[3][4] The channel began broadcasting in late 1996, with many staff joining from the BBC World Service's Saudi-co-owned Arabic language TV station, which had shut down in April 1996 after two years of operation because of censorship demands by the Saudi Arabian government.[5]

Following the initial US$137 million grant from the Emir of Qatar, Al Jazeera had aimed to become self-sufficient through advertising by 2001, but when this failed to occur, the Emir agreed to several consecutive loans[2] on a year-by-year basis (US$30 million in 2004,[6] according to Arnaud de Borchgrave). Other major sources of income include advertising, cable subscription fees, broadcasting deals with other companies, and sale of footage.[7] In 2000, advertising accounted for 40% of the station's revenue.[8]

The Al Jazeera logo is a decorative representation of the network's name written using Arabic calligraphy. It was selected by the station's founder, Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa, as the winning entry in a design competition.[9]

Staff

The Chairman of Al Jazeera is Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer al-Thani, a distant cousin of Qatari Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani.

Al Jazeera recently restructured its operations to form a Network that contains all their different channels. Wadah Khanfar, the managing director of the Arabic Channel was appointed as the Director General of the Al Jazeera Network. He also acts as the Managing Director of the Arabic channel. He is supported by Ahmed Sheikh, Editor-in-Chief, and Amen Jaballah.

The Editor-in-Chief of the Arabic website is Ahmed Sheikh. It has more than 100 editorial staff.

The Editor-in-Chief of the English-language site is Mohamed Nanabhay. He replaced Beat Witschi, who was caretaking the website after Russell Merryman, the previous Editor-in-Chief, moved to a new development role. He replaced Omar Bec who was caretaking the site after the departure of Managing Editor Alison Balharry. Previous incumbents include Joanne Tucker and Ahmed Sheikh.

Prominent on-air personalities include Faisal al-Qassem, host of the talk show The Opposite Direction, Ahmed Mansour, host of the show Unlimited (bi-la hudud) and Sami Haddad.

Yosri Fouda, producer and presenter of an investigative journalism program Top Secret announced his resignation from Al Jazeera in May 2009.

Reach

It is widely believed internationally that inhabitants of the Arab world are given limited information by their governments and media, and that what is conveyed is biased towards the governments' views.[10] Many people see Al Jazeera as a more trustworthy source of information than government and foreign channels. Some scholars and commentators use the notion of contextual objectivity,[11] which highlights the tension between objectivity and audience appeal, to describe the station's controversial yet popular news approach.[12] As a result, it is probably the most watched news channel in the Middle East.

Increasingly, Al Jazeera's exclusive interviews and other footage are being rebroadcast in American, British, and other western media outlets such as CNN and the BBC. In January 2003, the BBC announced that it had signed an agreement with Al Jazeera for sharing facilities and information, including news footage.[13] Al Jazeera is now considered by some to be a fairly mainstream media network, though more controversial than most. In the United States as of 2006, video footage from the network carried by other stations was largely limited to video segments of hostages.[citation needed]

Al Jazeera's availability (via satellite) throughout the Middle East changed the television landscape of the region. Prior to the arrival of Al Jazeera, many Middle Eastern citizens were unable to watch TV channels other than state-controlled national TV stations. Al Jazeera introduced a level of freedom of speech on TV that was previously unheard of in many of these countries. Al Jazeera presented controversial views regarding the governments of many Persian Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar; it also presented controversial views about Syria's relationship with Lebanon, and the Egyptian judiciary. Critics accused Al Jazeera of sensationalism in order to increase its audience share. Al Jazeera's broadcasts have sometimes resulted in drastic action: for example, when, on 27 January 1999, critics of the Algerian government appeared on the channel's live program El-Itidjah el-Mouakass ("The Opposite Direction"), the Algerian government cut the electricity supply to large parts of the capital Algiers (and allegedly also to large parts of the country), to prevent the program from being seen.[10][11][14] At that time, Al Jazeera was not yet generally known in the Western world, but where it was known, opinion was often favourable[15] and Al Jazeera claimed to be the only politically independent television station in the Middle East. However, it was not until late 2001 that Al Jazeera achieved worldwide recognition, when it broadcast video statements by al-Qaeda leaders.[16]

Some observers have argued that Al Jazeera has formidable authority as an opinion-maker. Noah Bonsey and Jeb Koogler of the Columbia Journalism Review write that Al Jazeera has a strong influence on local politics in the region, influencing public opinion on even the Israeli-Palestinian conflict:[17]

The channel’s tremendous popularity has also, for better or worse, made it a shaper of public opinion. Its coverage often determines what becomes a story and what does not, as well as how Arab viewers think about issues. Whether in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, or Syria, the stories highlighted and the criticisms aired by guests on Al Jazeera’s news programs have often significantly affected the course of events in the region.

In Palestine, the station’s influence is particularly strong. Recent polling indicates that in the West Bank and Gaza, Al Jazeera is the primary news source for an astounding 53.4 percent of Palestinian viewers. The second and third most watched channels, Palestine TV and Al Arabiya, poll a distant 12.8 percent and 10 percent, respectively. The result of Al Jazeera’s market dominance is that it has itself become a mover and shaker in Palestinian politics, helping to craft public perceptions and influence the debate. This has obvious implications for the peace process: how Al Jazeera covers the deliberations and the outcome of any negotiated agreement with Israel will fundamentally shape how it is viewed—and, more importantly, whether it is accepted—by the Palestinian public.

Expansion outside the Middle East

Main article: Al Jazeera English

In 2003, Al Jazeera hired its first English-language journalists, among whom was Afshin Rattansi, from the BBC's Today Programme.

In March 2003, it launched an English-language website (see below).

On 4 July 2005 Al Jazeera officially announced plans to launch a new English-language satellite service to be called Al Jazeera International.[18] The new channel started at 12h GMT on 15 November 2006 under the name Al Jazeera English and has broadcast centers in Doha (next to the original Al Jazeera headquarters and broadcast center), London, Kuala Lumpur and Washington D.C. The channel is a 24-hour, 7-days-a-week news channel, with 12 hours broadcast from Doha, and four hours each from London, Kuala Lumpur, and Washington D.C.

With Al Jazeera's growing global outreach and influence, some scholars including Adel Iskandar have described the station as a transformation of the very definition of "alternative media."[19]

As of 2007, the Arabic Al Jazeera channel rivals the BBC in worldwide audiences with an estimated 40 to 50 million viewers.[20] Al Jazeera English has an estimated reach of around 100 million households.[21]

On November 26, 2009, Al Jazeera English received approval from the CRTC, which enables Al Jazeera English to broadcast via Satellite in Canada.[22]

On September 22, 2010, Al Jazeera purchased a broadcasting station in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and is set to begin broadcasting in January 2011.[23]

Availability

The original Al Jazeera channel is available worldwide through various satellite and cable systems.[24] In the United States, it is available through subscription satellite and free to air DVB-S on the Galaxy 25 and Galaxy 23 satellites. However, "[o]ther than in a handful of pockets across the U.S. - including Ohio, Vermont and Washington, D.C. - cable carriers do not give viewers the choice of watching Al Jazeera."[25] Al Jazeera can also be freely viewed with a DVB-S receiver in Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East as it is broadcast on the Astra and Hot Bird satellites. The Optus C1 satellite in Australia carries the channel for free, while in the UK Al Jazeera English is available on Freeview, Sky and Freesat platforms.

For availability info of the Al Jazeera network's other TV channels, see their respective articles. Segments of Al Jazeera English are uploaded to YouTube.[26]

It is also possible to watch Al Jazeera English over the internet from their official website. The low-resolution version is available free of charge,[27] while the high-resolution version is available under subscription fees through partner sites.

Al Jazeera's English division has also partnered with Livestation for Internet-based broadcasting.[28] This enables viewers to watch Al Jazeera English and Al Jazeera live worldwide.

Al Jazeera is available in Canada on Bell Express Vu Channel 516, as part of the package "International News I."

On the Web

Al Jazeera's web-based service is accessible subscription-free throughout the world. The station launched an English-language edition of its online content in March 2003. This English language website was relaunched on 15 November 2006, along with the launch of Al Jazeera English. The English and Arabic sections are editorially distinct, with their own selection of news and comment. Al Jazeera and Al Jazeera English are available streamed live online. On April 13, 2009, Al Jazeera launched condensed versions of its English and Arabic sites for mobile device users.

The Arabic version of the site was brought offline for about 10 hours by an FBI raid on its ISP, InfoCom Corporation, on 5 September 2001. InfoCom was later convicted of exporting to Libya and Syria, of knowingly being invested in by a Hamas member (both of which are illegal in the United States), and of underpaying customs duties.[29]

Web host changes

The English-language site was forced to change internet hosting providers several times, due, in Al Jazeera's opinion, to political pressure. Initially, hosting for the English-language site was provided by the U.S.-based company DataPipe, which gave Al Jazeera notice, soon followed by Akamai Technologies.[30] Al Jazeera later shifted to the French branch of NavLink, and then to (the current host) AT&T WorldNet Services.

Internet TV Appliances

On February 1, 2011, Internet Appliance Roku, Roku.com had posted on it's Facebook page [[6]] that the English-Language Al Jazeera Live, would be streaming on its Roku devices through a private channel called Newscaster and also through the BBC channel. It permitted the announcement following an unrest in Egypt so American viewers can watch the latest events going on in the middle east. A Roku user must add the private channel Newscaster by going to https://owner.roku.com/Add/newscaster. [[7]] Roku is used to stream Netflix and Hulu content as well as many other private channels.

Creative Commons

On January 13, 2009, Al Jazeera released some of its broadcast quality footage from Gaza under a Creative Commons license. Contrary to business "All Rights Reserved" standards, the license invites third parties, including rival broadcasters, to reuse and remix the footage, so long as Al Jazeera is credited. The videos are hosted on blip.tv, which allows easy downloading and integration with Miro, and can be viewed on http://cc.aljazeera.net/.[31][32][33][34][35][36]

Plans

Future projects in other languages include Al Jazeera Urdu, an Urdu language channel to cater mainly to Pakistanis.[37]

Al Jazeera has also been reported to be planning to launch an international newspaper.[38]

Al Jazeera Arabic began using a chroma key studio on 13 September 2009. Similar to Sky News, Al Jazeera broadcast from that studio while the channels main newsroom was given a new look. The channel relaunched, with new graphics and music along with a new studio, on November 1, 2009, the 13th birthday of the channel.

Attacks on and censorship of Al Jazeera

Algeria

On 27 January 1999, several Algerian cities lost power simultaneously, reportedly to keep residents from watching a program in which Algerian dissidents implicated the Algerian military in a series of massacres.[10][11][14]

On 4 July 2004, the Algerian government froze the activities of Al Jazeera's Algerian correspondent. The official reason given was that a reorganization of the work of foreign correspondents was in progress. The international pressure group Reporters Without Borders says, however, that the measure was really taken in reprisal for a broadcast the previous week of another Al-Itijah al-Mouakiss debate on the political situation in Algeria.[39]

Palestinian Territories

On 15 July 2009, the Palestinian National Authority closed down Al Jazeera's offices in the West Bank, apparently in response to claims made on the channel by Farouk Kaddoumi that PA President Mahmoud Abbas had been involved in the death of Yasser Arafat. In a statement announcing the decision, the Palestinian Information Ministry said the station's coverage was "unbalanced" and accused it of incitement against the PLO and the PA.[40]

On 19 July 2009, President Abbas rescinded the ban and allowed Al Jazeera to resume operations.[41]

United States

On November 13, 2001, during the US invasion of Afghanistan, 2001, a U.S. missile strike destroyed Al Jazeera's office in Kabul. There were no casualties.[42]

According to Glenn Greenwald, Al Jazeera is "constantly demonized in the American media."[43] In the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the U.S. Pentagon hired the Rendon Group to target and possibly punish Al Jazeera reporters who did not stay on message.[44] When Al Jazeera went on to do reporting featuring very graphic footage from inside Iraq, US officials decried Al Jazeera as anti-American and as inciting violence.[45]

Examples of censorship in the U.S. came shortly after the start of the invasion.[46] On Monday, 24 March 2003, two Al Jazeera reporters covering the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) had their credentials revoked. The New York Stock Exchange banned Al Jazeera (as well as several other news organizations whose identities were not revealed) from its trading floor indefinitely. NYSE spokesman Ray Pellechia claimed "security reasons" and that the exchange had decided to give access only to networks that focus "on responsible business coverage". He denied the revocation has anything to do with the network's Iraq war coverage.[47][48] However, Robert Zito, the exchange's executive vice president for communications, indicated that Al Jazeera's graphic footage broadcast on Sunday, 22 March 2003, led him to oust Al Jazeera.[46] The move was quickly mirrored by Nasdaq stock market officials.[49] The ban was rescinded a few months later.[50]

In addition, Akamai Technologies, a U.S. company whose founder was killed in 9/11, canceled a contract to provide web services for Al-Jazeera’s English language website.[51][52]

Death of Tareq Ayyoub

Main article: Tareq Ayyoub

On 8 April 2003, Al Jazeera's office in Baghdad was hit by a U.S. missile, killing reporter Tareq Ayyoub and wounding another.[53] Al Jazeera reports that it had mailed coordinates for their office to the U.S. State Department six weeks earlier and that these should have clearly identified their location.[54] Dima Tareq Tahboub, the widow of Tareq Ayyoub, continues as of 2003 to denounce her husband's death and has among other things written for The Guardian and participated in a documentary broadcast on Al Jazeera English.[55]

On 30 January 2005, the New York Times reported that the Qatari government, under pressure from the Bush administration, was speeding up plans to sell the station.[56] However, as of 2011, the station/network has not been sold and it is unclear whether there are still any plans to do so.

Al Jazeera bombing memo

Main article: Al Jazeera bombing memo
Also see O'Connor - Keogh official secrets trial.

On 22 November 2005, the UK tabloid The Daily Mirror published a story claiming that it had obtained a leaked memo from 10 Downing Street saying that former U.S. President George W. Bush had considered bombing Al Jazeera's Doha headquarters in April 2004, when U.S. Marines were conducting a contentious assault on Fallujah.[57]

In light of this allegation, Al Jazeera has questioned whether it has been targeted deliberately in the past — Al Jazeera's Kabul office was bombed in 2001 and another missile hit its office in Baghdad during the invasion of Iraq, killing correspondent Tareq Ayyoub. Both of these attacks occurred subsequent to Al Jazeera's alleged disclosure of the locations of their offices to the United States.[58]

Egypt

During the 2011 Egyptian protests, on 30 January, the Egyptian government ordered the TV channel to close its offices. A day after, on 31 January, Egyptian security forces arrested six Al Jazeera journalists for several hours and seized their camera equipment. There were also reports of disruption in Al Jazeera Mubasher's Broadcast to Egypt[59][60] [61] [62]

Website attacks

Immediately after its launch in 2003, the English site was attacked by one or several hackers, who launched denial-of-service attacks, and another hacker who redirected visitors to a site featuring an American flag.[30][63] Both events were widely reported as Al Jazeera's website having been attacked by "hackers".[64] In November 2003, John William Racine II, also known as 'John Buffo', was sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service and a $1,500 U.S. fine for the online disruption. Racine posed as an Al Jazeera employee to get a password to the network's site, then redirected visitors to a page he created that showed an American flag shaped like a U.S. map and a patriotic motto, court documents said.[65] In June 2003, Racine pleaded guilty to wire fraud and unlawful interception of an electronic communication.[66] As of 2011, the perpetrators of the denial-of-service attacks remain unknown.

Editorial independence

Al-Jazeera emphasizes that it is editorially independent, though much of its funding comes from the Qatar government. U.S. State Department internal communications, released by WikiLeaks as part of the 2010 United States diplomatic cables leak, claim that the Qatar government manipulates Al-Jazeera coverage to suit political interests.[67]

Dr. Walid Phares, in his 2010 book, The Coming Revolution: Struggle for Freedom in the Middle East, states that, "Sheik Dr. Yussuf al Qardawi is the chairman of the World Union of Clerics and the ideological mentor of al Jazeera TV. He is based in Qatar and is recognized as the main inspirer of the Muslim Brotherhoods worldwide."[68]

Controversy

While Al Jazeera has a large audience in the Middle East, the organization and the original Arabic channel in particular have been involved in numerous controversies,[69] including in some parts of the Western world. A poll taken in 2006 concluded Americans in general have an unfavourable view of Al Jazeera.[70]

A widely reported criticism is the allegation that Al Jazeera showed videos of masked terrorists beheading western hostages in Iraq.[71] When this was reported in other media, Al Jazeera pressed for retractions to be made.[72] This allegation was again repeated on Fox News in the USA on the launch day of Al Jazeera's English service, 15 November 2006.[73] Later The Guardian apologized for incorrect information that Al Jazeera 'had shown videos of masked terrorists beheading western hostages'.[74]

Al Jazeera has been entangled in the following controversies:

Bahrain

The Bahraini Information Minister, Nabeel Yacoob Al Hamer, banned Al Jazeera correspondents from reporting from inside the country on 10 May 2002, saying that the station was biased towards Israel and against Bahrain.[75] After improvements in relations between Bahrain and Qatar in 2004, Al Jazeera correspondents returned to Bahrain.

Egypt

Al Jazeera has been criticized by Egyptian newspapers and television shows for its allegedly biased coverage of news that are related to Egypt and its government, and they argue that these "continuous attacks against Egypt is to destroy Egypt’s image in the region" as many of them suggest.[76][77][78]

In addition, Al Jazeera has filed a lawsuit against the Egyptian Al-Ahram Newspaper for an article posted on 9 June 2010 named "Jazeerat AlTaharoush" ("Al Jazeera an Island of Harassment"), which Al Jazeera finds to be "wholly deceptive and journalistically unprofessional" and claims that the article's aim is to "damage the reputation of the Al Jazeera Network".[79][80]

Iraq

During the ongoing Iraq war, Al Jazeera faced reporting and movement restrictions, as did other news-gathering organizations. In addition, one of its reporters, Tayseer Allouni, was expelled from the country, while another one, Diyar Al-Omari, was stripped of his journalistic permits by the US. Reacting to this, Al Jazeera announced on 2 April 2003, that it would "temporarily freeze all coverage" of Iraq in protest of what Al Jazeera described as unreasonable interference from Iraqi officials.[81] In May 2003, the CIA, through the Iraqi National Congress, released documents purportedly showing that Al Jazeera had been infiltrated by Iraqi spies, and was regarded by Iraqi officials as part of their propaganda effort. As reported by the Sunday Times, the alleged spies were described by an Al Jazeera executive as having minor roles with no input on editorial decisions.

On 23 September 2003, Iraq suspended Al Jazeera (and Al-Arabiya) from reporting on official government activities for two weeks for what the Council stated as supporting recent attacks on council members and Coalition occupational forces. The move came after allegations by Iraqis who stated that the channel had incited anti-occupation violence (by airing statements from Iraqi insurgency leaders), increasing ethnic and sectarian tensions, and being supportive of the insurgency.

During 2004, Al Jazeera broadcast several video tapes of various victims of kidnappings in Iraq, which had been sent to the network. The videos had been filmed by the kidnappers holding the hostages. The hostages were shown, often blindfolded, pleading for their release. They often appeared to be forced to read out prepared statements of their kidnappers. Al Jazeera has assisted authorities from the home countries of the victims in an attempt to secure the release of kidnapping victims.[citation needed] This included broadcasting pleas from family members and government officials. Contrary to some allegations, including the oft-reported comments of Donald Rumsfeld on 4 June 2005, Al Jazeera has never shown beheadings. (Beheadings have appeared on numerous non-Al Jazeera websites and have sometimes been misattributed to Al Jazeera.)[71]

On 7 August 2004, the Iraqi Allawi government shut down the Iraq office of Al Jazeera, claiming that it was responsible for presenting a negative image of Iraq, and charging the network with fueling anti-Coalition hostilities. Al Jazeera spokesman Jihad Ballout said: "It's regrettable and we believe it's not justifiable. This latest decision runs contrary to all the promises made by Iraqi authorities concerning freedom of expression and freedom of the press,"[82] and Al Jazeera vowed to continue its reporting from inside Iraq.[83] News photographs showed United States and Iraqi military personnel working together to close the office. Initially closed by a one-month ban, the shutdown was extended indefinitely in September 2004, and the offices were sealed,[84] drawing condemnation from international journalists.[85]

In April 2003, the Qatar channel broadcast a long commemorative program showing ex-General of the Iraqi Republican Guards, Sayf ad-Din Rawi, who claimed that a neutron bomb had been dropped on the international airport of Bagdad during the invasion of Iraq.[86]

Israel

On 19 July 2008, Al Jazeera TV broadcast a program from Lebanon that covered the "welcome-home" festivities for Samir Kuntar, a Lebanese militant who had been imprisoned in Israel for murdering several people in a Palestine Liberation Front raid from Lebanon into Israel. In the program, the head of Al Jazeera's Beirut office, Ghassan bin Jiddo, praised Kuntar as a "pan-Arab hero" and organized a birthday party for him. In response, Israel's Government Press Office (GPO) threatened to boycott the satellite channel unless it apologized. A few days later an official letter was issued by Al Jazeera's director general, Wadah Khanfar, in which he admitted that the program violated the station's Code of Ethics and that he had ordered the channel's programming director to take steps to ensure that such an incident does not recur.

The television network was also criticized for allegedly biased coverage of events in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including the Bat Mitzvah massacre in 2002, where the network failed to note that the massacre victims were attending a bat mitzvah celebration for a 12 year old girl, and neglected to mention that the gunman crashed the event at a crowded banquet hall.[87] When the Palestinian militant Raed Karmi was assassinated by the Israeli army, Al Jazeera was criticized for failing to mention Israeli accusations about how many people he had killed, which would have provided a context for the story.[87]

On March 13, 2008, Israel imposed sanctions on Al Jazeera, accusing it of slanted coverage favoring Hamas. Deputy Foreign Minister Majalli Wahabi said that Israel would deny entry visas to Al Jazeera employees, and that Israeli officials would not be available for interviews with the network. According to Wahabi, "We have seen that Al Jazeera has become a part of Hamas... taking sides and cooperating with people who are enemies of the State of Israel. The moment a station like Al Jazeera gives unreliable reports, represents only one side, and doesn't present the positions of the other side, why should we cooperate"? Wahabi said that the Israeli Foreign Ministry would send letters of complaint to the government of Qatar and Al Jazeera.[88]

In February 2009, Israel again imposed sanctions on Al Jazeera after Qatar closed the Israeli trade office in Doha in protest to the Gaza War. Initially, Israel contemplated declaring Al Jazeera a hostile entity and shutting down its Israel offices, but after a legal review, the Israeli government decided instead to impose limited measures to restrict Al Jazeera's activities in the country. All Al Jazeera employees would not have their visas renewed, and the Israeli government would issue no new visas. Al Jazeera staff would also not be allowed to attend government briefings and reduced access to government and military offices or interview Knesset members. The station would only be allowed access to three official spokespersons: The Prime Minister's Office, the Foreign Ministry, and the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.[89]

Kuwait

The Al Jazeera office in Kuwait City was closed by government officials after airing a story on police crackdowns. The story had video of police beating activists and included interviews with members of the Kuwaiti opposition. Four MP's were injured in the crackdown. Kuwait's Minister of Information described Al Jazeera's coverage as "intervention in a Kuwaiti domestic issue".[90]

Qatar

Al Jazeera has been criticized for failing to report on many hard-hitting news stories that originate from Qatar, where Al Jazeera is based. The two most frequently cited stories were the revoking of citizenship from the Al Ghafran clan of the Al Murrah tribe in response to a failed coup that members of the Al Ghafran clan were implicated in, and Qatar's growing relations with and diplomatic visits to Israel.[91]

Somalia

In January 2009 Al Jazeera aired a documentary on toxic waste dumped in Somalia. A Somali journalist who studied the contents of the two part Al Jazeera documentary, The Toxic Truth,[92] has concluded that Al Jazeera failed to rigorously research the story because one of the letters used to substantiate arms smuggling was issued on 15 April 1992, from the Ministry of Defence of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, almost two years after South Yemen and North Yemen united to form the Republic of Yemen in May 1990.[93] Another criticism of the documentary was that Al Jazeera did not allow Ali Mahdi Muhammad, former interim president of Somalia, to exercise his right of reply for being accused of authorising Italy based companies to build dumping grounds in Somalia.

Spain

Main article: Tayseer Allouni

Reporter Tayseer Allouni was arrested in Spain on 5 September 2003, on a charge of having provided support for members of al-Qaeda.[94] Judge Baltasar Garzón, who had issued the arrest warrant, ordered Allouni held without bail. Al Jazeera wrote to then Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar and protested: "On several occasions Western journalists met secretly with secret organizations and they were not subjected to any legal action because they were doing their job, so why is Allouni being excluded?"[95] Allouni was released on bail several weeks later over health concerns, but prohibited from leaving the country.

On 19 September, a Spanish court issued an arrest warrant for Allouni before the expected verdict. Allouni had asked the court for permission to visit his family in Syria to attend the funeral of his mother but authorities denied his request and instead ordered him back to jail.[96]

Although he pleaded not guilty of all the charges against him, Allouni was sentenced on 26 September 2005 to seven years in prison for being a financial courier for al-Qaeda. Allouni insisted he merely interviewed bin Laden after the September 11 attack on the United States.[97] Al Jazeera has continuously supported Allouni and maintain that he is innocent.[98]

Many international and private organizations (Reporters Without Borders among them) condemned the arrest and called on the Spanish court to free Taysir Allouni.[99] Websites such as Alony Solidarity were created to support Allouni.

United Kingdom

UK officials, like their US counterparts, strongly protested against Al Jazeera's coverage of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Al Jazeera stated that the coalition leaders were taking exception because its reporting made it more difficult for both countries to manage the way the war was being reported.[45]

United States

Prior to September 11, 2001 the United States government had praised Al Jazeera for its role as an independent media outlet in the Middle East, US officials have since claimed an anti-American bias to Al Jazeera's news coverage.[45][100]

The station first gained widespread attention in the West following the September 11, 2001 attacks, when it broadcast videos in which Osama bin Laden and Sulaiman Abu Ghaith defended and justified the attacks. This led to significant controversy and accusations by the United States government that Al Jazeera was engaging in propaganda on behalf of terrorists. Al Jazeera countered that it was merely making information available without comment, and several western television channels later followed suit in broadcasting portions of the tapes. Analyst James Dunnigan assigns Al Jazeera a primary role in the rise of religious hatred and terrorism in the modern Muslim world.[101]

On November 13, during the US invasion of Afghanistan, 2001, a U.S. missile strike destroyed Al Jazeera's office in Kabul. There were no casualties.[42]

At an October 3, 2001 press conference, Colin Powell tried to persuade the emir of Qatar to shut down Al Jazeera.[102][103][104]

On October 12, 2008 Al Jazeera broadcast interviews with people attending a Sarah Palin 2008 United States presidential election rally in St. Clairsville, Ohio, with interviewees making comments about Barack Obama such as "he regards white people as trash". The report received over 2 million views on YouTube[105] and elicited comment by Colin Powell: "Those kind of images going out on Al Jazeera are killing us."[106] Following this the Washington Post ran an op-ed,[107] claiming the news channel was deliberately encouraging "anti-American sentiment overseas",[107] which was criticized by Al Jazeera as "a gratuitous and uninformed shot at Al Jazeera's motives", as the report was just one of "hundreds of hours of diverse coverage".[106]

Detention of Sami Al Hajj

Main article: Sami Al Hajj

Al Jazeera cameraman Sami Al Hajj, a Sudanese national, was detained while in transit to Afghanistan in December 2001, and up until May 2008 was held, without charge, as an enemy combatant in Camp Delta at Guantánamo Bay. The reasons for his detention remain unknown, although the US' official statement on all detainees is that they are security threats. Reporters Without Borders have repeatedly expressed concern over Al Hajj's detention,[108] mentioned Al Hajj in their Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index,[109] and launched a petition for his release.[110] On 23 November 2005, Sami Al Hajj's lawyer Clive Stafford-Smith reported that, during (125 of 130) interviews, U.S. officials had questioned al-Hajj as to whether Al Jazeera was a front for al-Qaeda.[111] Al-Hajj has since expressed plans to launch legal action against former US President George W. Bush for his treatment while in Guantanamo. According to Smith, these accusations include having been beaten and sexually assaulted during his incarceration.

Dalal al-Maghrabi

On July 5, 2008 Al-Jazeera TV caused controversy by dedicating an Arabic-language program to Dalal Mughrabi. In the program, the host allegedly "glorified" the Coastal Road incident in which a total of 36 Israeli hostages were killed in a shootout between the Israeli military and al-Maghrabi's twelve fighters, and declared that "Heroism transcends the gender divide", referring to Dalal al-Maghrabi.[112]

Satellite disruption

During the 2010 FIFA World Cup opening game, Al Jazeera Sports' transmission in the Arab world went down without explanation in the first half, while the second half transmission was patchy. Al Jazeera and FIFA said they were working to figure out the cause of the disruption to Al Jazeera's official broadcasting rights.[113] The British newspaper The Guardian reported that evidence points toward jamming by the Jordanian government.[114]

Documentaries

Awards and accolades

  • 1999 Prince Claus Award for "Creating Spaces of Freedom"
  • In December 1999, Ibn Rushd (Averoes) Fund for Freedom of Thought in Berlin awarded the "Ibn Rushd Award" for media and journalism for the year to Al Jazeera.[117]
  • In March 2003, Al Jazeera was awarded by Index on Censorship for its "courage in circumventing censorship and contributing to the free exchange of information in the Arab world."[118]
  • In April 2004, Webby Awards nominated Al Jazeera as one of the five best news Web sites, along with BBC News, National Geographic, RocketNews and The Smoking Gun. According to Tifanny Schlain, the founder of the Webby Awards, this caused a controversy as [other media organisations] "felt it was a risk-taking site".[119]
  • In 2004, Al Jazeera was voted by brandchannel.com readers as the fifth most influential global brand behind Apple Computer, Google, Ikea and Starbucks.[120]
  • During the 2011 Egyptian protests, Salon.com wrote that "Al Jazeera's Egypt coverage embarrasses U.S. cable news channels.",[121] and WikiLeaks commented on their Twitter feed that "Yes, we may have helped Tunisia, Egypt. But let us not forget the elephant in the room: Al Jazeera + sat dishes".[122]

Competitors

  • In response to Al Jazeera, a group of Saudi investors created Al Arabiya in the first quarter of 2003. Despite (especially initial) skepticism over the station's Saudi funding (cf. History) and a perception of censorship of anti-Saudi content,[123] Al Arabiya has successfully emulated Al Jazeera, garnered a significant audience share, and has also gotten similarly involved in controversy – Al Arabiya has been severely criticised by the Iraqi and US authorities and has also had journalists killed on the job.[124]
  • In order to counter a perceived bias of Al Jazeera, the U.S. government in 2004 founded Al Hurra ("the free one"). Al Hurra is forbidden to broadcast to the US under the provisions of the Smith-Mundt Act. A Zogby poll found that 1% of Arab viewers watch Al Hurra as their first choice.[125] while an Ipsos-MENA poll from March–May 2008 showed that Alhurra was drawing more viewers in Iraq than Al Jazeera.[126] Citing these figures, Alvin Snyder referred to Alhurra as a "go to" network in Iraq.[127]
  • A further competitor is the Rusiya Al-Yaum channel - the first Russian TV news channel broadcasting in Arabic and headquartered in Moscow, Russia. Rusiya Al-Yaum started broadcasting on 4 May 2007 at 7:00 (Moscow time). The Channel is established and operated by RIA Novosti, the same news agency that launched Russia Today TV in December 2005 to deliver a Russian perspective on news to English-speaking audiences, and "Rusiya Al-Yaum" is indeed a translation of "Russia Today" into Arabic.
  • The BBC launched BBC Arabic Television on 11 March 2008, an Arabic-language news channel in North Africa and the Middle East.[128] This is the second time that the BBC has launched an Arabic language TV channel; as mentioned above, the demise of the original BBC World Service Arabic TV channel had at least contributed to the founding of the original Al Jazeera Arabic TV channel.
  • When Euronews started broadcasting its programs in Arabic on 12 July 2008, it entered into competition with Al Jazeera. Arabic is the eighth language in which Euronews is broadcast, after English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese.

Network

Al Jazeera operates a number of specialty channels besides its original flagship news channel. As of early 2007, the Al Jazeera network's TV channels include:[129]

Launched in Website
Al Jazeera the original international Arabic-language 24h news channel launched in 1996 www.aljazeera.net/channel
Al Jazeera Sports a popular Arabic-language sports channel 2003 aljazeerasport.net
Al Jazeera Sports +1 2004
Al Jazeera Sports +2 2004
Al Jazeera Sports +3 2008
Al Jazeera Sports +4 2008
Al Jazeera Sports +5 August 2009
Al Jazeera Sports +6 August 2009
Al Jazeera Sports +7 August 2009
Al Jazeera Sports +8 August 2009
Al Jazeera Sports HD
Al Jazeera Mubasher (a.k.a Al Jazeera Live) a live politics and public interest channel (similar to C-SPAN, Houses of the Oireachtas Channel or BBC Parliament), which broadcasts conferences in real time without editing or commentary 2005
Al Jazeera Children's Channel (a.k.a. JCC) a children's interest channel 2005 www.jcctv.net
Al Jazeera English a global English-language 24h news channel 2006 english.aljazeera.net
Al Jazeera Documentary Channel an Arabic language documentary channel 2007 doc.aljazeera.net
Al Jazeera Training Center an Arabic language Training Center Training.aljazeera.net

References

  1. ^ Naomi Sakr, 2001. Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization & the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, pp.57, Books.google.com
  2. ^ a b Hugh Miles, 2005. Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West. New York: Grove Press, p.346, Books.Google.com
  3. ^ Naomi Sakr, 2001. Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization & the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, pp.58, Books.Google.com
  4. ^ Hugh Miles, 2005. Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West. New York: Grove Press, p.347, Books.Google.com
  5. ^ Qatar's Al-Jazeera livens up Arab TV scene BBC News - Monitoring; published Thursday, 7 January 1999
    In defense of al-Jazeera MSNBC; by Michael Moran; published 18 October 2001
  6. ^ Tutwiler's mission impossible
  7. ^ According to pravda.ru Pravda.ru, a tabloid-style website unrelated to the original Pravda, "Al Jazeera received $20,000 per minute for Bin Laden's speech."
  8. ^ Template:PDFlink by Kahlil Byrd and Theresse Kawarabayashi; MIT's Media in Transition 3; published 2–4 May 2003
  9. ^ "Arabic in Graphic Design: Al Jazeera's Cartouche". Fight.Boredom. Cloudjammer Creative Network. 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-11-05. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ a b c Books of our Time: Al-Jazeera at Google Video; TV programme feat. Lawrence Velvel, Dean of the Mass. School of Law, interviewing author Hugh Miles who reveals a lot about the channel (a, c: 48:30, b: 55:00)
  11. ^ a b c El-Nawawy and Iskandar. Al-Jazeera: How the free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East. Westview. cf. Further reading
  12. ^ The Minotaur of 'Contextual Objectivity': War coverage and the pursuit of accuracy with appeal
  13. ^ BBC in news deal with Arabic TV BBC News, published 17 January 2003
  14. ^ a b Template:PDFlink by Nicolas Eliades; Peace & Conflict Monitor; University for Peace
    Qatar's Al-Jazeera TV: The Power of Free Speech
  15. ^ E.g. in 1999, New York Times reporter Thomas L. Friedman called Al-Jazeera "the freest, most widely watched TV network in the Arab world." – Friedman, Thomas L. (12 February 1999). "Fathers and Sons". New York Times: A27.
  16. ^ Al Jazeera and Bin Laden
  17. ^ [1] Does the Path to Middle East Peace Stop in Doha?
  18. ^ Al Jazeera turns its signal West
  19. ^ Is Al Jazeera Alternative? Mainstreaming Alterity and Assimilating Discourses of Dissent
  20. ^ Audience Demographics and Viewership Profile
  21. ^ Release: We break 100 million barrier
  22. ^ Al-Jazeera English gets CRTC approval
  23. ^ "Al Jazeera makes its Balkan debut". Deutsche Welle. 22 September 2010.
  24. ^ Al Jazeera TV Footprint - Coverage
  25. ^ Grim, Ryan (2011-01-30) Al Jazeera English Blacked Out Across Most Of U.S., Huffington Post
  26. ^ Al Jazeera YouTube Channel
  27. ^ Aljazeera.net
  28. ^ Livestation | Watch Al Jazeera English on your PC
  29. ^ Template:PDFlink
  30. ^ a b Al Jazeera and the Net - free speech, but don't say that by John Lettice; The Register; published Monday, 7 April 2003
  31. ^ Benenson, Fred (2009-01-13). "Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository". creativecommons.org. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  32. ^ Steuer, Eric (2009-01-13). "Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage Under Creative Commons License". creativecommons.org. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  33. ^ Cohen, Noam (2009-01-11). "Al Jazeera provides an inside look at Gaza conflict". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  34. ^ "Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage under Creative Commons License". Al Jazeera Creative Commons Repository. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  35. ^ Andrews, Robert (2009-11-14). "Al Jazeera Offers Creative Commons Video, Lessig Lends Backing". paidcontent.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  36. ^ Ito, Joi (2009-01-14). "Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository". joi.ito.com. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  37. ^ Aljazeera and ARY Digital Network to launch Aljazeera Urdu | Al Jazeera
  38. ^ Al Jazeera plans to launch Arab newspaper Arabian Business; published Saturday 4, November 2006
  39. ^ RSF strongly condemns ban on al-Jazeera
  40. ^ Al-Jazeera closed in West Bank
  41. ^ AP: Ban on Al-Jazeera operations in West Bank lifted
  42. ^ a b Al-Jazeera Kabul offices hit in US raid
  43. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (2011-11-17) Applying U.S. principles on Internet freedom, Salon.com
  44. ^ The Man Who Sold the War by James Bamford; Rolling Stone; published 17 November 2005
  45. ^ a b c Al-Jazeera: News channel in the news BBC News; published Saturday, 29 March 2003
  46. ^ a b Purnick, Joyce (27 March 2003). "Metro Matters; Censorship Is Patriotism To Big Board". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  47. ^ "Al Jazeera banned from NYSE floor". Arab Press Freedom Watch. Archived from the original on 2005-11-24.
  48. ^ Bhatnagar, Parija (2003-03-25). "Al Jazeera ousted from NYSE". CNN.
  49. ^ Al Jazeera banned from two Wall Street exchanges (26 March 2003)
  50. ^ [2]
  51. ^ "CRS Report for Congress" (PDF). US State Department. p. 7. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  52. ^ "Al Jazeera Denied Akamai Services". MIT. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  53. ^ Al-Jazeera 'hit by missile'
  54. ^ U.S. Bombing Raid Kills Three Journalists in Baghdad
  55. ^ The war on al-Jazeera Comment by Dima Tareq Tahboub, the widow of Tareq Ayyoub, The Guardian, 4 October 2003
  56. ^ Under Pressure, Qatar May Sell Jazeera Station, New York Times, 30 January 2005
  57. ^ MSN.com
  58. ^ Did the US murder these Journalists? by Robert Fisk; SF Bay Guardian; published 26 April 2003
  59. ^ http://twitter.com/nolanjazeera
  60. ^ http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/live-blog-301-egypt-protests
  61. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011131123648291703.html
  62. ^ http://www.manilanews.net/story/737532/ht/Media-should-be-able-to-report-freely-in-Egypt-says-al-Jazeera
  63. ^ Al-Jazeera hacker pleads guilty BBC News; published Friday, 13 June 2003
  64. ^ Al-Jazeera websites 'hit by hackers' by Dominic Timms; Guardian Unlimited; published Wednesday, 26 March 2003
  65. ^ Al-Jazeera cracker charged by John Leyden; The Register; published Thursday, 12 June 2003
  66. ^ Southern California Man Who Hijacked Al Jazeera Website Agrees to Plead Guilty to Federal Charges
    Guilty plea in Al Jazeera site hack
    Al Jazeera hacker gets community service
  67. ^ Robert, Booth (2010-12-06). "WikiLeaks cables claim al-Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
  68. ^ The Coming Revolution: Struggle for Freedom in the Middle East, Chapter 4, note 1
  69. ^ Al Jazeera under fire
  70. ^ Mosaic Intelligence Report - 17 November 2006; NB: the poll figures quoted in the report are from a poll analysis apparently commissioned by Accuracy in Media with the goal of exploring how the US public could be mobilised against Al Jazeera (cf. section "In Conclusion…" of Template:PDFlink).
  71. ^ a b Rumsfeld blames Al Jazeera over Iraq
  72. ^ Was George Bush serious about attack on Al Jazeera?
  73. ^ by Brent Bozell at 12.30 ET during the Fox Online program (YouTube video)
  74. ^ The Guardian's Corrections and clarifications column, Wednesday 30 November 2005
  75. ^ Bahrain bans Al Jazeera TV
  76. ^ TBSjournal.com
  77. ^ Almasryalyoum.com
  78. ^ Google.com
  79. ^ [3]
  80. ^ [4]
  81. ^ CPJ News Alert - Missing journalist's wife demands more information
  82. ^ Militia dig in as fighting rages in holy city The Sydney Morning Herald; published 9 August 2004
  83. ^ Iraqi Government Shuts Al-Jazeera Station by Rawya Rageh; Associated Press; published 7 August 2004
  84. ^ Iraq extends al-Jazeera ban and raids offices by Luke Harding; The Guardian; published Monday 6 September 2004
  85. ^ Al-Jazeera Under Fire: IFJ Condemns Iraqi Ban and Canada’s “Bizarre” Restrictions International Federation of Journalists; published 6 September 2004
  86. ^ "US accused of using neutron bombs"
  87. ^ a b Perspectives on war. By Hickey, Neil, Columbia Journalism Review, March 1, 2002
  88. ^ http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2008/03/13/israel_imposes_sanctions_on_al_jazeera/
  89. ^ http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2009/February/Govt-Sanctions-on-al-Jazeera-in-Israel-/
  90. ^ Kuwait shuts down Al Jazeera office
  91. ^ Secret Dubai diary: into exile
  92. ^ Template:En icon Aljazeera.net
  93. ^ Somalipressreview.com
  94. ^ Al-Jazeera Arrest CNN; published 5 September 2003
  95. ^ Spanish judge orders Al-Jazeera reporter to jail by Mar Roman; Associated Press; published Thursday, September 11, 2003
  96. ^ Aljazeera reporter placed in detention Al Jazeera; published Wednesday, 19 January 2005
  97. ^ Special Reports - Taysir Alluni Al Jazeera
  98. ^ A fight for justice - Al Jazeera
  99. ^ e.g. Al Jazeera journalist re-arrested 10 days before trial verdict
  100. ^ World and America watching different wars Christian Science Monitor
  101. ^ James Dunnigan (December 3, 2009). "Major Hasan Embraces Tradition".
  102. ^ Colin Powell, news conference with Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa Thani, 3 October 2001, Washington D.C.
  103. ^ FAIR (December 2001). "Patriotism & Censorship:"Reining in" journalism".
  104. ^ Vedantam, Shankar (January 31, 2005). "Qatar Advances Plans To Privatize Al-Jazeera". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  105. ^ Casey Kauffman (13 Oct 08). "Misconceptions of Obama fuel Republican campaign - 13 Oct 08". Al Jazeera. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  106. ^ a b Tony Burman, Managing Director of Al Jazeera English (2008-10-24). "Letter to The Washington Post".
  107. ^ a b Colbert I. King (October 18, 2008). "A Rage No One Should Be Stoking". The Washington Post.
  108. ^ Call for Sami Al-Haj’s release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information
    Call for release of cameraman Sami Al Hajj as he completes fourth year in Guantanamo
    Call for Al-Jazeera cameraman's release from Guantanamo on fifth anniversary of arrival of first detainees
  109. ^ North Korea, Turkmenistan, Eritrea the worst violators of press freedom
  110. ^ Sami Al Haj - Petition - Reporters Sans Frontieres
  111. ^ More news is good news at New Age BD
  112. ^ "In an Al-Jazeera TV Program on Palestinian Terrorist Dalal Al-Mughrabi, Al-Mughrabi's Sister Salutes Jerusalem Bulldozer Terrorist". MEMRI. July 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  113. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/06/2010612134143244810.html
  114. ^ "Foul play: how al-Jazeera's live World Cup football coverage got in a jam" The Guardian, September 29, 2020
  115. ^ Wide Angle - Exclusive to Al Jazeera
  116. ^ "Al-Jazeera, An Arab Voice for Freedom or Demagoguery? The UNC Tour"
  117. ^ Ibn Rushd prize 1999
  118. ^ Index: Free speaking voices in the wilderness
  119. ^ The Webby Awards
  120. ^ Apple bites big
  121. ^ Pareene, Alex (2011-01-28) Al Jazeera's Egypt coverage embarrasses U.S. cable news channels, Salon.com
  122. ^ [5]
  123. ^ Attacks on the Press - 2004: Mideast
  124. ^ Profile: Al Arabiya TV
    Shock over Iraqi reporter's death
  125. ^ Time for the Last Hurrah for US' Al-Hurra
  126. ^ USCpublicdiplomacy.com
  127. ^ MEtimes.com
  128. ^ "BBC launches Arabic TV channel". BBC News. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  129. ^ Lyngsat page showing, among others, Al Jazeera's channels
    Lyngsat page showing Qatari TV channels, including Al Jazeera's

Further reading

  • Abdul-Mageed, M. M. (2008). Online News Sites and Journalism 2.0: Reader Comments on Al Jazeera Arabic. TripleC: Cognition, Communication, Co-operation, 6(2), 59-76. Abstract and full article: Blogspot.com
  • Abdul-Mageed, M. M., and Herring, S. C. (2008). Arabic and English news coverage on aljazeera.net. In: F. Sudweeks, H. Hrachovec, and C. Ess (Eds.), Proceedings of Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication 2008 (CATaC'08), Nîmes, France, 24 June-27. Abstract and full article: Blogspot.com
  • M. Arafa, P.J. Auter, & K. Al-Jaber (2005), Hungry for news and information: Instrumental use of Al-Jazeera TV among viewers in the Arab World and Arab Diaspora, Journal of Middle East Media, 1(1), 21-50
  • Marc Lynch (2005), Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today, Columbia University Press
  • N. Miladi (2004), Al-Jazeera, ISBN 1-86020-593-3
  • Hugh Miles (2004), Al Jazeera: How Arab TV news challenged the world, Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11807-8,
    • aka Al Jazeera: How Arab TV News challenges America, Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-1789-9 (2005 reprint),
    • aka Al Jazeera: The inside story of the Arab news channel that is challenging the West, Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-4235-4 (2006 reprint)
  • Mohammed el-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2002), Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-4017-9,
    • aka Al-Jazeera: The story of the network that is rattling governments and redefining modern journalism, aka Al-Jazeera: Ambassador of the Arab World, Westview Press/Basic Books/Perseus Books, ISBN 0-8133-4149-3 (2003 reprint)
  • Erik C. Nisbet, Matthew C. Nisbet, Dietram Scheufele, and James Shanahan (2004), Template:PDFlink, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 9 (2), 11-37
  • Donatella Della Ratta (2005), Al Jazeera. Media e società arabe nel nuovo millennio Template:It icon, Bruno Mondadori, ISBN

8-8424-9282-5

  • Naomi Sakr (2002), Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization and the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-689-1
  • Tatham, Steve (2006), Losing Arab Hearts & Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera & Muslim Public Opinion, Hurst & Co (London), Published 1 Jan 2006, ISBN 0-9725572-3-7
  • Mohamed Zayani (2005), The Al Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical Perspectives On New Arab Media, Paradigm Publishers, ISBN 1-59451-126-8
  • Augusto Valeriani (2005), Il giornalismo arabo, (Italian) Roma, Carocci ISBN 88-430-3280-1
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