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The '''Republic of Adygea''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|d|ɨ|ˈ|ɡ|eɪ|.|ə}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Adygeya|title=Adygeya at merriam-webster.com|work=m-w.com|accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref> {{lang-rus|Респу́блика Адыге́я|p=ɐdɨˈɡʲejə|r=Respublika Adygeya}}; {{lang-ady|Адыгэ Республик}}, ''Adıge Respublik'') is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] (a [[republics of Russia|republic]]) enclaved within [[Krasnodar Krai]]. Its area is {{convert|7600|km2|sp=us}} with a population of 439,996 ([[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census" /> Its [[capital city|capital]] is the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] of [[Maykop]].
The '''Republic of Adygea''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|d|ɨ|ˈ|ɡ|eɪ|.|ə}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Adygeya|title=Adygeya at merriam-webster.com|work=m-w.com|accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref> {{lang-rus|Респу́блика Адыге́я|p=ɐdɨˈɡʲejə|r=Respublika Adygeya}}; {{lang-ady|Адыгэ Республик}}, ''Adıge Respublik'') is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] (a [[republics of Russia|republic]]) enclaved within [[Krasnodar Krai]]. Its area is {{convert|7600|km2|sp=us}} with a population of 439,996 ([[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census" /> [[Maykop]]<nowiki/>is its [[capital city|capital]] [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]].


==Geography==
==Geography==

Revision as of 18:32, 18 July 2013

For other uses, see Adygea (disambiguation).
Republic of Adygea
Republic
Республика Адыгея
Other transcription(s)
 • AdygheАдыгэ Республик
Flag of Republic of Adygea
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of Adygea
Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of the Republic of Adygea
CountryRussia
Federal districtSouthern[1]
Economic regionNorth Caucasus[2]
CapitalMaykop[3]
Government
 • BodyState Council (Khase)[4]
 • Head[4]Aslan Tkhakushinov[5]
Area
[6]
 • Total7,600 km2 (2,900 sq mi)
 • Rank80th
Population
 (2010 census)[7]
 • Total439,996
 • Estimate 
(2018)[8]
453,376 (+3%)
 • Rank74th
 • Density58/km2 (150/sq mi)
 • Urban
50.9%
 • Rural
49.1%
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[9])
ISO 3166 codeRU-AD
License plates01
OKTMO ID79000000
Official languagesRussian;[10] Adyghe[11]
Websitehttp://www.adygheya.ru/

The Republic of Adygea (/ɑːd[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈɡeɪ.ə/;[13] Russian: Респу́блика Адыге́я, romanized: Respublika Adygeya, IPA: [ɐdɨˈɡʲejə]; Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик, Adıge Respublik) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) enclaved within Krasnodar Krai. Its area is 7,600 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi) with a population of 439,996 (2010 Census).[7] Maykopis its capital city.

Geography

Adygea lies in southeastern Europe in the northern foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, with plains in the north and mountains in the south. Forests cover almost 40% of its territory.

Rivers

The 870-kilometer (540 mi) long Kuban River is one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Other rivers include:

Lakes

Lago-Naki area in Adygea

The republic has no large lakes. However, the several large reservoirs include:

Mountains

The republic's major mountains range in height from 2,000 to 3,238 m and include:

Natural resources

The republic is rich in oil and natural gas. Other natural resources include gold, silver, tungsten, and iron.

Climate

  • Average January temperature: −0.5 °C (31.1 °F)
  • Average July temperature: +23 °C (73 °F)
  • Average annual precipitation: 70 centimeters (28 in)

History

Map of Adygea

Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on July 27, 1922, on the territories of Kuban-Black Sea Oblast, primarily settled by the Adyghe people. At that time, Krasnodar was the administrative center. It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of the Russian SFSR, but on October 17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly created North Caucasus Krai within the RSFSR.[15]

It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast (AO) in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of new Azov-Black Sea Krai, which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of Krasnodar Krai when it was established on September 13, 1937.

On July 3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The first President of the republic was Aslan Aliyevich Dzharimov, elected in January 1992. From 2002 to 2007, Hazret Sovmen was President. He, and most of the rest of the political elite in Adygea, are Adyghes. As a reaction to that, an organization calling itself the Union of Slavs was established, claiming that ethnic Russians are discriminated against in Adygea. They advocate the merger of Adygea with Krasnodar Krai, but have so far have had little support for that proposition from the Russian government.

Relations between Adygs and ethnic Russians in Adyghe are currently on good terms. Russians make up two-thirds the population within Adygea[16] and the current Head, Aslan Tkhakushinov is an ethnic Adyghe and was elected largely on the support of Russian votes.[17]

Divisions

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Adygea
Main article: List of administrative and municipal divisions of the Republic of Adygea

The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts (raions), two cities/towns, and five urban-type settlements. Municipally, the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46 rural settlements.

Demographics

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 386 5,681 3,307 2,374 14.7 8.6 6.2
1975 396 5,900 3,907 1,993 14.9 9.9 5.0
1980 409 6,610 4,828 1,782 16.2 11.8 4.4
1985 423 6,966 5,283 1,683 16.5 12.5 4.0
1990 436 6,171 5,375 796 14.2 12.3 1.8 2,06
1991 439 5,912 5,905 7 13.5 13.5 0.0 1,96
1992 444 5,306 5,969 - 663 12.0 13.5 -1.5 1,73
1993 447 4,774 6,662 -1 888 10.7 14.9 -4.2 1,54
1994 449 4,907 6,519 -1 612 10.9 14.5 -3.6 1,59
1995 450 4,798 6,475 -1 677 10.7 14.4 -3.7 1,55
1996 450 4,625 6,382 -1 757 10.3 14.2 -3.9 1,49
1997 450 4,430 6,302 -1 872 9.8 14.0 -4.2 1,42
1998 451 4,340 6,245 -1 905 9.6 13.9 -4.2 1,38
1999 450 3,879 6,215 -2 336 8.6 13.8 -5.2 1,22
2000 448 4,071 6,710 -2 639 9.1 15.0 -5.9 1,27
2001 447 4,212 6,566 -2 354 9.4 14.7 -5.3 1,31
2002 447 4,540 6,715 -2 175 10.2 15.0 -4.9 1,39
2003 446 4,634 6,929 -2 295 10.4 15.6 -5.2 1,40
2004 444 4,648 6,645 -1 997 10.5 15.0 -4.5 1,37
2005 443 4,550 6,726 -2 176 10.3 15.2 -4.9 1,32
2006 441 4,606 6,686 -2 080 10.4 15.2 -4.7 1,33
2007 440 5,210 6,454 -1 244 11.8 14.7 -2.8 1,50
2008 440 5,601 6,558 - 957 12.7 14.9 -2.2 1,60
2009 439 5,513 6,219 - 706 12.5 14.2 -1.6 1,66
2010 439 5,721 6,065 - 476 13.0 14.1 -1.1 1,70
2011 441 5,511 6,197 - 554 12.5 13.8 -1.3 1,66
2012 443 5,656 5,907 - 251 12.8 13.4 -0.6 1,71(e)

Total fertility rate 2009, 2010, 2011 source.[20]

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census,[7] ethnic Russians make up 63.6% of the republic's total population, while the ethnic Adyghe are 25.8%. Other groups include Armenians (3.7%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Kurds (1.1%), Tatars (0.6%).

Ethnic
group 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Adyghs(including circassians) 50,821 44.8% 55,048 22.8% 65,908 23.2% 81,478 21.1% 86,388 21.4% 95,439 22.1% 108,115 24.2% 109,699 25,8%
Russians 29,102 25.6% 171,960 71.1% 200,492 70.4% 276,537 71.7% 285,626 70.6% 293,640 68.0% 288,280 64.5% 270,714 63.6%
Armenians 738 0.7% 2,348 1.0% 3,013 1.1% 5,217 1.4% 6,359 1.6% 10,460 2.4% 15,268 3.4% 15,561 3.7%
Ukrainians 26,405 23.3% 6,130 2.5% 7,988 2.8% 11,214 2.9% 12,078 3.0% 13,755 3.2% 9,091 2.0% 5,856 1.4%
Others 6,415 5.7% 6,313 2.6% 7,289 2.6% 11,198 2.9% 13,939 3.4% 18,752 4.3% 26,355 5.9% 14,093 3.3%
1 14,610 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[21]

Religions

Religion in Adygea (2012)[22][23]

  Russian Orthodox (35.4%)
  Muslim (13%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (3%)
  Other Orthodox (1%)
  Spiritual but not religious (30%)
  Atheist and non-religious (9%)
  Other and undeclared (8.6%)

According to a 2012 official survey[22] 35.4% of the population of Adygea adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 13% to Islam, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% adheres to other Orthodox Churches. In addition, 30% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 9% is atheist and 8.6% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.[22]

Politics

Head of the Republic of Adygea, Aslan Tkhakushinov, in 2010

The chief executive of the government of Adygea is the Head (called "President" until May 2011), who is appointed for a five-year term. Proficiency in the Adyghe language is a prerequisite for the candidate.[24]

The current Head, Aslan Tkhakushinov (since January 13, 2007), succeeded Hazret Sovmen, appointed by Vladimir Putin, although he received only 2% of the vote in 2002.[25] There is also a directly elected State Council (Khase or Xase—not to be confused with the Adyghe Khase, a union of Adyghe who supported Sovmen for a second term), which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.

The republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to the State Duma and the other two to the Federation Council.

The Constitution of the Republic of Adygea was adopted on May 14, 1995.

Economy

Even though it is now one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producing grain, sunflowers, tea, tobacco, and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.

Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.

Transportation

There is a small airport in Maykop (ICAO airport code URKM). Several rail lines pass through the republic.

Culture

The Adyghe language (Adyghabze) is a member of the Northwest Caucasian group of Caucasian languages. Along with Russian, Adyghe is the official language of the republic.

There are 8 state and 23 public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.

Education

Adyghe State University and Maykop State Technological University, both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ http://www.kommersant.com/p-88/r_432/Republic_of_Adygea/
  4. ^ a b Constitution, Article 7.4.
  5. ^ Official website of the Republic of Adygea. Aslan Kitovich Tkhakushinov
  6. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  8. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  10. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  11. ^ Constitution of Adygea, Article 5
  12. ^ Azarenkova et al., p. 154
  13. ^ "Adygeya at merriam-webster.com". m-w.com. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  14. ^ Baryshnikova, Gennady (1996). "Palaeontology and Zooarchaeology of Mezmaiskaya Cave (Northwestern Caucasus, Russia)". Abstract. Journal of Archaeological Science Volume 23, Issue 3, 1996. pp. 313–335. doi:10.1006/jasc.1996.0030. Retrieved 3 March 2011. Over 6000 large mammal and numerous small vertebrate remains have been recovered from preliminary excavations at Mezmaiskaya Cave {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); line feed character in |publisher= at position 34 (help)
  15. ^ под ред. М. Макфола и Н. Петрова (1998). ""Политический альманах России 1997. Том 2. Социально-политические портреты регионов" (Political Almanac of Russia 1997. Vol. 2. Social and Political Portraits of the Regions), online edition" (PDF) (in Russian). Московский Центр Карнеги. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  16. ^ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm
  17. ^ Arutiunov, S.A. "Ethnicity in the Caucasus: Ethnic Relations and Quasi-Ethnic Conflicts". Circassian World. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  18. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  19. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  20. ^ http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312
  21. ^ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
  22. ^ a b c Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  23. ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  24. ^ Казенин, Константин (2009). "Тихие" конфликты на Северном Кавказе (in Russian). Moscow: Regnum. p. 17. ISBN 978-5-91150-030-6.
  25. ^ Tsvetkov, Oleg. "Transitions Online: Friends in High Places". CZ: Tol. Retrieved 2010-08-20.

Sources

  • Государственный Совет — Хасэ Республики Адыгея. 10 марта 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Адыгея (текст в ред. от 3 мая 2007 г.)», в ред. Конституционного закона №459 от 30 октября 2015 г. «О поправках к Конституции Республики Адыгея». Опубликован: "Ведомости ЗС (Хасэ) — Парламента РА", №16, 6–10 марта 1995 г. (State Council of the Republic of Adygea. March 10, 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Adygea (text of rev. of May 3, 2007), as amended by the Constitutional Law #459 of October 30, 2015 On the Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea. ).
  • Азаренкова, А. С. (1986) [1986]. Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985 гг.) (in Russian). Краснодарское книжное издательство. p. 394. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Adygea.
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