Jump to content

Ganja, Azerbaijan: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 40°40′58″N 46°21′38″E / 40.68278°N 46.36056°E / 40.68278; 46.36056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 633873274 by Ronhjones (talk)
Undid revision 667802601 by Radyanskysoldativ (talk)Famous native
Line 391: Line 391:
File:Mirza Shafi Vazeh.jpg|[[Mirza Shafi Vazeh]], continued the classical traditions of Azerbaijani poetry from the 14th century.
File:Mirza Shafi Vazeh.jpg|[[Mirza Shafi Vazeh]], continued the classical traditions of Azerbaijani poetry from the 14th century.
File:Hasan bay Agayev.jpg|[[Hasan bey Aghayev]], served as the Deputy Speaker of National Assembly of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]].
File:Hasan bay Agayev.jpg|[[Hasan bey Aghayev]], served as the Deputy Speaker of National Assembly of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]].
File:Shaxmati 125.jpg|[[Faiq Hasanov]], known as [[International Arbiter]] of chess and television [[presenter]] of weekly ''Chess Club'' programme.
File:1966 CPA 3322.jpg|[[Hakob Hakobian (poet)|Hakob Hakobian]], People's Poet of Armenia and Georgia.
File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2013-1106.jpg|[[Mahsati]], persecuted for her courageous poetry condemning religious fanaticism and dogmas.
File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2013-1106.jpg|[[Mahsati]], persecuted for her courageous poetry condemning religious fanaticism and dogmas.
File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2013-1088.jpg|[[Nigar Rafibeyli]], writer and the Chairman of the Writers' Union in [[Azerbaijan]].
File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2013-1088.jpg|[[Nigar Rafibeyli]], writer and the Chairman of the Writers' Union in [[Azerbaijan]].

Revision as of 20:30, 20 June 2015

"Gəncə" redirects here. For the village in Goygol rayon, see Gəncə, Goygol.
"Ganjak" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Ganjak, Iran.
"Gandzha" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Gandzha, Iran.
Ganja
Gəncə
City & Municipality
Official seal of Ganja
Seal
Nickname: 
Red City
Country Azerbaijan
Government
 • MayorElmar Valiyev
Area
 • Total110 km2 (40 sq mi)
Elevation
408 m (1,339 ft)
Population
 (2014)census data[1]
 • Total1.054.962
Demonym(s)Ağali,Lələ,Küçəli
Time zoneUTC+4 (GMT+4)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+5 (GMT+5)
Websitewww.ganca.net

Ganja (Azerbaijani: Gəncə) is Azerbaijan's second-largest city with a population of just over 1.000.000. It was named Elisabethpol (Russian: Елизаветпо́ль, romanized: Yelizavetpol, IPA: [jɪlʲɪzəvʲɪtˈpolʲ]) in the Russian Empire period. The city regained its original name Ganja in 1920 during the first part of its incorporation into the Soviet Union. However, its name was changed again in 1935 to Kirovabad (Russian: Кироваба́д, IPA: [kʲɪrəvɐˈbat]) and retained it throughout the later Soviet period from 1935. Finally in 1989, during Perestroika, the city regained the original name.

Etymology

See also: Arran (Caucasus)

Even though some sources from medieval Islamic time attribute the building of the town to a Muslim Arab ruler, modern historians believe that the fact that the name Ganja (گنجه / Ganjeh) derives from the New Persian ganj (گنج: "treasure, treasury") and in Arabic source the name is recorded as Janza (Middle Persian: ganza: treasure, treasury") suggests that the city existed in pre-Islamic times and was likely founded in the 5th century.[2] The area in which Ganja is located was known as Arran from the 9th to 12th century; its urban population spoke mainly in the Persian language.[3][4]

History

Feudal era

File:Şah Abbas məscidi.JPG
Shah Abbas Mosque is one of city's most known landmarks.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Elisavetpol (town)".

According to medieval Arabic sources, the city of Ganja was founded in 859-60 by Muhammad ibn Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad, the Arab governor of the region in the reign of the caliph al-Mutawakkil, and so-called because of a treasure unearthed there. According to the legend, the Arab governor had a dream where a voice told him that there was a treasure hidden under one of the three hills around the area where he camped. The voice told him to unearth it and use the money to found a city. He did so and informed the caliph about the money and the city. Caliph made Muhammad the hereditary governor of the city on a condition that he would give the money he found to the caliph.[5]

Foundation of the city by Arabs is confirmed by the medieval Armenian historian Movses Kagankatvatsi, who mentions that the city of Ganja was founded in 846-47 in the canton of Arshakashen by the son of Khazr Patgos, “a furious and merciless man”.[6]

Historically an important city of the South Caucasus, Ganja has been part of Sassanid empire, Great Seljuk Empire, Kingdom of Georgia, Atabegs of Azerbaijan, Khwarezmid Empire, Il-Khans,[7] Timurids,[8] Jalayirids,[9] Qara Qoyunlu,[10] Ak Koyunlu,[11][12] the Safavid, the Afsharid, the Zand and the Qajar empires of Persia/Iran, but often ruled locally by the khans/dukes of the Ganja Khanate. Ganja is also the birthplace of the famous poet Nizami Ganjavi.

Gate of Ganja, now in Gelati Monastery

The people of Ganja experienced a temporary cultural decline after an earthquake in 1139, when the city was taken by king Demetrius I of Georgia and its gates taken as trophies which is still kept in Georgia, and again after the Mongol invasion in 1231. The city was revived after the Safavids came to power. City came under temporary occupation by the Ottomans between 1578–1606 and 1723-1735.

16th-19th centuries and ceding to Russia

For a short period, Ganja was renamed Abbasabad by Shah Abbas after war against the Ottomans. He built a new city 8 kilometres (5 miles) to the southwest of the old one, but the name changed back to Ganja during the time[13] During the Safavid rule, it was the capital of the Karabakh (Ganja) beylerbey,[14] one of the four such administrative units and principalities.[15] In 1747, Ganja became the center of the Ganja Khanate.

Russian expansion into the South Caucasus met strong opposition in Ganja. In contrast with spreading suzerainty over Christian Georgia and Sunni Daghestan, military attack on the khanate in 1804 led by Pavel Tsitsianov was seen as a direct challenge to Iran being an incursion into a mainly Shia-populated territory. Some western sources assert that "the capture of the city was followed by a massacre of up to 3,000 inhabitants of Ganja by the Russians".[16] They also claim that "500 of them were slaughtered in a mosque where they had taken refuge, after an Armenian told the Russian soldiers that there might have been "Daghestani robbers" among them".[17] Thosaunds of Azeris left Ganja and fled to Iran following the capture.[citation needed]

According to the October 1813 Gulistan Treaty, the Ganja Khanate, together with most of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Dagestan, were forcefully ceded by Qajar Persia to Russia following Persia's defeat in the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813). A brief Persian recapture of its territories happened between 1826-1827 during the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828),[18] but the resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay made its inclusion into the Russian Empire definite. It was renamed Elisabethpol (Russian: Елизаветполь) after the wife of Alexander I of Russia, Elisabeth, and in 1868 became the capital of Elisabethpol Governorate.[19] Elizavetpol was an uyezd of Tiflis Governorate before 1868.[citation needed] The Russian name was not accepted by Azerbaijanis who continued to call the city Ganja.[20]

20th century

File:Building of First Azerbaijan Parlament in Ganja city.JPG
National Assembly building of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic after it was moved to the city.

In 1918, Ganja became the temporary capital of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, at which point it was renamed Ganja again, until Baku was recaptured from the British backed Centrocaspian Dictatorship. In April 1920, the Red Army occupied Azerbaijan. In May 1920, Ganja was the scene of an abortive anti-Soviet rebellion, during which the city was heavily damaged by fighting between the insurgents and the Red Army.[21] In 1935, Joseph Stalin renamed the city Kirovabad after Sergei Kirov.[22] In 1991, Azerbaijan re-established its independence, and the ancient name of the city was given back. For many years the 104th Guards Airborne Division of the Soviet Airborne Troops was based in the town.[23]

In November 1988, the Kirovabad pogrom forced many Armenians to leave the city.[24][25]

21st century

File:Ganja street 6.JPG
City centre of Ganja

Reconstruction in the 21st century has led to dramatic changes in the city's urban development, transforming the old Soviet city into a hub of high-rise, mixed-use buildings.[26]

In 2008, Ganja Mausoleum Gates were built on the basis of sketches of ancient Ganja gates made by local master Ibrahim Osman oglu in 1063.[27][28]

Geography

Climate

Climate data for Ganja
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.9
(85.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		18.6
(65.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		13.1
(55.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		4.1
(39.4) 		13.3
(55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.3
(27.9) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		9.2
(48.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		8.5
(47.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10
(0.4) 		17
(0.7) 		32
(1.3) 		30
(1.2) 		42
(1.7) 		46
(1.8) 		23
(0.9) 		18
(0.7) 		16
(0.6) 		32
(1.3) 		14
(0.6) 		18
(0.7) 		298
(11.9)
Average precipitation days 4 5 5 6 9 7 3 4 3 6 3 4 59
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN) [29]
Source 2: NOAA[30]

Administrative divisions

File:Gəncə Şəhər İcra Hakimiyyəti.JPG
Mayoralty of Ganja

Today, Ganja is divided into 2 rayons (administrative districts).[31] The mayor, presently Elmar Valiyev, embodies the executive power of the city.[32][33]

Demographics

Ethnic groups in Ganja
Year Azerbaijanis % Armenians % Russians % Others 1 % TOTAL
1886 [34]
11,139
54.9
8,914
43.9
131
0.6
110
0.5
20,294
1892[35]
13,392
51.8
10,524
40.8
1,842
7.2
25,758
1897 [36]
17,426
51.8
12,055
35.9
2,519
7.5
1,625
4.8
33,625
1926[34]
30,878
53.8
16,148
28.1
4,470
7.8
5,897
10.3
57,339
1939 [37]
49,755
50.3
27,121
27.4
16,992
17.2
4,626
4.7
98,494
1959 [38]
63,258
54.5
32,371
27.9
16,545
14.2
4,039
3.5
116,122
1970[39]
122,973
64.9
40,588
21.4
22,022
11.6
3,929
2.1
189,512
1979[40]
167,251
72.4
40,354
17.5
19,822
8.6
3,639
1.6
231,066
1999 [41]
294,876
98.5
32
0.01
2,814
0.9
1,620
0.5
299,342
2009[42]
311,813
99.5
6
0
895
0.3
535
0.2
313,249
1 Georgians, Jews, Ukrainians etc.

Ganja is the second largest city of Azerbaijan after Baku with about 313,300 residents. The city is also inhabited by a large number of Azerbaijani refugees from Armenia and IDPs from the Azerbaijani community of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas. Their number was estimated to be 33,000 in 2011.[43]

Historic Armenian community

In addition to Persian and Turkic-speaking Muslims, the city has had a numerically, economically and, culturally significant Armenian community.[44][45] Among the Armenians, the city is known as Gandzak (Գանձակ)[46][47][48] The name Gandzak derives from gandz (Arm. - գանձ), the loan word from Old Iranian, which means treasure or riches.[49][50] The city's historically important Christian figures include Kirakos Gandzaketsi, author of the History of the Armenians[51]), Armenian[52] philosopher Mkhitar Gosh[53] author of the Code of Laws that was used in Armenia, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and Armenian diasporan groups in Europe,[54] 13th century polymath Vardan Areveltsi[55] and Grigor Paron-Ter, Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem. Among the modern time's prominent Armenian person's of the city were Russian-Armenian architect Karo Halabyan,[56] secretary of the Armenian SSR Communist Party Askanaz Mravyan,[57] and the Olympic champion Albert Azaryan.[58]

The founder of the Hethumid dynasty, Oshin of Lampron was an Armenian nakharar and lord of a castle near Ganja who fled to Cilicia in 1075 during the Seljuk invasion of Armenia.[59]

Religion

The urban landscape of Ganja is shaped by many communities. The religion with the largest community of followers is Islam. The majority of the Muslims are Shia Muslims, and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage in the world after Iran.[60] The city's notable mosques include Shah Abbas Mosque, Goy Imam Mosque, Shahsevenler Mosque, Qirikhli Mosque and Qazakhlar Mosque.[61]

There are some other faiths practiced among the different ethnic groups within the country. The other faith worshipping places include Alexander Nevsky Church, German Lutheran Church, Saint John Church and Saint Sarkis Church.[62][63] Before the Kirovabad Pogrom in 1988 a significant community of Armenian Christians existed.

Economy

The economy of Ganja is partially agricultural, partially tourist based, with some industries in operation. Ore minerals extracted from nearby mines supply Ganja's metallurgical industries, which produces copper and alumina.[64] There are porcelain, silk and footwear industries. Other industries process food, grapes and cotton from the surrounding farmlands.

The city has one of the largest textile conglomerates in Azerbaijan and is famous for a fabric named Ganja silk, which received the highest marks in the markets of neighboring countries and the Middle East.[65][66]

Tourism and shopping

File:Panoram of Ganja 2.JPG
Panoramic view of city's main shopping mall.

Traditional shops, modern shops and malls create a mixture of shopping opportunities in Ganja. Javad Khan Street is the traditional shopping street that is located in the old town.[67] In 2013, the construction work started to built Ganja Mall, which is expected to be the city's largest mall.[68]

In 2016, Ganja will be the European Youth Capital, an event with a budget of 5.7 million euros that is projected to boost tourism by about a fifth.[69][70]

Culture

File:Ziyadxanovların mülkü.JPG
Ganja Ethnographic and History Museum.

The city has many amenities that offer a wide range of cultural activities, drawing both from a rich local dramatic portfolio and an international repertoire. The city is known for its famous metal handicrafts industry during the Middle Ages. The most notable works of that period includes Gates of Ganja and Ancient Ganja Gate.[71][72][73]

Ganja Ethnographic and History Museum is the oldest museum in the city, with over 30,000 artifacts.[74] The city is also home to Nizami Ganjavi Museum, which was built in 2014.[75] The museum contains a research section, a library, a conference room, and corners for guests and tourists’ relaxation.[75]

As of 2012, the city along with Baku and Lankaran participates in Earth Hour movement.[76][77]

Architecture

Ganja is primarily known for its Azerbaijani and Islamic architecture, but its buildings reflect the various peoples and empires that have previously ruled the city. During Ganja Khanate period, the Khans proceeded to make an indelible impression on the skyline of Ganja, building towering mosques and houses from red bricks.[78]

Among the oldest surviving examples of Islamic architecture in Ganja are the Nizami Mausoleum and Shah Abbas Caravanserai, which assisted the Shahs during their siege of the city.[79][80] The area around and inside the mosques, contains many fine examples of traditional architecture like Chokak Bath.[81]

Music and media

On 21 January 2012, president Ilham Aliyev laid the foundation of Ganja State Philharmonic.[82] The facility will include a 1,200 concert hall, an open-air cinema theatre, a drawing gallery, an urban center and an observation tower.[82]

The two regional channels Kapaz TV and Alternativ TV are headquartered in Ganja.[83]

The city is expected to host Türkvizyon Song Contest in 2015.[84]

Parks and gardens

File:Ganja park.jpg
Public park in Ganja

Ganja has plenty of parks and gardens, mostly well maintained.most scenic park and one of the city's most known landmarks.[85] It has an interesting landscaping, carrying wide variety of trees and plants in an open concept.[86]

Sports

The city has one professional football team, Kapaz, currently competing in the second-flight of Azerbaijani football, the Azerbaijan First Division.[87] The club has three Azerbaijani league and four cup titles.

Transport

Public transport

Ganja has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the Ministry of Transportation. In 2013, Ministry of Transportation stated that city, along with Nakhchivan and Sumqayit will have new subway line within the framework of the 20-year subway program.[88][89] The city had trolleybus system, functioning from 1955 to 2004.[90]

The Ganja trams is expected to became operational in 2015. The city had been without a tram system since Ganja tramway network ceased in the 1980s.[91] Alstom is expected to participate in the reconstruction of the tram-line.[92]

Air

Ganja International Airport is the only airport in the city.[93] The airport is connected by bus to the city center. There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey.

Rail

Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway will directly connect the city with Turkey and Georgia.

Ganja sits on one of the Azerbaijani primary rail lines running East-West connecting the capital, Baku, with the rest of the country. The Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway will run along the line through the city. The railway provides both human transportation and transport of goods and commodities such as oil and gravel.

Ganja's Central Railway Station is the terminus for national and international rail links to the city. The Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway, which will directly connect Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan, began to be constructed in 2007 and is scheduled for completion in 2015.[94] The completed branch will connect Ganja with Tbilisi in Georgia, and from there trains will continue to Akhalkalaki, and Kars in Turkey.[95]

Education

Ganja is home to four major institutes for post-secondary education. Ganja State University was founded as Ganja Teachers Institute after Hasan bey Zardabi in 1939.[96] In 2000, the President of Azerbaijan renamed the institute to Ganja State University.[96] The university includes 8 faculty departments and 10 offices.[96] The city also includes Azerbaijan State Agricultural Academy, Azerbaijan Technological University and local branch of Azerbaijan Teachers Institute.[97]

Notable residents

Further information: Category:People from Ganja, Azerbaijan

Because of its intermittent periods of great prosperity as well as being one of the largest cities in Azerbaijan and one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse in the Caucasus, Ganja prides itself on having produced a disproportionate number of notable figures in the sciences, arts and other fields. Some of the houses they resided in display commemorative plaques. Some of the many prestigious residents include: poet Nizami Ganjavi, Olympic champion Toghrul Asgarov, ruler of Ganja Khanate Javad Khan, poets Mirza Shafi Vazeh, Mahsati Ganjavi, Nigar Rafibeyli and Hakob Hakobyan, composer Fikrat Amirov, philosopher Vardan Areveltsi and prime minister of Azerbaijan Artur Rasizade.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Azerbaijan

Twin towns — Sister cities

Ganja is twinned with various cities.[99]

See also

References

  1. ^ The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  2. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "Ganja", C. Edmund Bosworth Template:WebCite
  3. ^ Ростислав Борисовч Рыбаков (1995). Восток в средние века. ISBN 978-5-02-017711-6.
  4. ^ Дьяконов, Игорь Михайлович. Книга воспоминаний. Издательство "Европейский дом", Санкт-Петербург, 1995., 1995. - ISBN 978-5-85733-042-5. cтр. 730-731 Igor Diakonov. The book of memoirs.
  5. ^ V.Minorsky. A History of Shirvan and Derbent.
  6. ^ History of the Caucasian Albanians by Movses Dasxuranci, C.J.F. Dowsett trans. (London 1961), chapter 21.
  7. ^ Iran. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 17, 2007
  8. ^ Timurid Dynasty. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 16, 2007
  9. ^ Jalayirid. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 17, 2007
  10. ^ Kara Koyunlu. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2007
  11. ^ Ak Koyunlu. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 17, 2007
  12. ^ Aznet.org: Ganja's History
  13. ^ Seyyaf Sednik oqli Pashayev. "The Monuments of Ganja Khanate of the Period form 1606 - 1804". Retrieved 16 February 2007.
  14. ^ "Beglerbeg" in Cyclopædia dictionary, (ed. Ephraim Chambers), First Volume, London: Printed for J. and J. Knapton (and 18 others), 1728, p. 95 (accessed March 17, 2007)
  15. ^ I.Petrushevskiy. Ocherki po istorii feodal'nikh otnosheniy d Azerbaijane i Armenii v XVI - nach. XIX vv., Leningrad, 1949, p. 122, in Russian
  16. ^ Peter Avery; William Bayne Fisher; Gavin Hambly; Charles Melville (25 October 1991). The Cambridge history of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
  17. ^ John F. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1908, p. 67, citing "Tsitsianoff's report to the Emperor: Akti, ix (supplement), p. 920".
  18. ^ John F. Baddeley, "The Russian conquest of the Caucasus", London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1908, p. 67, citing "Tsitsianoff's report to the Emperor: Akti, ix (supplement), p. 920".
  19. ^ Елизаветпольская губерния (Elizavetpol Governorate) in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Template:Ru icon
  20. ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski (2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.
  21. ^ Charles van der Leeuw (4 July 2000). Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-312-21903-1.
  22. ^ Gəncənin tarixi... Template:Az icon
  23. ^ "31-я гвардейская отдельная воздушно-десантная ордена Кутузова II степени бригада". www.bratishka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  24. ^ Imogen Gladman (2004). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. Page 131. ISBN 1-85743-316-5.
  25. ^ Stuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, Cornell University Press, 2001, p. 77.
  26. ^ На дороге Баку-Газах возводятся грандиозные "Гянджинские ворота" - ФОТО. Day.az (in Russian). Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  27. ^ "Ilham Aliyev reviewed the monumental complex Ganja Fortress Gates - the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography". en.president.az. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  28. ^ "Gəncə qapıları". www.heydar-aliyev-foundation.org. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  29. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Ganja". United Nations. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  30. ^ "Ganca Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  31. ^ "Üfüqdən boylanan şəhər". anl.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  32. ^ "Elmar Valiyev's Biography". www.nizamiganjavi-ic.org. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  33. ^ "Ganja mayor reassigned to Sumgayit". www.azernews.az. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  34. ^ a b Template:Ru icon Ethno-Caucasus: Азербайджан
  35. ^ Елисаветополь в Энциклопедическом словаре Брокгауза и Ефрона
  36. ^ Template:Ru icon Демокоп Weekly г. Елисаветполь
  37. ^ Template:Ru icon Ethno-Caucasus: КИРОВАБАДСКИЙ ГОРСОВЕТ (1939 г.)
  38. ^ Template:Ru icon Ethno-Caucasus: КИРОВАБАДСКИЙ ГОРСОВЕТ (1959 г.)
  39. ^ Template:Ru icon Ethno-Caucasus: КИРОВАБАДСКИЙ ГОРСОВЕТ (1970 г.)
  40. ^ Template:Ru icon Ethno-Caucasus: КИРОВАБАДСКИЙ ГОРСОВЕТ (1979 г.)
  41. ^ Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 1999
  42. ^ Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009
  43. ^ Ganja City Executive Power official web page, retrieved 9 March 2012
  44. ^ Soviet Census in 1926-1979, Newspaper Pravda Press, Moscow, 1983
  45. ^ According to the 1892 official data, 10524 of 25758 inhabitants of the city were Armenians, there were 6 Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian) churches", Elizavetpol article, Brockauz and Efron Encyclopedia (in Russian)
  46. ^ "the union of Georgian and Armenian armies near Gandzak", Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE)
  47. ^ "Mkhitar Gosh was born in Gandzak", Mkhitar Gosh article, (BSE)
  48. ^ "Gandzak (Ganja)" [jss.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/6/2/145.pdf The death of the last 'Abbasid Caliph': a contemporary Muslim account, by Boyle J. // Semitic Studies.1961; 6: 145-161
  49. ^ Philological Society (Great Britain) (1956). Transactions of the Philological Society. Published for the Society by B. Blackwell. p. 100. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ Dictionary.Hayastan.com
  51. ^ Kirakos, Gandzaketsi, History of the Armenians, New York: Sources of the Armenian Tradition, 1986.
  52. ^ "Armenian philosopher, literary and public activist", Mkhitar Gosh at BSE
  53. ^ Mkhitar Gosh at BSE
  54. ^ "Despite the code of Gosh not having official standing, it was used in Armenia, as in other countries with Armenian populations." Code of Laws by Gosh at Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE)
  55. ^ Template:Hy icon Hovhannisyan, P. «Վարդան Արևելցի» (Vardan Areveltsi). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. xi. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1985, pp. 312-313.
  56. ^ Alabyan at BSE
  57. ^ Mravyan at BSE
  58. ^ Azarian at BSE
  59. ^ M. Setton, Kenneth; Robert Lee Wolff; Harry W. Hazard (24 March 2006). "XVIII: The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia". The later Crusades, 1189-1311 (A History of the Crusades, volume, II). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 633. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0.
  60. ^ Juan Eduardo Campo,Encyclopedia of Islam, p.625
  61. ^ "Azərbaycanda məscidlərin sayı 40 dəfə artıb". oxu.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  62. ^ Георгий Заплетин, Гюльнара Ширин-заде (2008). Русские в истории Азербайджана. Ганун.
  63. ^ “Nor-Dar,” 1889, No. 85, p. 2
  64. ^ Ganja on Cities & Sites
  65. ^ Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan: Ganja's History
  66. ^ Gəncə Dövlət Universitetinin Riyaziyyat-İnformatika fakültəsi: GƏNCƏNİN TARİXİ Template:Az icon
  67. ^ "Beşikdən qəbirədək dəyişən Gəncə". www.anspress.com. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  68. ^ "Gəncədə nəhəng ticarət mərkəzi tikilir". www.regionsesi.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  69. ^ "Ganja is European Youth Capital 2016!". www.yeu-international.org. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  70. ^ "Ganja, European Youth Capital 2016". www.youthforum.org. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  71. ^ "Gəncə darvazası". www.gencekitab.az (in Azerbaijani).
  72. ^ "Ganja gates". eurotourism.az. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  73. ^ "Ворота древней Гянджи". advantour.
  74. ^ N.Gəncəvi adına Gəncə Dövlət Tarix-Diyarşünaslıq Muzeyi, gence.az
  75. ^ a b "Nizami Ganjavi Museum in Ganja". www.heydar-aliyev-foundation.org. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  76. ^ "Azerbaijan to join Earth Hour". www.news.az. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  77. ^ "IDEA campaign to hold Earth Hour action". en.trend.az. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  78. ^ "Ganja's Touristic Outlook". discoverazerbaijan.az. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  79. ^ Peter J. Chelkowski. Mirror of the invisible world: Tales from the Khamseh of Nizami. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975. ISBN 0-87099-142-6, ISBN 978-0-87099-142-4, p. 3
  80. ^ "Ganja writes history". www.euronews.com. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  81. ^ Rafiqqizi, Gulnur. "Gəncədə 400 yaşlı "Çökək hamam" sauna olacaq, yoxsa muzey..." www.azadliq.org (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  82. ^ a b "Azerbaijani president reviews progress of construction at Ganja State Philharmonic (PHOTO)". en.trend.az. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  83. ^ "Radio-TV yayımı" (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  84. ^ "Türkvizyon 2014". escapenews.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  85. ^ "Gəncədə bağı kim salıb: xan, yoxsa sərdar?". www.azadliq.org (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  86. ^ Sadigov, Hasanbala. "The Khan's Garden in Ganja". www.visions.az. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  87. ^ Гянджа сегодня Template:Ru icon
  88. ^ "Subway to be constructed in Sumgayit, Nakhchivan and Ganja". en.apa.az. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  89. ^ "Subways to open in major Azerbaijani cities". www.azernews.az. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  90. ^ "13. Гянджа (Кировабад) (троллейбус)". Горэлектротранс (Electrotrans) website (in Russian). Дмитрий Зиновьев (Dmitry Zinoviev). Retrieved 24 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  91. ^ "Tramways to be laid in Azerbaijan's Ganja". news.az. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  92. ^ "Tram line to appear in Ganja". www.today.az. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  93. ^ Gəncə Beynəlxalq hava limanının açılış mərasimi Template:Az icon
  94. ^ "Azerbaijani FM: Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad to be built in 2012". trend.az. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  95. ^ Railway Gazette International February 2009 p54 with map
  96. ^ a b c "Ganja State University". www.salto-youth.net. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  97. ^ "Ali təhsil müəssisələrinin siyahısı". www.edu.gov.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  98. ^ Махмуд Гурбанов: Это словно первое чемпионство Template:Ru icon
  99. ^ "Twin-cities of Azerbaijan". Azerbaijans.com. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  100. ^ "BAKÜ-İZMİR DOSTLUK KÖPRÜSÜNE BİR TUĞLA DAHA". www.izmir.bel.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  101. ^ "Kars-Gence kardeş şehir". arsiv.zaman.com.tr (in Turkish).
  102. ^ "НЬЮ-АРК И ГЯНДЖА СТАЛИ ГОРОДАМИ-ПОБРАТИМАМИ http://azertag.az/ru/xeber/627190" (in Russian). {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  103. ^ Гянджа и Днепропетровск станут городами-побратимами. www.regnum.by (in Russian). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  104. ^ "Gaziantep'in 4 kardeşi daha oldu". www.gaziantepgundem.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 12 November 2014.[dead link]
  105. ^ Гянджа и Оломоуц стали городами-побратимами - ФОТО. www.1news.az (in Russian). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  106. ^ Худжанд и Гянджа стали городами побратимами. www.avesta.tj (in Russian). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  107. ^ "Gəncə ilə Eskişehir qardaş oldu". az.azvision.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  108. ^ "Ganja Tabriz Sister Cities". Retrieved 14 February. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ganja.

40°40′58″N 46°21′38″E / 40.68278°N 46.36056°E / 40.68278; 46.36056

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganja,_Azerbaijan&oldid=667812765"