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This article deals with hybrid combustion / battery hybrid buses. For alternately powered buses, see dual-mode bus; for fuel cell hybrids see fuel cell bus; for all-electric buses, see electric bus.

A hybrid electric bus combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. These type of buses normally use a Diesel-electric powertrain and are also known as hybrid Diesel-electric buses.

The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms a part of sustainable transport schemes.

Powertrain

Types of hybrid vehicle drivetrain

A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g. Volvo B5L)^[1]^[2] or a series powertrain (e.g. some versions of the Alexander Dennis Enviro400).^[3]

Plug-in hybrid

The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) has announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for a three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with the goal of developing a vehicle with a 40-mile (64 km) electric range. Travel beyond the 40-mile (64 km) range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual appropriations.^[4]

Tribrid Bus

Tribrid buses have been developed by the University of Glamorgan, Wales. They are powered by hydrogen fuel or solar cells, batteries and ultracapacitors.^[5]

Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

A report prepared by Purdue University suggests introducing more hybrid Diesel-electric buses and a fuel containing 20% biodiesel (BD20) would further reduce greenhouse emissions and petroleum consumption.^[6]

Manufacturers

Current manufacturers of Diesel-electric hybrid buses include Alexander Dennis Limited (ADL), Azure Dynamics Corporation, Ebus,^[7] Eletra (Brazil),^[8] New Flyer Industries, Tata, (India), Gillig, Motor Coach Industries, Orion Bus Industries, North American Bus Industries, Daimler AG's Mitsubishi Fuso, MAN,^[9] Designline, BAE Systems, Volvo Buses, Wrightbus, Castrosua,^[10] Tata Hispano^[11] and many more.

In 2006, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel-electric hybrid option for its LFS series. as well

In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London "Double-Decker", a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are a feature of the extreme traffic density in London. The Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV bus uses a small Diesel engine with electric storage through a lithium ion battery pack. The use of a 1.9-litre Diesel instead of the typical 7.0-litre engine in a traditional bus demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO₂ emissions of 31% and fuel savings in the range of 40% have been demonstrated, compared with a modern "Euro-4" compliant bus.

Also in 2005 General Electric introduced its hybrid electric gear shifters on the market. Toyota claims to have started with the Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese market. In May 2003 General Motors started to tour with hybrid electric buses developed together with Allison. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily operation in the U.S. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino, a Toyota affiliate, in January 2005. Mitsubishi Fuso have developed a Diesel engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen limited service in several Japanese cities.

Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand, with the most successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first model went into commercial service in Christchurch (NZ) since 1999, and later models were sold for daily service in Tokyo, Auckland (NZ), Hong Kong, and Newcastle upon Tyne (UK).

New Flyer, Gillig, North American Bus Industries, and Nova Bus produce hybrid electric buses using either BAE System's HybriDrive, or Allison Transmission GM's electric drive system.

The Whispering Wheel bus is another HEV.

List of former hybrid bus manufacturers: ISE Corporations Thundervolt (filed for bankruptcy in 2010) Azure Dynamics (filed for bankruptcy in 2012)

Conversions

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies (HEVT) makes conversions of new and used vehicles (aftermarket and retrofit conversions), from combustion buses and conventional hybrid electric buses into plug-in buses.^[12]

List of transit authorities using hybrid electric buses

Transit authorities that use hybrid electric buses:^[13]

North America

United States

Federal funding generally comes from the federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act.

Canada

Transit Windsor (Windsor, Ontario)
Edmonton Transit System (Edmonton, Alberta)
Hamilton Street Railway (Hamilton, Ontario)
OC Transpo (Ottawa, Ontario)
RTC (Quebec City, Quebec) [Currently only one Novabus LFS HEV in service]
Saskatoon Transit, Saskatchewan
STM (Montreal, Quebec) [Currently owns four Novabus LFS HEVs, testing for larger orders]
STO (Gatineau, Quebec)
St. Catharines Transit Commission (St. Catharines, Ontario)
Toronto Transit Commission buses [693 out of 2031 buses are hybrid.]
Coast Mountain Bus Company (Vancouver, British Columbia)
BC Transit (Kelowna and Victoria).^[20]
GRT (Waterloo, Ontario).^[21] [Currently 6 out of 218 buses in service are hybrid.]
London Transit Commission (London, Ontario)
Strathcona County Transit (Strathcona County, Alberta)^[22] [As of 2014, 10 Nova Bus LFS HEV diesel-electric hybrid buses remain in service]
Halifax Transit, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Currently owns two hybrid-electric buses.
Lethbridge Transit, Lethbridge, Alberta. 11 out of 42 buses are hybrid.

Asia

China

Hong Kong

India

Europe

Germany

Hungary

Budapest - The fleet consists of 28 Volvo 7900A Hybrid (Articulated)
Kecskemét -The fleet consists of 20 Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec®-Hybrid (Articulated)

Norway

UK

The Green Bus Fund is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.:^[26]

London Buses, London. This is the largest fleet in the UK, with around 12,00 vehicles in use.^[27]
National Express in Birmingham - 18 currently,^[28] 21 more planned^[29]
Stagecoach, Manchester, Oxford, Sheffield, Newcastle
Oxford Bus Company, Oxfordshire - 52 currently.^[30]
FirstGroup, Bath, Somerset, Bristol, Manchester Metroshuttle, Leeds
Reading Buses
Lothian Buses
Cumfybus, Merseyside
Brighton & Hove
Stagecoach Bluebird, Aberdeen
Arriva West Yorkshire from April 2013

Spain

Barcelona (MAN Lion's City Hybrid)^[31]
Empresa Municipal de Transportes, Madrid
Figueres, within the Electrobus Project, IDAE

Sweden

Jönköpings Länstrafik, Jönköping. MAN Lion's City Hybrid
Göteborgs Spårvägar, Gothenburg. Volvo 7700 Hybrid
Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, Stockholm. MAN Lion's City Hybrid

Other European Countries

Ljubljanski potniški promet (5 Kutsenits Hydra City II/III Hybrid's), Ljubljana, Slovenia
Paris: RATP is using a hybrid electric bus outfitted with ultracapacitors; the model used is the MAN Lion's City Hybrid.^[32]^[33]
Milan, Italy
Team Trafikk, Trondheim, Norway, with 10 Volvo B5L
Vienna, Austria^[23]
PostAuto,^[34] Switzerland: one vehicle is being tested since April 2010; the test will continue for three years.^[35]
Warsaw, Poland, 4 Solaris hybrid (combustion-electric) buses
Luxemburg (Sales-Lentz, Emile Weber and AVL)
Belgium / Flanders (De Lijn)
Belgium / Wallonia (TEC) : 90 Volvo 7900H (plug-in hybrid) + 208 solaris (combustion-electric) ordered in 2016Q4

Other countries

References

^ "Hybrid - B5L - Hybrid". Volvo Buses. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
^ XL3 Hybrid Electric
^ "Double Deck (2 axle)". Alexander-dennis.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2013-05-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Energy.gov". Apps1.eere.energy.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Green 'tribrid' minibus unveiled". BBC. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
^ "Energycurrent.com". Energycurrent.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Ebus.com". Ebus.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Eletra, SBC, Brazil". Eletrabus.com.br. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Munich starts using the first MAN hybrid city bus | Frontier India Aerospace, Land and Marine". Frontierindia.net. 2010-05-25. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Castrosua.com". Castrosua.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "tatahispano.com". Tata Hispano. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2013-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc (HEVT) | An IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology) Startup in Chicago | Home". HEVT. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Analysis of electric drive technologies for transit applications: Battery-electric, hybrid-electric, and fuel cells" (PDF). 2005. p. 20. Retrieved 2017-03-09. More transit authorities with HEV here (FTA)
^ Jibreel Riley (2010-07-20). "COTA: Hybrid Bus Purchase". Theotherpaper.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Environmental Commitment". Community Transit. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
^ "Citilink: Hybrid Bus Demonstration". Fwcitilink.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ [1] Archived February 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority". go Metro. 2009-04-21. Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Ann Arbor campus welcomes three more hybrid buses". The Regents of the University of Michigan. 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
^ "Hybrid Electric Bus". Transitbc.com. 2005-05-04. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Hybrid Bus". Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Transit goes green-er".
^ ^a ^b "BUSportal - Viac ako 30 percent nižšie CO2:". Busportal.sk. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Germany: MAN Lion's City Hybrid launches in Munich". Automotive World. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Hybrid Bus in the City: A Prototype with a Future". Physorg.com. 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "Green Bus Fund". Dft.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ""Green Technology":TFL Bus Investment". Transport for London.
^ "Birmingham hybrid buses launched". National Express West Midlands Buses. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "More green hybrid buses on Way to West Midlands". National Express West Midlands Buses. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ http://www.oxfordbus.co.uk/about-us/oxford-bus-company/
^ "Autobús urbano ecológico y eficiente - 29/09/2009 - Equipamiento para municipios". Interempresas.net. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ Navarro, Xavier (2009-04-15). "Paris tests a new hybrid bus that uses ultracapacitors — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "MAN Nutzfahrzeuge - Hybrid drive". Man-mn.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ Volvo Buses - when productivity counts (2010-04-20). "PostAuto operates the Volvo 7700 Hybrid on rural routes". Volvobuses.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ "First hybrid Postbus". Postauto.ch. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

The Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus Project

[1] "Hybrid - B5L - Hybrid". Volvo Buses. Retrieved 2013-05-29.

[2] XL3 Hybrid Electric

[3] "Double Deck (2 axle)". Alexander-dennis.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2013-05-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[4] "Energy.gov". Apps1.eere.energy.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[5] "Green 'tribrid' minibus unveiled". BBC. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-06-05.

[6] "Energycurrent.com". Energycurrent.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[7] "Ebus.com". Ebus.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[8] "Eletra, SBC, Brazil". Eletrabus.com.br. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[9] "Munich starts using the first MAN hybrid city bus | Frontier India Aerospace, Land and Marine". Frontierindia.net. 2010-05-25. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[10] "Castrosua.com". Castrosua.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[11] "tatahispano.com". Tata Hispano. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2013-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[12] "Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc (HEVT) | An IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology) Startup in Chicago | Home". HEVT. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[13] "Analysis of electric drive technologies for transit applications: Battery-electric, hybrid-electric, and fuel cells" (PDF). 2005. p. 20. Retrieved 2017-03-09. More transit authorities with HEV here (FTA)

[14] Jibreel Riley (2010-07-20). "COTA: Hybrid Bus Purchase". Theotherpaper.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[15] "Environmental Commitment". Community Transit. Retrieved September 3, 2014.

[16] "Citilink: Hybrid Bus Demonstration". Fwcitilink.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[17] [1] Archived February 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[18] "Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority". go Metro. 2009-04-21. Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[19] "Ann Arbor campus welcomes three more hybrid buses". The Regents of the University of Michigan. 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2013-04-01.

[20] "Hybrid Electric Bus". Transitbc.com. 2005-05-04. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[21] "Hybrid Bus". Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[22] "Transit goes green-er".

[busportal1-23] "BUSportal - Viac ako 30 percent nižšie CO2:". Busportal.sk. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[24] "Germany: MAN Lion's City Hybrid launches in Munich". Automotive World. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[25] "Hybrid Bus in the City: A Prototype with a Future". Physorg.com. 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[26] "Green Bus Fund". Dft.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[27] ""Green Technology":TFL Bus Investment". Transport for London.

[28] "Birmingham hybrid buses launched". National Express West Midlands Buses. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[29] "More green hybrid buses on Way to West Midlands". National Express West Midlands Buses. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[30] ttp://www.oxfordbus.co.uk/about-us/oxford-bus-company/

[31] "Autobús urbano ecológico y eficiente - 29/09/2009 - Equipamiento para municipios". Interempresas.net. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[32] Navarro, Xavier (2009-04-15). "Paris tests a new hybrid bus that uses ultracapacitors — Autoblog Green". Green.autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[33] "MAN Nutzfahrzeuge - Hybrid drive". Man-mn.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[34] Volvo Buses - when productivity counts (2010-04-20). "PostAuto operates the Volvo 7700 Hybrid on rural routes". Volvobuses.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[35] "First hybrid Postbus". Postauto.ch. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-11-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ===Types of hybrid vehicle drivetrain===
 {{main|Hybrid vehicle drivetrain}}
-A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g. [[Volvo B5L]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/uk/en-gb/bus%20and%20coach/b5l_hybrid/Pages/Hybrid.aspx |title=Hybrid - B5L - Hybrid |publisher=Volvo Buses |date= |accessdate=2013-05-29}}</ref><ref>[http://www.xlhybrids.com/content/assets/Uploads/XL-ShuttleBus-US-FLY-8.5x11-0417-LR.pdf   XL3  Hybrid Electric]</ref> or a series powertrain (e.g. some versions of the [[Alexander Dennis Enviro400]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexander-dennis.com/product-details.php?s=82&subs=44&tableID=221&itemID=1 |title=Double Deck (2 axle) |publisher=Alexander-dennis.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-29}}</ref>
+A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g. [[Volvo B5L]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/uk/en-gb/bus%20and%20coach/b5l_hybrid/Pages/Hybrid.aspx |title=Hybrid - B5L - Hybrid |publisher=Volvo Buses |date= |accessdate=2013-05-29}}</ref><ref>[http://www.xlhybrids.com/content/assets/Uploads/XL-ShuttleBus-US-FLY-8.5x11-0417-LR.pdf   XL3  Hybrid Electric]</ref> or a series powertrain (e.g. some versions of the [[Alexander Dennis Enviro400]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexander-dennis.com/product-details.php?s=82&subs=44&tableID=221&itemID=1 |title=Double Deck (2 axle) |publisher=Alexander-dennis.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222044204/http://www.alexander-dennis.com/product-details.php?s=82&subs=44&tableID=221&itemID=1 |archivedate=2012-02-22 |df= }}</ref>
 === Plug-in hybrid ===
 {{Main|Plug-in hybrid}}
-The [[United States Department of Energy]] (USDOE) has announced the selection of [[Navistar Corporation]] for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for a three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with the goal of developing a vehicle with a {{convert|40|mi|adj=on}} [[electric range]]. Travel beyond the {{convert|40|mi|adj=on}} range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual [[Appropriation (law)|appropriation]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12463 |title=Energy.gov |publisher=Apps1.eere.energy.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
+The [[United States Department of Energy]] (USDOE) has announced the selection of [[Navistar Corporation]] for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for a three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with the goal of developing a vehicle with a {{convert|40|mi|adj=on}} [[electric range]]. Travel beyond the {{convert|40|mi|adj=on}} range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual [[Appropriation (law)|appropriation]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12463 |title=Energy.gov |publisher=Apps1.eere.energy.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230255/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id%3D12463 |archivedate=2010-05-27 |df= }}</ref>
 === Tribrid Bus ===
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 [[File:ABQ RIDE 6900 Series Rapid Ride Bus.jpg|thumb|right|A [[New Flyer Industries]] DE60LFR hybrid articulated bus.]]
 [[File:CDTA Gillig Hybrid.jpg|thumb|right| A [[Gillig]] BRT hybrid.]]
-Current manufacturers of [[Diesel-electric transmission|Diesel-electric]] hybrid buses include [[Alexander Dennis Limited]] (ADL), [[Azure Dynamics Corporation]], Ebus,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebus.com |title=Ebus.com |publisher=Ebus.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[Eletra]] (Brazil),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eletrabus.com.br/ |title=Eletra, SBC, Brazil |publisher=Eletrabus.com.br |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[New Flyer Industries]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]], (India), [[Gillig]], [[Motor Coach Industries]], [[Orion Bus Industries]], [[North American Bus Industries]], [[Daimler AG]]'s [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi Fuso]], [[MAN SE|MAN]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frontierindia.net/alm/munich-starts-using-the-first-man-hybrid-city-bus/1090/ |title=Munich starts using the first MAN hybrid city bus &#124; Frontier India Aerospace, Land and Marine |publisher=Frontierindia.net |date=2010-05-25 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>  [[Designline]], [[BAE Systems]], [[Volvo Buses]], [[Wrightbus]], Castrosua,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castrosua.com |title=Castrosua.com |publisher=Castrosua.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[Tata Hispano]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatahispano.com/?p=848&lang=en |title=tatahispano.com |publisher=Tata Hispano |date= |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> and many more.
+Current manufacturers of [[Diesel-electric transmission|Diesel-electric]] hybrid buses include [[Alexander Dennis Limited]] (ADL), [[Azure Dynamics Corporation]], Ebus,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebus.com |title=Ebus.com |publisher=Ebus.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[Eletra]] (Brazil),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eletrabus.com.br/ |title=Eletra, SBC, Brazil |publisher=Eletrabus.com.br |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[New Flyer Industries]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]], (India), [[Gillig]], [[Motor Coach Industries]], [[Orion Bus Industries]], [[North American Bus Industries]], [[Daimler AG]]'s [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi Fuso]], [[MAN SE|MAN]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frontierindia.net/alm/munich-starts-using-the-first-man-hybrid-city-bus/1090/ |title=Munich starts using the first MAN hybrid city bus &#124; Frontier India Aerospace, Land and Marine |publisher=Frontierindia.net |date=2010-05-25 |accessdate=2010-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005842/http://frontierindia.net/alm/munich-starts-using-the-first-man-hybrid-city-bus/1090/ |archivedate=2010-06-15 |df= }}</ref>  [[Designline]], [[BAE Systems]], [[Volvo Buses]], [[Wrightbus]], Castrosua,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castrosua.com |title=Castrosua.com |publisher=Castrosua.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[Tata Hispano]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatahispano.com/?p=848&lang=en |title=tatahispano.com |publisher=Tata Hispano |date= |accessdate=2013-08-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112034614/http://www.tatahispano.com/?p=848&lang=en |archivedate=2016-01-12 |df= }}</ref> and many more.
 In 2006, [[Nova Bus]], which had previously marketed the [[Rapid Transit Series|RTS]] hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel-electric hybrid option for its LFS series.<!--Nova Bus had already had 4 hybrids built prior!--> as well
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 * [[Community Transit]] ([[Snohomish County, Washington]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Commitment |url=http://www.communitytransit.org/programs/ems/ |publisher=[[Community Transit]] |accessdate=September 3, 2014}}</ref>
 * [[C-TRAN (Washington)|C-Tran]] ([[Vancouver, Washington]])
-* [[Fort Wayne Citilink|Citilink]] ([[Fort Wayne, Indiana]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fwcitilink.com/news.htm |title=Citilink: Hybrid Bus Demonstration |publisher=Fwcitilink.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
+* [[Fort Wayne Citilink|Citilink]] ([[Fort Wayne, Indiana]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fwcitilink.com/news.htm |title=Citilink: Hybrid Bus Demonstration |publisher=Fwcitilink.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204161743/http://www.fwcitilink.com/news.htm |archivedate=2010-12-04 |df= }}</ref>
 *[[CVTD Cache Valley Transit District]] ([[Logan, Utah]])
 * [[DART First State]] ([[Delaware]])
@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 * [[GoRaleigh (formerly Capital Area Transit)]] ([[Raleigh, North Carolina]])
 * [[Greater Lafayette Public Transportation Corporation]] ([[Lafayette, IN]])
-* [[Greater Lynchburg Transit Company]] ([[Lynchburg, VA]]<ref>[http://www.gltconline.com/page.php?theLocation=/Resources/Site/About/Fleet__Facilities.xml ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210175142/http://www.gltconline.com/page.php?theLocation=/Resources/Site/About/Fleet__Facilities.xml |date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref>)
+* [[Greater Lynchburg Transit Company]] ([[Lynchburg, VA]]<ref>[http://www.gltconline.com/page.php?theLocation=/Resources/Site/About/Fleet__Facilities.xml ]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210175142/http://www.gltconline.com/page.php?theLocation=%2FResources%2FSite%2FAbout%2FFleet__Facilities.xml |date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref>)
 * [[Greenville Area Transit]] ([[Greenville, North Carolina]])
 * [[Hillsborough Area Regional Transit]] ([[Hillsborough County, Florida]])
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 * [[Sound Transit]] ([[Puget Sound region|Puget Sound region, Washington]])
 * [[Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority]] ([[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]])
-* [[Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority]] ([[Cincinnati, Ohio]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.go-metro.com/hybrid.html |title=Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority |publisher=go Metro |date=2009-04-21 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
+* [[Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority]] ([[Cincinnati, Ohio]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.go-metro.com/hybrid.html |title=Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority |publisher=go Metro |date=2009-04-21 |accessdate=2010-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122162359/http://go-metro.com/hybrid.html |archivedate=2010-11-22 |df= }}</ref>
 * [[Spokane Transit Authority]] ([[Spokane, Washington]])
 * [[TCAT]] ([[Ithaca, NY]])
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 * [[Coast Mountain Bus Company]] ([[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]])
 * [[BC Transit]]  ([[Kelowna]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transitbc.com/regions/kel/news/hybrid_electric.cfm |title=Hybrid Electric Bus |publisher=Transitbc.com |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
-* [[Grand River Transit|GRT]] ([[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]], [[Ontario]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grt.ca/en/doingbusiness/fastfacts.asp|title=Hybrid Bus}}</ref> [Currently 6 out of 218 buses in service are hybrid.]
+* [[Grand River Transit|GRT]] ([[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]], [[Ontario]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grt.ca/en/doingbusiness/fastfacts.asp |title=Hybrid Bus |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222141053/http://www.grt.ca/en/doingbusiness/fastfacts.asp |archivedate=2011-12-22 |df= }}</ref> [Currently 6 out of 218 buses in service are hybrid.]
 * [[London Transit Commission]] ([[London, Ontario]])
 * [[Strathcona County Transit]] ([[Strathcona County]], Alberta)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strathcona.ca/departments/communications/media-release-archive/2010-media-release-archive/transit-goes-green-er/|title=Transit goes green-er}}</ref> [As of 2014, 10 Nova Bus LFS HEV diesel-electric hybrid buses remain in service]
@@ Line 212: / Line 212: @@
 hybrid electric bus in [[Bath (Somerset)|Bath]], [[England]] on a [[Park and Ride]] service]]
 {{See also|Low emission buses in London}}
-The [[Green Bus Fund]] is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/buses/greenbusfund/ |title=Green Bus Fund |publisher=Dft.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
+The [[Green Bus Fund]] is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/buses/greenbusfund/ |title=Green Bus Fund |publisher=Dft.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113234021/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/buses/greenbusfund/ |archivedate=2010-11-13 |df= }}</ref>
 * [[London Buses]], [[London]]. This is the largest fleet in the UK, with [[Low emission buses in London|around 12,00 vehicles]] in use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/campaign/bus-investment|title="Green Technology":TFL Bus Investment|publisher=Transport for London}}</ref>
-* [[National Express West Midlands|National Express]] in [[Birmingham]] - 18 currently,<ref>{{cite web|title=Birmingham hybrid buses launched|url=http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/birmingham-hybrids-launched|publisher=National Express West Midlands Buses|accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref> 21 more planned<ref>{{cite web|title=More green hybrid buses on Way to West Midlands|url=http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/more-green-hybrid-buses-on-way-to-west-midlands/|publisher=National Express West Midlands Buses|accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref>
+* [[National Express West Midlands|National Express]] in [[Birmingham]] - 18 currently,<ref>{{cite web|title=Birmingham hybrid buses launched |url=http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/birmingham-hybrids-launched |publisher=National Express West Midlands Buses |accessdate=31 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170739/http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/birmingham-hybrids-launched/ |archivedate=13 May 2012 |df= }}</ref> 21 more planned<ref>{{cite web|title=More green hybrid buses on Way to West Midlands |url=http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/more-green-hybrid-buses-on-way-to-west-midlands/ |publisher=National Express West Midlands Buses |accessdate=31 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611060705/http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/more-green-hybrid-buses-on-way-to-west-midlands |archivedate=11 June 2012 |df= }}</ref>
 * [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]], [[Stagecoach Manchester|Manchester]], [[Stagecoach in Oxfordshire|Oxford]], [[Stagecoach Sheffield|Sheffield]], [[Stagecoach in Newcastle|Newcastle]]
 * [[Oxford Bus Company]], Oxfordshire - 52 currently.<ref>http://www.oxfordbus.co.uk/about-us/oxford-bus-company/</ref>
@@ Line 242: / Line 242: @@
 * [[Team Trafikk]], [[Trondheim, Norway]], with 10 Volvo B5L
 * [[Vienna, Austria]]<ref name="busportal1"/>
-* [[Postauto|PostAuto]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Volvo Buses - when productivity counts |url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/na/en-us/newsmedia/press%20releases/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=81110&News.Language=en-gb |title=PostAuto operates the Volvo 7700 Hybrid on rural routes |publisher=Volvobuses.com |date=2010-04-20 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[Switzerland]]: one vehicle is being tested since April 2010; the test will continue for three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postauto.ch/en/pag-startseite/pag-kundenservice/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe/pag-bern/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe-bern-erstes-hybrid-postauto.htm |title=First hybrid Postbus |publisher=Postauto.ch |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
+* [[Postauto|PostAuto]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Volvo Buses - when productivity counts |url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/na/en-us/newsmedia/press%20releases/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=81110&News.Language=en-gb |title=PostAuto operates the Volvo 7700 Hybrid on rural routes |publisher=Volvobuses.com |date=2010-04-20 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[Switzerland]]: one vehicle is being tested since April 2010; the test will continue for three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postauto.ch/en/pag-startseite/pag-kundenservice/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe/pag-bern/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe-bern-erstes-hybrid-postauto.htm |title=First hybrid Postbus |publisher=Postauto.ch |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033857/http://www.postauto.ch/en/pag-startseite/pag-kundenservice/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe/pag-bern/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe-bern-erstes-hybrid-postauto.htm |archivedate=2011-07-21 |df= }}</ref>
 * [[Warsaw, Poland]], 4 Solaris hybrid (combustion-electric) buses
 * Luxemburg (Sales-Lentz, Emile Weber and AVL)

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