Jump to content

Red Bull: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Sponsorships: Linking Nadeshot's page
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Rescuing 1 sources. #IABot
Line 63: Line 63:
The latest dietary guidelines from the U.S. suggest that moderate caffeine intake may not only be safe, but also healthy. Studies from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services show that daily consumption of the amount of caffeine contained in three to five cups of coffee is not only safe, but also appears to reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults. Caffeine may even protect against Parkinson's disease, the evidence suggests.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mohney|first1=Gillian|title=New Dietary Guidelines: Limit Added Sugars but Enjoy That Coffee|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/dietary-guidelines-limit-added-sugars-enjoy-coffee/story?id=36139883|website=ABC News|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Healy|first1=Melissa|title=New Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Watch your sugar, but enjoy the eggs and coffee|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-dietary-guidelines-eggs-coffee-20160107-story.html|website=L.A. Times|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>
The latest dietary guidelines from the U.S. suggest that moderate caffeine intake may not only be safe, but also healthy. Studies from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services show that daily consumption of the amount of caffeine contained in three to five cups of coffee is not only safe, but also appears to reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults. Caffeine may even protect against Parkinson's disease, the evidence suggests.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mohney|first1=Gillian|title=New Dietary Guidelines: Limit Added Sugars but Enjoy That Coffee|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/dietary-guidelines-limit-added-sugars-enjoy-coffee/story?id=36139883|website=ABC News|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Healy|first1=Melissa|title=New Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Watch your sugar, but enjoy the eggs and coffee|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-dietary-guidelines-eggs-coffee-20160107-story.html|website=L.A. Times|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>


Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, however, experts still argue about the possible effects of the other ingredients.<ref name="pmid23206286">{{cite journal| author=McLellan TM, Lieberman HR| title=Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine? | journal=Nutr Rev | year= 2012 | volume= 70 | issue= 12 | pages= 730–44 | pmid=23206286 | doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00525.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23206286 }}</ref> Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |pmid=18470842 |name-list-format=vanc|year=2008 |last1=Van Den Eynde |first1=F |last2=Van Baelen |first2=PC |last3=Portzky |first3=M |last4=Audenaert |first4=K |title=The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=273–81 |journal=Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie}}</ref> Still there is evidence that energy drinks can increase mental <ref>{{Cite journal|title = The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11665810|journal = Amino Acids|date = 2001-01-01|issn = 0939-4451|pmid = 11665810|pages = 139–150|volume = 21|issue = 2|first = C.|last = Alford|first2 = H.|last2 = Cox|first3 = R.|last3 = Wescott}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie - Author index: Baelen, P.C. van|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081221221448/http://www.tijdschriftvoorpsychiatrie.nl/en/zoeken/artikel.php?autid=2007&pgr=0|date = 2008-12-21|access-date = 2016-02-02}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Positive effects of Red Bull® Energy Drink on driving performance during prolonged driving|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21063868|journal = Psychopharmacology|date = 2011-04-01|issn = 1432-2072|pmc = 3053448|pmid = 21063868|pages = 737–745|volume = 214|issue = 3|doi = 10.1007/s00213-010-2078-2|first = Monique A. J.|last = Mets|first2 = Sander|last2 = Ketzer|first3 = Camilla|last3 = Blom|first4 = Maartje H.|last4 = van Gerven|first5 = Gitta M.|last5 = van Willigenburg|first6 = Berend|last6 = Olivier|first7 = Joris C.|last7 = Verster}}</ref> and athletic <ref>{{Cite journal|title = The influence of a taurine containing drink on cardiac parameters before and after exercise measured by echocardiography|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11310932?dopt=Abstract|journal = Amino Acids|date = 2001-01-01|issn = 0939-4451|pmid = 11310932|pages = 75–82|volume = 20|issue = 1|first = M.|last = Baum|first2 = M.|last2 = Weiss}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The effect of a taurine-containing drink on performance in 10 endurance-athletes|url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00808445|journal = Amino Acids|date = 1994-02-01|issn = 0939-4451|pages = 45–56|volume = 7|issue = 1|doi = 10.1007/BF00808445|language = en|first = K.-R.|last = Geiß|first2 = I.|last2 = Jester|first3 = W.|last3 = Falke|first4 = M.|last4 = Hamm|first5 = K.-L.|last5 = Waag}}</ref> performance. Performance of prolonged driving, for example is increased significantly after consumption of Red Bull.<ref name=":1" /> Other tests for physical performance showed results such as increased endurance and power. Red Bull energy drink significantly increased upper body muscle endurance during repeated Wingate tests in young healthy adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench-press muscle endurance|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046053?dopt=Abstract|journal = International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism|date = 2007-10-01|issn = 1526-484X|pmid = 18046053|pages = 433–444|volume = 17|issue = 5|first = Scott C.|last = Forbes|first2 = Darren G.|last2 = Candow|first3 = Jonathan P.|last3 = Little|first4 = Charlene|last4 = Magnus|first5 = Philip D.|last5 = Chilibeck}}</ref> Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.<ref name="pmid25818530">{{cite journal| author=Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Cervellin G, Lippi G, Earnest CP| title=Energy drink overconsumption in adolescents: implications for arrhythmias and other cardiovascular events. | journal=Can J Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 572–5 | pmid=25818530 | doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25818530}}</ref><ref name="pmid25622514">{{cite journal| author=Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M| title=[Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]. | journal=Presse Med | year= 2015 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 261–70 | pmid=25622514 | doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25622514}}</ref>
Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, however, experts still argue about the possible effects of the other ingredients.<ref name="pmid23206286">{{cite journal| author=McLellan TM, Lieberman HR| title=Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine? | journal=Nutr Rev | year= 2012 | volume= 70 | issue= 12 | pages= 730–44 | pmid=23206286 | doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00525.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23206286 }}</ref> Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |pmid=18470842 |name-list-format=vanc|year=2008 |last1=Van Den Eynde |first1=F |last2=Van Baelen |first2=PC |last3=Portzky |first3=M |last4=Audenaert |first4=K |title=The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=273–81 |journal=Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie}}</ref> Still there is evidence that energy drinks can increase mental <ref>{{Cite journal|title = The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11665810|journal = Amino Acids|date = 2001-01-01|issn = 0939-4451|pmid = 11665810|pages = 139–150|volume = 21|issue = 2|first = C.|last = Alford|first2 = H.|last2 = Cox|first3 = R.|last3 = Wescott}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie - Author index: Baelen, P.C. van |url=http://www.tijdschriftvoorpsychiatrie.nl/en/zoeken/artikel.php?autid=2007&pgr=0 |date=2008-12-21 |access-date=2016-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221221448/http://www.tijdschriftvoorpsychiatrie.nl/en/zoeken/artikel.php?autid=2007&pgr=0 |archivedate=December 21, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Positive effects of Red Bull® Energy Drink on driving performance during prolonged driving|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21063868|journal = Psychopharmacology|date = 2011-04-01|issn = 1432-2072|pmc = 3053448|pmid = 21063868|pages = 737–745|volume = 214|issue = 3|doi = 10.1007/s00213-010-2078-2|first = Monique A. J.|last = Mets|first2 = Sander|last2 = Ketzer|first3 = Camilla|last3 = Blom|first4 = Maartje H.|last4 = van Gerven|first5 = Gitta M.|last5 = van Willigenburg|first6 = Berend|last6 = Olivier|first7 = Joris C.|last7 = Verster}}</ref> and athletic <ref>{{Cite journal|title = The influence of a taurine containing drink on cardiac parameters before and after exercise measured by echocardiography|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11310932?dopt=Abstract|journal = Amino Acids|date = 2001-01-01|issn = 0939-4451|pmid = 11310932|pages = 75–82|volume = 20|issue = 1|first = M.|last = Baum|first2 = M.|last2 = Weiss}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The effect of a taurine-containing drink on performance in 10 endurance-athletes|url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00808445|journal = Amino Acids|date = 1994-02-01|issn = 0939-4451|pages = 45–56|volume = 7|issue = 1|doi = 10.1007/BF00808445|language = en|first = K.-R.|last = Geiß|first2 = I.|last2 = Jester|first3 = W.|last3 = Falke|first4 = M.|last4 = Hamm|first5 = K.-L.|last5 = Waag}}</ref> performance. Performance of prolonged driving, for example is increased significantly after consumption of Red Bull.<ref name=":1" /> Other tests for physical performance showed results such as increased endurance and power. Red Bull energy drink significantly increased upper body muscle endurance during repeated Wingate tests in young healthy adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench-press muscle endurance|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046053?dopt=Abstract|journal = International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism|date = 2007-10-01|issn = 1526-484X|pmid = 18046053|pages = 433–444|volume = 17|issue = 5|first = Scott C.|last = Forbes|first2 = Darren G.|last2 = Candow|first3 = Jonathan P.|last3 = Little|first4 = Charlene|last4 = Magnus|first5 = Philip D.|last5 = Chilibeck}}</ref> Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.<ref name="pmid25818530">{{cite journal| author=Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Cervellin G, Lippi G, Earnest CP| title=Energy drink overconsumption in adolescents: implications for arrhythmias and other cardiovascular events. | journal=Can J Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 572–5 | pmid=25818530 | doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25818530}}</ref><ref name="pmid25622514">{{cite journal| author=Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M| title=[Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]. | journal=Presse Med | year= 2015 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 261–70 | pmid=25622514 | doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25622514}}</ref>


The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) concluded that exposure to taurine and glucuronolactone at the levels presently used in energy drinks is no safety concern.<ref name=EFSA935>{{cite journal |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/935.htm |title=The use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the so-called 'energy' drinks |journal=The EFSA Journal |year=2009 |volume=935 |pages=1–31 |author=EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2009.935}}</ref> In a separate analysis, they also concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support a number of commercial health claims about taurine.<ref name=EFSA2009>Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to taurine and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 612,1658, 1959), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 614), and delay in the onset of fatigue and enhancement of physical performance (ID 1660) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, European Food Safety Authority 2009, http://www.efsa.europa.eu/fr/efsajournal/doc/1260.pdf</ref> A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of [[taurine]] used in energy drinks, including Red Bull. Caffeine and sugar levels in Red Bull are comparable to coffee and [[fruit juice]]s, respectively.<ref name=McQueen>{{cite journal |doi=10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055 |title=Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks |year=2008 |last1=Persad |first1=Nikki |last2=McQueen |first2=Cydney E. |last3=Shields |first3=Kelly M. |last4=Clauson |first4=Kevin A. |journal=Journal of the American Pharmacists Association |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=e55–63; quiz e64–7 |pmid=18595815}}</ref>
The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) concluded that exposure to taurine and glucuronolactone at the levels presently used in energy drinks is no safety concern.<ref name=EFSA935>{{cite journal |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/935.htm |title=The use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the so-called 'energy' drinks |journal=The EFSA Journal |year=2009 |volume=935 |pages=1–31 |author=EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2009.935}}</ref> In a separate analysis, they also concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support a number of commercial health claims about taurine.<ref name=EFSA2009>Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to taurine and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 612,1658, 1959), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 614), and delay in the onset of fatigue and enhancement of physical performance (ID 1660) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, European Food Safety Authority 2009, http://www.efsa.europa.eu/fr/efsajournal/doc/1260.pdf</ref> A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of [[taurine]] used in energy drinks, including Red Bull. Caffeine and sugar levels in Red Bull are comparable to coffee and [[fruit juice]]s, respectively.<ref name=McQueen>{{cite journal |doi=10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055 |title=Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks |year=2008 |last1=Persad |first1=Nikki |last2=McQueen |first2=Cydney E. |last3=Shields |first3=Kelly M. |last4=Clauson |first4=Kevin A. |journal=Journal of the American Pharmacists Association |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=e55–63; quiz e64–7 |pmid=18595815}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:42, 31 March 2016

This article is about the energy drink. For the company, see Red Bull GmbH. For other uses, see Red Bull (disambiguation).
Red Bull
TypeEnergy drink
DistributorRed Bull GmbH
Country of origin Thailand
Introduced1987
ColorAmber
IngredientsCaffeine, taurine, sucrose and glucose, B-group vitamins, and alpine spring water
Variants
  • Original
  • Sugarfree
  • Cola
  • Total Zero
  • Red Edition
  • Blue Edition
  • Yellow Edition
  • Orange Edition
  • Lime Edition
  • Silver Edition
  • F1 Edition
  • Orange Edition Zero
  • Cherry Edition Zero
Related productsKrating Daeng, Red Bull Cola, Red Bull Energy Shot, Red Bull Sugar-Free, Red Bull Total Zero, Red Bull Racing, Red Bull Racing Team
Websitewww.redbull.com

Red Bull is an energy drink sold by Austrian company Red Bull GmbH, created in 1987. In terms of market share, Red Bull is the highest-selling energy drink in the world, with 5.387 billion cans sold in 2013.[1][2][3][4]

Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz was inspired by an existing energy drink named Krating Daeng, which was first invented and sold in Thailand. He took this idea, modified the ingredients to suit the tastes of Westerners,[5] and, in partnership with Chaleo Yoovidhya, founded Red Bull GmbH in 1987 in Chakkapong, Thailand. In Thai, daeng means red, and krating is the large bovine called "gaur". Red Bull is sold in a tall and slim blue-silver can, while Krating Daeng is in a gold shorter can.[6] The two are different products, produced separately.

The Red Bull company slogan is "Red Bull gives you wings",[7] and the product is marketed through advertising, events (Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, Red Bull Air Race, Red Bull Crashed Ice), sports team ownerships (RB Leipzig, FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Brasil, New York Red Bulls, Red Bull Racing, Scuderia Toro Rosso), celebrity endorsements, and music, through its record label Red Bull Records.[8]

Energy drinks have been associated with health risks, such as masking the effects of intoxication when consumed with alcohol,[9] and excessive or repeated consumption can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.[10][11] However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that an adequate consumption of Red Bull and other popular energy drinks is safe and that the amount of caffeine in standard Red Bull cans is unlikely to interact adversely with other typical constituents of energy drinks or with alcohol.[12] Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, but there is no distinct evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect.[13]

History

File:Red bull tin.jpeg
Red Bull
In front of the Potala Palace, Tibet: a model of Red Bull in Chinese version is displayed.

Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz and Thai businessman Chaleo Yoovidhya founded Red Bull GmbH in 1984. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by Procter & Gamble) in 1982, Mateschitz traveled to Thailand and met Chaleo, owner of T.C. Pharmaceutical. He found that the energy drink Krating Daeng, developed by Chaleo's company during the 1970s, helped to ease his jet lag.[14] After seeing market potential in the drink, he partnered with Chaleo in bringing it to Europe. Under their agreement, the partners invested US$500,000 each into founding Red Bull GmbH. In return, they would each receive a 49 percent stake in the company, with the remaining 2 percent stake going to Chaleo's son Chalerm. They also agreed that Mateschitz would run the company.[15]

In 1976, Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand, which means "red gaur" in English. It was inspired by the tonic Lipovitan, whose prime ingredient is taurine, and was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by Procter & Gamble) in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz traveled to Thailand and met Chaleo, owner of T.C. Pharmaceutical. During his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag.[16] In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into a global brand. Red Bull was founded by each partner investing US$500,000 of savings and taking a stake in the new company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company. They gave the remaining 2 percent to Yoovidhya's son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company.[15] The product was launched in Austria in 1987.

In Thailand, energy drinks have the reputation of being for blue-collar workers. Red Bull repositioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, first introducing it at Austrian ski resorts. Pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item. In many countries both drinks are available, dominating each end of the price spectrum.[17]

In 1992, the product expanded to international markets: Hungary and Slovenia.[18] It entered the United States via California in 1997[18] and the Middle East in 2000.[19] In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion.[20][21]

Red Bull GmbH is headquartered in Fuschl am See, an Austrian village of 1,500 inhabitants near Salzburg. The company is 51 percent controlled by the Yoovidhya family, who for technical reasons own the trademark in Europe and the US.[17]

In Southeast Asia, Red Bull and Krating Daeng are often confused for one another as Krating Daeng uses the Red Bull name in their packaging. They are two separate entities marketing for different markets. The main differences are that Red Bull is in a blue silver tall can packaging while the Thailand Red Bull or Krating Daeng is in a smaller gold packaging. They differ in terms of tastes as well. Red Bull has less sugar and is carbonated. The flavouring used for Red Bull is still produced in Bangkok and exported worldwide.[17]

Ingredients

Red Bull contains caffeine, taurine, B vitamins (B3, B5, B6, B12), sucrose, and glucose.[22] To produce Red Bull Sugarfree, sugars sucrose and glucose have been replaced by the sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame/sucralose.[23]

The original Red Bull from Austria (carbonated) has been exported to China since 2014. In addition, the local energy drink brand is also called Red Bull. Red Bulls sold in China have two versions: a regular-strength version in a short, wide, gold-and-red can similar to the Thai drink and an "extra-strength" version in a taller, thinner, blue-and-silver can more like the Western version. Neither Chinese version is carbonated.

Health effects

Further information: Energy drinks § Effects

Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints recorded as early as 1997.[24]

The latest dietary guidelines from the U.S. suggest that moderate caffeine intake may not only be safe, but also healthy. Studies from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services show that daily consumption of the amount of caffeine contained in three to five cups of coffee is not only safe, but also appears to reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults. Caffeine may even protect against Parkinson's disease, the evidence suggests.[25][26]

Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, however, experts still argue about the possible effects of the other ingredients.[13] Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.[27] Still there is evidence that energy drinks can increase mental [28][29][30] and athletic [31][32] performance. Performance of prolonged driving, for example is increased significantly after consumption of Red Bull.[30] Other tests for physical performance showed results such as increased endurance and power. Red Bull energy drink significantly increased upper body muscle endurance during repeated Wingate tests in young healthy adults.[33] Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.[10][11]

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that exposure to taurine and glucuronolactone at the levels presently used in energy drinks is no safety concern.[34] In a separate analysis, they also concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support a number of commercial health claims about taurine.[35] A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, including Red Bull. Caffeine and sugar levels in Red Bull are comparable to coffee and fruit juices, respectively.[36]

In its scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine of 2015 the EFSA concludes, that “Consumption of other constituents of energy drinks at concentrations commonly present in such beverages would not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg.” Also the consumption of alcohol, leading to a blood alcohol content of about 0,08%, would, according to the EFSA, not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg. Up to these levels of intake, caffeine is unlikely to mask the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication. Habitual use of caffeine up to 400 mg per day does not.[12]

Caffeine content

The caffeine content of a single can of Red Bull is 80 mg/250 ml (32 mg/100 ml).[37][38] This is about the same as one cup of coffee, or slightly less depending on the brewing method.[39] The actual caffeine level in Red Bull can vary depending on country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks. As is the case with other caffeinated beverages, Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of overuse. Excessive consumption may induce mild to moderate euphoria primarily caused by stimulant properties of caffeine and may also induce agitation, anxiety, irritability and insomnia.[40][medical citation needed] [27]

The general population of healthy adults is not at risk for potential adverse effects from caffeine if they limit their consumption to 400 mg per day, which is the equivalent of 5 standard cans (250ml).[41] Consumption of a single energy drink will not lead to excessive caffeine intake.[12][42] Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and dyspepsia. Consumption also has been known to cause pupil dilation when taken with certain antidepressants or SSRIs.[42] [medical citation needed] Caffeine dosage is not required to be on the product label for food in the United States, unlike drugs, but some advocates are urging the FDA to change this practice.[43]

Authorities in France, Denmark, and Norway initially kept Red Bull from being sold domestically.[44] However, as of 2014, it is on sale in all 28 member states of the European Union and in more than 167 countries around the world.

The French food safety agency was concerned about taurine. A Red Bull drink that did not contain taurine was introduced. The French refusal of market approval was challenged by the European Commission, and partially upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004.[44] The French food safety agency relented in 2008, because it was unable to prove a definite health risk, taurine-related or not.[45]

In 2012, the Kuwaiti Ministry of Commerce banned Red Bull for people under 16 after allegedly causing heart attacks for a 16-year-old and a 21-year-old national squash team player.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Litigation

In 2013, Red Bull told the Redwell Brewery, a Norfolk micro brewery to change its name or face legal action, because it sounded too similar to Red Bull. The eight-man brewery in Norwich was told its name could "confuse" customers and "tarnish" its trademark.[53] The two companies reached a settlement permitting Redwell to continue using its name.[54]

In 2014, Red Bull faced a US$13 million settlement addressing two consumer class action lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The listed plaintiffs were Benjamin Careathers, David Wolf, and Miguel Almarez who sued the company for Red Bull's marketing and labeling, claiming that the company violated "express warranty and unjust enrichment" since their products were first launched. The court hearing took place the morning of 1 May 2015 in an attempt to determine approval for the settlement. Customers that submitted claims then have the opportunity to receive a US$10 cash reimbursement or product option of US$15 in Red Bull products[55] within 150 days of the approved appeals.[56]

Advertising

Red Bull's TAH-1F Cobra helicopter assembled by Chuck Aaron
Red Bull's colours on De Havilland Aviation's ex-Royal Navy de Havilland Sea Vixen.
A 2010 Formula 1 car of the Red Bull Racing F1 Team

Red Bull's slogan was "it gives you wings" until they were hit with a $13 million class action lawsuit in late 2014.[57] Red Bull's international marketing campaign targets young men mostly with extreme sports. These range from mountain biking, BMX, motocross, windsurfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, kayaking, rowing, wakeboarding, cliff-diving, parkour,[58] surfing, skating, freestyle motocross, rally, Formula 1 racing, to breakdancing. Red Bull uses music and videogames, and has enlisted celebrities, such as Eminem (sponsoring the Red Bull "EmSee Battle Rap championships"). It hosts events like art shows and the "Red Bull Flugtag" (German for "flight day" or "flying day"). Red Bull owns association football teams, with clubs in Austria, Germany, the United States and Brazil featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a "cool" public image and raise brand power. The energy drink has created a market for over 150 related types of merchandise.[59]

In the PlayStation 3's social gaming platform, PlayStation Home, Red Bull developed its own in-game island, specifically advertising its energy drink and the Red Bull Air Race event (for which the space is named) released in January 2009. In late November 2009, Red Bull produced two new spaces, the Red Bull Illume space, and the Red Bull Beach space featuring the Red Bull Flugtag, both released on the same day. In January 2012, Red Bull released its first personal space called the "Red Bull House of Skate" featuring an indoor skate park.

In the video game Worms 3D, Red Bull allows worms to move more quickly than normal. Red Bull is displayed on virtual track-side billboards during game play and in the opening cinematic in the video game Wipeout 2097.

On the Apple App store Red Bull also has a few apps which are: RedBull.com, Red Bull TV, The Red Bulletin, RBMA Radio, Red Bull iFunk, Wings For Life- Selfie Run. As well as some games on the app store which are: Bike Unchained, Red Bull Kart Fighter 3, Red Bull Air Race The Game, Red Bull Racers.[60][61]

In 2010, the company enlisted Adrian Newey to design a prototype racing car, the Red Bull X2010, for the videogame Gran Turismo 5.

Red Bull House of Art

The Red Bull House of Art is an art fellowship program that was launched by Red Bull.[62][63] The program is held in multiple cities, most notably the Red Bull House of Art programs in Detroit, Michigan and São Paulo, Brazil, and the program typically consists of a three-month period during which time six to eight participants will create new artwork with the intent to display it in a final exhibition.[64][65] During the fellowship the artists receive unlimited access to the galleries and a stipend for art supplies.[66]

The program has received criticism as being an "elaborate advertising scheme",[67] as some of the artwork has been used in Red Bull advertising campaigns.[68]

Sports sponsorships and acquisitions

Sponsorships

Audi A4 DTM, which won the Manufacturers' championship in 2004
The Citroën rally car, which won the manufacturers' title in 2008, 2009 and 2010.
A Red Bull sponsored racing bike
A Sauber C15 from 1995 in display at Red Bull Hangar-7
A VW Touareg during the Dakar Rally, which won the event in 2009, 2010 and 2011

Endorsements

In 2009, Red Bull added mainstream sport athletes to its roster of sports endorsements.

Events

Red Bull Flugtag Stockholm 2010
Red Bull Flugtag Stockholm 2010

Locations

See also

References

  1. ^ Boome, Adam (31 May 2011). "Who makes Red Bull".
  2. ^ Burt Helm (4 January 2005). "Energy Drinks Build Their Buzz". BloombergBusinessweek. BLOOMBERG L.P. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  3. ^ Red Bull (2012). "Company Figures". Red Bull. Red Bull. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  4. ^ "Red Bull the company - Who makes Red Bull? Red Bull Origin :: Energy Drink :: Red Bull". Energydrink.redbull.com. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  5. ^ Asian brand strategy:How Asia builds strong brands, Martin Roll, pg 199. Books.google.com.hk. 2005-10-17. ISBN 9780230513068. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  6. ^ Cheryl Tay (8 April 2011). "Former F1 Driver David Coulthard Thrilled Shoppers Along Bukit Bintang In Red Bull Racings Show Car Run". Va Va Vroom. Cheryl Tay Pte Ltd. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  7. ^ "Company". Red Bull. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
  8. ^ Lauria, Peter (2008-04-01). "Pump the Music: Red Bull Eyes Starting Branded Music Label — NYPost.com". New York Post.101013 NYPost.com
  9. ^ Pennay A, Lubman DI, Miller P (2011). "Combining energy drinks and alcohol" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Cervellin G, Lippi G, Earnest CP (2015). "Energy drink overconsumption in adolescents: implications for arrhythmias and other cardiovascular events". Can J Cardiol. 31 (5): 572–5. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019. PMID 25818530.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M (2015). "[Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]". Presse Med. 44 (3): 261–70. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029. PMID 25622514.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b c "Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine | Europäische Behörde für Lebensmittelsicherheit". www.efsa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
  13. ^ a b McLellan TM, Lieberman HR (2012). "Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine?". Nutr Rev. 70 (12): 730–44. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00525.x. PMID 23206286.
  14. ^ Selling Energy, Economist, May 9 2002
  15. ^ a b Kerry A. Dolan (28 March 2005). "The Soda With Buzz". Forbes. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  16. ^ "Face value | Selling energy". Economist.com. 2002-05-09. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  17. ^ a b c Nivatpumin, Chiratas; Treeraponpichit, Busrin (2015-12-28). "Red Bull still charging ahead". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Red Bull GmbH Company History". Funding Universe. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  19. ^ Ligaya, Armina (2010-05-12). "Region abuzz over energy drinks". The National. p. Business section, pp. 1, 6. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  20. ^ "The World's Billionaires". Forbes.com. 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  21. ^ "The World's Billionaires". Forbes.com. 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  22. ^ "Red Bull Ingredients :: Energy Drink :: Red Bull". Red Bull. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
  23. ^ "Sweeteners in Red Bull zero sugar? :: Energy drink sugar free". Red Bull. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  24. ^ "HEALTH | Energy drink claims rejected". BBC News. 2001-01-24. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  25. ^ Mohney, Gillian. "New Dietary Guidelines: Limit Added Sugars but Enjoy That Coffee". ABC News. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  26. ^ Healy, Melissa. "New Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Watch your sugar, but enjoy the eggs and coffee". L.A. Times. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  27. ^ a b Van Den Eynde, F; Van Baelen, PC; Portzky, M; Audenaert, K (2008). "The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance". Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie. 50 (5): 273–81. PMID 18470842. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Alford, C.; Cox, H.; Wescott, R. (2001-01-01). "The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood". Amino Acids. 21 (2): 139–150. ISSN 0939-4451. PMID 11665810.
  29. ^ "Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie - Author index: Baelen, P.C. van". 2008-12-21. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2016-02-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ a b Mets, Monique A. J.; Ketzer, Sander; Blom, Camilla; van Gerven, Maartje H.; van Willigenburg, Gitta M.; Olivier, Berend; Verster, Joris C. (2011-04-01). "Positive effects of Red Bull® Energy Drink on driving performance during prolonged driving". Psychopharmacology. 214 (3): 737–745. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2078-2. ISSN 1432-2072. PMC 3053448. PMID 21063868.
  31. ^ Baum, M.; Weiss, M. (2001-01-01). "The influence of a taurine containing drink on cardiac parameters before and after exercise measured by echocardiography". Amino Acids. 20 (1): 75–82. ISSN 0939-4451. PMID 11310932.
  32. ^ Geiß, K.-R.; Jester, I.; Falke, W.; Hamm, M.; Waag, K.-L. (1994-02-01). "The effect of a taurine-containing drink on performance in 10 endurance-athletes". Amino Acids. 7 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1007/BF00808445. ISSN 0939-4451.
  33. ^ Forbes, Scott C.; Candow, Darren G.; Little, Jonathan P.; Magnus, Charlene; Chilibeck, Philip D. (2007-10-01). "Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench-press muscle endurance". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 17 (5): 433–444. ISSN 1526-484X. PMID 18046053.
  34. ^ EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2009). "The use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the so-called 'energy' drinks". The EFSA Journal. 935: 1–31. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.935.
  35. ^ Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to taurine and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 612,1658, 1959), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 614), and delay in the onset of fatigue and enhancement of physical performance (ID 1660) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, European Food Safety Authority 2009, http://www.efsa.europa.eu/fr/efsajournal/doc/1260.pdf
  36. ^ Persad, Nikki; McQueen, Cydney E.; Shields, Kelly M.; Clauson, Kevin A. (2008). "Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks". Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 48 (3): e55–63, quiz e64–7. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055. PMID 18595815.
  37. ^ "Red Bull caffeine beverage review". About.com. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
  38. ^ "Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Energy drink, RED BULL, with added caffeine, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamins B6 and B12". Condé Nast. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
  39. ^ Owen, Daniel (2006-01-15). "How much caffeine is there in [drink/food/pill]?". Coffeefaq.com. Retrieved 2012-09-24.[self-published source?]
  40. ^ Alford, C; Cox, H; Wescott, R (2001). "The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood". Amino Acids. 21 (2): 139–50. doi:10.1007/s007260170021. PMID 11665810. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "It's Your Health - Caffeine". Health Canada. April 13, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  42. ^ a b Winston, AP (2005). "Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 11 (6): 432–439. doi:10.1192/apt.11.6.432. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Warning: Energy Drinks Contain Caffeine by Allison Aubrey. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 24 September 2008.
  44. ^ a b Frith, Maxine (2004-02-07). "European court backs ban on Red Bull over health concerns". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  45. ^ "France ends 12-year ban on energy drink Red Bull". Paris. Reuters. 15 July 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  46. ^ Habib Toumi, Bureau Chief (2013-05-16). "Kuwaiti player dies after taking energy drinks". GulfNews. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
  47. ^ "KUNA : Decisions regulating sale of energy drinks issued - Economics - 21/10/2012". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
  48. ^ كونا : وزارة التجارة تصدر قرارا ينظم انتاج وعرض وبيع مشروبات الطاقة - التجارة - 21/10/2012 (in Arabic). Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
  49. ^ "التجارة": مشروبات الطاقة ممنوعة لمن دون الـ 16 (in Arabic). Al-Qabas newspaper. 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
  50. ^ "Red Bull and a crisis in Kuwait that hasn't hit the headlines". Alex of Arabia's Blog. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
  51. ^ "Red Bull Kuwait Loses Millions". Q8Critic. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  52. ^ http://omarker.com/?p=15727
  53. ^ "Red Bull pursues Redwell brewery in Norwich over name". BBC News. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  54. ^ "Red Bull ends dispute with Redwell brewery in Norwich". BBC News. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  55. ^ "Drink Red Bull? You may have $10 coming to you". cbsnews.com. 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
  56. ^ "So Red Bull doesn't actually 'give you wings'". Bbc.co.uk. 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
  57. ^ "Red Bull to Pay $13 Million". bevnet.com. Law360. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
  58. ^ "Parkour". Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
  59. ^ "RED BULL HISTORY". speedace.info. Electrick Publications. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  60. ^ "App Store (iOS)". Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
  61. ^ "iTunes - Browse the top free apps on the App Store - Apple". Apple. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  62. ^ Abbey-Lambertz, Kate (2013-08-07). "Red Bull House Of Art Bolsters Detroit Scene By Giving Artists On The Verge A Leg Up (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  63. ^ Hammerstein, BJ. "Detroit artist star of new Red Bull ad". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  64. ^ Rigby, Claire. "Red Bull Station opens up downtown". Time Out Brazil. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  65. ^ DeVito, Lee. "Meet the creative minds behind the Red Bull House of Art's Cycle 8". Metro Times. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  66. ^ Trevino, Jessica J. "Meet the 6 local artists featured in the Red Bull House of Art exhibit". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  67. ^ DeVito, Lee. "Red Bull House of Art". MetroTimes. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  68. ^ Lacy, Eric. "Grammys 2014: Watch Detroit Red Bull House of Art 'City of Soldiers' commercial aired during show". MLive. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  69. ^ "Red Bull New York -- Ball Sports Profiles". Red Bull. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
  70. ^ http://optic.tv/?p=1868
  71. ^ Walker, Ian. "Kayane signed by Red Bull". shoryuken.com. Shoryuken. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  72. ^ Guerrero, John. "Snake Eyez signed by Red Bull". eventhubs.com. Eventhubs. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  73. ^ Walker, Ian. "Red Bull signs Bonchan". shoryuken.com. Shoryuken. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  74. ^ "Red Bull Signs Olivier "Luffy" Hay". shoryuken.com. Shoryuken. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  75. ^ http://www.dailydot.com/esports/red-bull-smash-leffen/
  76. ^ "Reggie Bush Goes to Red Bull — ESPN The Magazine". Sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  77. ^ "StarTale - Liquipedia - The StarCraft II Encyclopedia". teamliquid.net. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  78. ^ "Ji Sung 'Bomber' Choi - StarCraft II". Red Bull Esports. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  79. ^ "Interview With Pro Fingerboarder Mike Schneider". Red Bull. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
  80. ^ "Hikaru Nakamura Always try to win at all costs".
  81. ^ "US #1 Nakamura Signs with Red Bull".
  82. ^ "Breaking Down The Elite Eight :: Red Bull Esports". Red Bull. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
  83. ^ "Red Bull Cold Rush 2012 :: Red Bull". Red Bull. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  84. ^ "Red Bull Dolomitenmann |". Dolomitenmann.com. 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  85. ^ "Red Bull Elements". Red Bull Aventure. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  86. ^ "Red Bull Storm Chase". Red Bull. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  87. ^ "Red Bull Supernatural Event Web Page". Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  88. ^ "Red Bull Soapbox Race". Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-02-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  89. ^ Red Bull Unleashed
  90. ^ "2014 World Bridge Series - World Bridge Federation". Worldbridge.org. 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Bull.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Bull&oldid=712870105"