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m no one uses the term 'Monsoon Asian'
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"Eastern Asian" is subjective and its definition varies. "Monsoon Asian" (even if it's no longer in use like it was in the past) is more accurate and not subjective at all.
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| population = 4,500,000,000+ <br> 59.4% of the total world population<br>(world population of 7.5 billion).<ref>[https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/asia-population/] Worldometers.info</ref><br>(''not counting partial Asian descent'')
| population = 4,500,000,000+ <br> 59.4% of the total world population<br>(world population of 7.5 billion).<ref>[https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/asia-population/] Worldometers.info</ref><br>(''not counting partial Asian descent'')
| popplace =
| popplace =
| region1 = '''Eastern Asians'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lcluc.umd.edu/projects/land-use-ecosystem-climate-interactions-monsoon-asia|title=Land Use - Ecosystem - Climate Interactions in Monsoon Asia|website=lcluc.umd.edu|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=February 15, 2020}}</ref> <hr>
| region1 = '''Monsoon Asians'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lcluc.umd.edu/projects/land-use-ecosystem-climate-interactions-monsoon-asia|title=Land Use - Ecosystem - Climate Interactions in Monsoon Asia|website=lcluc.umd.edu|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=February 15, 2020}}</ref> <hr>
| pop1 = #
| pop1 = #
| region2 = {{flagcountry|China}}
| region2 = {{flagcountry|China}}

Revision as of 05:08, 13 March 2020

"Asians" redirects here. For a nomadic Central Asian people of antiquity, see Asii.
For the individual peoples of Asia, see Ethnic groups in Asia. For demographic data, see Demography of Asia.

Southeast Asia Central Asia East Asia South Asia West Asia
File:United Nations geoscheme (Asia).svg
Asian people
Total population
4,500,000,000+
59.4% of the total world population
(world population of 7.5 billion).[1]
(not counting partial Asian descent)
Regions with significant populations
Monsoon Asians[2]
 China1,384,688,986[3]
 India1,296,834,042[4]
 Indonesia262,787,403[5]
 Japan126,168,156[6]
 Philippines100,006,900[7]
 Vietnam97,040,334[8]
 Thailand68,615,858[9]
 South Korea51,418,097[10]
 Taiwan23,545,963[11]
 Cambodia15,288,489[12]
 Hong Kong7,213,338[13]
 Singapore5,996,000[14]
Western Asians
 Turkey81,257,239[15]
 Saudi Arabia33,091,113[16]
 Syria19,454,263[17]
 Kazakhstan18,744,548[18]
 Jordan10,458,413[19]
 United Arab Emirates9,701,315[20]
 Israel8,424,904[21]
 Palestine4,683,000[22]
Languages
Languages of Asia (Chinese, Hindi, Arabic, Bengali, Japanese, Filipino, Indonesian, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese among other minority Asian languages)
Religion
Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Shinto and others

Asian people[23] or Asiatic people[24] are people who descend from a portion of Asia's population.

A variety of definitions and geographical data are presented by organizations and individuals for classifying the ethnic groups in Asia.

Meanings by region

Anglophone Africa and Caribbean

Further information: Asian South Africans, Indo-Caribbean, Chinese Caribbean, Indo-African, and Afro-Asians

In parts of anglophone Africa, especially East Africa and in parts of the Caribbean, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.[25] In South Africa the term Asian is used in the pan-continental sense. Due to the high number of Indians in South Africa, in official documentation the designation "Indian" is used to refer to both South- and East-Asians.[26][better source needed]

Arab States of the Persian Gulf

In the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the term "Asian" generally refers to people of South Asian and Southeast Asian descent due to the large Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Filipino expatriate population in these countries.[27][28][29] However, there are instances where the term is used solely to refer to those of South Asian descent.[30]

Australia

Main articles: Asian Australians and Indian Australians

The Australian Census includes Central Asia. The Australian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three broad groups have the word Asian included in their name: Central and Southern Asian, South-East Asian and North-East Asian. While Middle Easterners are classified as North African and Middle Easterners.[31]

Canada

Main articles: Asian Canadians and Indo-Canadians

The Canadian Census uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally. In its presentation of the "ethnic origin" results of the 2016 census, Statistics Canada under the category "Asian origins" includes: West Central Asian and Middle Eastern (includes "Arab, not otherwise specified"), South Asian, East and Southeast Asian, and "other" Asian origins.[32]

New Zealand

Main article: Asian New Zealanders

New Zealand's census undertaken by Statistics New Zealand defines the Asian to include people of Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Vietnamese, Sri Lankan, Cambodian and Thai ancestries.[33] In less formal contexts, the term Asian often does not include South Asian people.[34]

Norway

Statistics Norway uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally and considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries.[35][36]

Sweden

Main article: Asian in Sweden

Statistics Sweden uses the term 'Asian' to refer to immigrants of Asian background from all Asian countries, including the Middle East.[37][38]

United Kingdom

Main articles: British Asian, East Asians in the United Kingdom, and British Indo-Caribbean people

In the United Kingdom, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.[25][39] The UK usage of the term "Asian" is reflected in the "ethnic group" section of UK census forms, which treat "Asian" and "Chinese" as separate (see British Asian).[40] Most respondents to the UK 2001 Census of non-Chinese East Asian and Southeast Asian descent chose to write-in their ethnicity in the "Other Ethnic Group" category rather than the "Other Asian" category, reflecting the association of the word Asian in the UK with South Asian.[41] Despite there being a strong presence of East Asians in the United Kingdom there are considerably more South Asians, for example the 2001 Census recorded 1.05 million people of Indian origin and 247,000 of Chinese origin in the UK.[42] Peter J. Aspinall of the Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, recommends privileging the term "South Asian" over the term "Asian", since the term "Asian" is a "contested term".[39]

United States

Main articles: Asian Americans, Racial classification of Indian Americans, and Indo-Caribbean Americans
Asian ancestries as defined by the 2000 U.S. Census.

In 1968, an Asian activist conference decided on favoring the name "Asian American" over the competing terms—"yellow", "Mongoloid", "Asiatic", and "Oriental"—since the Filipinos at the meeting thought they were "brown" rather than "yellow" and the conference thought the term "Oriental" was Eurocentric, since they originate from lands "east" only from Europe's standpoint and, since the term "Oriental" suggested to them "passivity".[43]

Earlier Census forms from 1980 and prior listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with White and Black or Negro.[44] Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other".[45] But the 1980 Census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the 1990 Census, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.[46][47][48]

The 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census Bureau definition of the Asian race is: "people having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent (for example, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam)".[49]

Sandra S. Lee et al. (2001) said, in regards to the categories of the 2000 US Census, that it is difficult to determine why Asian Americans are a "race" while Latino and Hispanic are an "ethnic group." Lee said, referring to the Hispanic or Latino category, that the category of Asian Americans, quite similarly, comprises different populations of diverse origins. Lee said that people of South Asian origin were categorically identified as "Hindu," regardless of their religion, in the early 20th century. Lee said that the policy changed to classify people from the Indian subcontinent as "white." Lee said that, more recently, South Asian Americans were added to the long list of groups that comprise the category of Asian American. Referring to their classification as "Asian," Lee said that, in the United States, the classification of people from the Indian subcontinent depends on their historical location.[50]

In 1930 and 1940, Indian Americans were identified as a separate race, Hindu, and in 1950 and 1960 they were racially classified as Other Race, and then in 1970 they were classified as White. Since 1980, Indians and all other South Asians have been classified as part of the Asian ethnic group.[51] Sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal described how "....as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as 'Asians' in the census only in the 80's. Prior to that many South Asians had been checking 'Caucasian' or 'Other'."[52]

Respondents can also report their specific ancestry, e.g.: Okinawan, etc. Someone reporting these ancestries but no race would be classified as "Asian". Unlike South Asians, Jewish Americans, Israeli Americans, Arab Americans, Armenian Americans, Assyrian Americans, Kurdish Americans, Georgian Americans, Chechen Americans, Turkish Americans, Azerbaijani Americans, Iranian Americans and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the U.S. Census Board.[53]

In normal American usage Asian does not refer to the people from the Pacific Islands who are usually called Pacific Islanders.[54] The term "Asians and Pacific Islanders" or "Asia/Pacific" was used on the 1990 US Census.[55] However, in the 2000 US Census, the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".[56]

U.S. academic consensus

Edward J. Imwinkelried (1982), Professor of Law at Washington University, said that the "Mongoloid (including Asiatics and Indians)" is one of the groups into which the hair analyst can categorize hair.[57]

Norman J. Sauer (1992), of the Department of Anthropology at Michigan State University, said that, in forensic anthropology, modern race identification studies have to do with some combination of the "Big Three": the "White", the "Black," and the "Asiatic," with the Asiatic including American Indians.[58]

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1994) referred to both "Asian Caucasoids" and "Mongoloids" in Asia which he also called "other Asians" as encompassing "Asian populations". Cavalli-Sforza also referred to "Amerinds" as being the "aboriginal Asian group" of the Americas.[59]

Leonard Lieberman (1997), professor of anthropology at Central Michigan University, said that, in the United States, the stereotype of three distinctive races, the Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid races, comprising the whole world, was based on immigrants from Northwest Europe, West Africa, and Southeast China. Lieberman said that not all Asians can be designated as "Mongoloid."[60][61]

Matt Cartmill (1999), of the Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, said "geography has little to do with the race concept in its actual application", since "Asian individuals [can be] born in the same geographical region" as other races.[62]

Michael Bamshad et al. (2004), of the Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, found that "107 sub-Saharan African, 67 East Asian and 81 Western European" individuals genetically clustered with "ancestry from a single population" at levels of "almost 100%", but among "263 individuals from South India" the "proportion of ancestry shared with Europeans and Asians varies widely".[63]

Angelo N. Ancheta (2006), of the School of Law at Santa Clara University, said that the term "Asian" is an imprecise term. Ancheta questioned if the term "Asian" describes a category which is geographical or a category which is biological/appearance-based. Ancheta questioned where does Asia start and end, if the term "Asian" is geographical. Ancheta said that there is a continuum along which physical appearance operates, but there exist differences which are noticeable among groups. Ancheta said that an immigrant from Japan may not look like an immigrant from India.[64][65][66]

Masniari Novita (2006), of the Biomedical Department of Jember University, said "Asiatics" are part of the "Mongoloid" race while "Asians from the Indian Subcontinent" are part of the "Caucasian" race.[67]

A writing style guide published in 2011 by two professors at universities in the United States of America recommends using the term "Asian" to refer to people living in Asian countries such as "China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, etc." unless a given situation makes using a more specific nationality term more appropriate than using the broader term "Asian".[68]

Historical occidental interpretation

Mongoloid meaning

Race
History
Society
Race and...
By location
Related topics
Main article: Mongoloid

Willett Enos Rotzell (1900), professor of Botany and Zoology at the Hahnemann Medical College, used the term "Asian" for a race, which he alternatively called the "Yellow or Mongolian race".[69]

Mehmet Yaşar İşcan (1988), of the Department of Anthropology at Florida Atlantic University, said, "Unfortunately, anthropologists who advocate the adoption of 'new' terminology cause a great deal of confusion by trying to replace 'Mongoloid' with 'Asian,' completely ignoring the fact that at least 30% of the inhabitants of Asia (Indians, Iranians, Turks, etc., as well as the 'prototype Caucasians' themselves) are Caucasoid!"[70]

Marta Mirazón Lahr (1995), of the Department of Biological Anthropology at Cambridge University, said "all" "Asian populations" are "grouped under the name Mongoloid".[71]

Karen T. Taylor (2001), forensic art professor at the FBI Academy, said that the term "Asian-derived" is a modern-day euphemism for the "Mongoloid race" and it includes "Native Americans" and "various Asian groups".[72]

Eugénia Maria Guedes Pinto Antunes da Cunha (2006), of the Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, said there has been a modern trend in "most of the forensic anthropology literature" to "rename" the term "Mongoloid", a term in which she includes the "North American Indian", with the term "Asian" or "Asiatic". Da Cunha said that, even though the "terminology" has changed, the "underlying assumptions are the same".[73]

Jun Kyung-ran et al. (2007), of the Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan, used the term "Asian populations" for the group he also referred to as the "Asian-Mongoloid" in which he included Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Thai for a meta-analysis of alleles in relation to rheumatoid arthritis.[74]

A 2009 book about forensic anthropology said that the "leading handbook in human osteology" has kept on using the "traditional terms"' of "caucasoid, mongoloid, negroid", but "one of the most popular recent forensic anthropology textbooks" has changed to the "more current, politically correct terminology of Asian, white, black, Native American".[75]

Clyde H. Ishii (2014), in an academic journal about plastic surgery, said, "Although many countries use the term 'Asian' referring to people living on that continent, in reality, Asian usually refers to peoples of East, Southeast, and South Asia. Inhabitants of Southwest Asia, such as Arabs and Iranians, are more commonly designated Middle Easterners.3 The term Asian as used in this article refers to people from Asia who have a Mongoloid background (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Indonesians, and others)."[76]

See also

References

  1. ^ [1] Worldometers.info
  2. ^ "Land Use - Ecosystem - Climate Interactions in Monsoon Asia". lcluc.umd.edu. NASA. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  3. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  4. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  5. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  6. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  7. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  8. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  9. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  10. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  11. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  12. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  13. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  14. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  15. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  16. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  17. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  18. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  19. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  20. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  21. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  22. ^ "Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate,1997–2016". Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. State of Palestine. Archived from the original on June 8, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
  23. ^ "Asian M-w.com." Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary.
  24. ^ United States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.Nlm.nih.gov: Asian Continental Ancestry Group is also used for categorical purposes.
  25. ^ a b British Sociological Association. Equality and Diversity. Language and the BSA:Ethnicity & Race. 2005. October 26. Britsoc.co.uk Archived November 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Race, Ethnicity and Language in South Africa". World Elections. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  27. ^ The source discusses car accidents amongst Asians, Emiratis and other Arabs in the UAE.
  28. ^ ""Kuwait Asians" is a community website for the Indian, Sri Lankan, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Filipino expatriate population in Kuwait". Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  29. ^ "The source discusses the Asian Town complex in Qatar that was created for the Asian expatriate community from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and the Philippines". Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  30. ^ Time Out Dubai is a book written by local experts on travel in the UAE and the authors use the words "Asian" and "Filipino" separately.
  31. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups Second Edition. 2005. August 20, 2006. Ausstats.abs.gov.au
  32. ^ "Data Tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  33. ^ Statistics New Zealand. Asian people. 2006. December 4, 2006 Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ For example, "Asian and Indian people" are referred to in the New Zealand Heart Foundation's BMI calculator Archived May 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ (in Norwegian) Immigration and emigration
  36. ^ (in Norwegian) SSB: Unge innvandrere i arbeid og utdanning – Er innvandrerungdom en marginalisert gruppe?
  37. ^ (in Norwegian) Scb.se
  38. ^ (in Norwegian) Scb.se
  39. ^ a b Aspinall, Peter J. Oxford Journals. Journal of Public Health. 2003. October 26, 2006. Jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org
  40. ^ National Statistics. Ethnicity. 2005. August 27, 2006
  41. ^ Gardener, David; Connolly, Helen (October 2005). "Who are the 'Other' ethnic groups?" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  42. ^ "Population size: 7.9% from a minority ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  43. ^ Yen Le Espiritu. (1992). Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. ISBN 978-1-4399-0556-2
  44. ^ 1980 Census: Instructions to Respondents, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.
  45. ^ Lee, Gordon. Hyphen Magazine. "The Forgotten Revolution." 2003. January 28, 2007.Hyphenmagazine.com Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ 1990 Census: Instructions to Respondents, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.
  47. ^ Reeves, Terrance Claudett, Bennett. United States Census Bureau. Asian and Pacific Islander Population: March 2002. 2003. September 30, 2006.
  48. ^ U.S. Bureau of Statistics
  49. ^ Barnes, Jessica S. and Bennett, Claudett E. The Asian Population:2000. 2002. September 1, 2006. Census.gov
  50. ^ Lee, S.S., Mountain, J. & Koenig, B.A. (2001). The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1, (1). Pages 43, 44, & 45. Wayback Machine link.
  51. ^ Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung. Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States, Working Paper No. 76 (2005). See footnote 6 in paper
  52. ^ Chandy, Sunu P. What is a Valid South Asian Struggle? Archived December 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Report on the Annual SASA Conference. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
  53. ^ Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience Archived September 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Arab American Institute, 1997, September 29, 2006.
  54. ^ American Heritage Book of English Usage. Asian. 1996. September 29, 2006. Bartleby.com Archived February 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ Census '90. Asian and Pacific Islanders in the United States. 1990. September 1, 2006. Census.gov
  56. ^ "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". White House. 1997. The Native Hawaiians presented compelling arguments that the standards must facilitate the production of data to describe their social and economic situation and to monitor discrimination against Native Hawaiians in housing, education, employment, and other areas. Under the current standards for data on race and ethnicity, Native Hawaiians comprise about three percent of the Asian and Pacific Islander population. By creating separate categories, the data on the Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander groups will no longer be overwhelmed by the aggregate data of the much larger Asian groups. Native Hawaiians will comprise about 60 percent of the new category. The Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander population groups are well defined; moreover, there has been experience with reporting in separate categories for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population groups. The 1990 census included "Hawaiian," "Samoan," and "Guamanian" as response categories to the race question. In addition, two of the major tests conducted as part of the current review (the NCS and the RAETT) used "Hawaiian" and/or "Native Hawaiian," "Samoan," "Guamanian," and "Guamanian or Chamorro" as response options to the race question. These factors facilitate breaking apart the current category.
  57. ^ Imwinkelried, E.J. (1982). Forensic hair analysis: The Case Against The Underemployment Of Scientific Evidence. Washington and Lee Law Review, 39(1). Pages 41, & 49. Link.
  58. ^ Sauer, N.J. (1992). forensic anthropology and the Concept of Race: If Races Don't Exist, Why are Forensic Anthropologists so Good at Identifying Them? Social Science & Medicine 34, (2). Page 109. Link.
  59. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A. (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  60. ^ Lieberman, L. (1997). Race 1997 and 2001: A Race Odyssey. American Anthropological Association. Pages 2, & 7. Link.
  61. ^ Beck, J. (1991). End the Race Race; It's the Human Race that Really Matters. Chicago Tribune. Link.
  62. ^ Cartmill, M. (1999). The Status of the Race Concept in Physical Anthropology. American Anthropologist 100(3)651 -660.
  63. ^ Michael Bamshad, Stephen Wooding, Benjamin A. Salisbury and J. Claiborne Stephens. (2004). DECONSTRUCTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENETICS AND RACE. Nature Publishing Group. (5) pp. 598.
  64. ^ Ancheta, A.N. (2006). Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. (2@th ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press. Page 131. Google Books link.
  65. ^ Angelo N. Ancheta. (2019). Santa Clara University School of Law. Wayback Machine link.
  66. ^ Publications. (2019). Santa Clara University School of Law.Wayback Machine link.
  67. ^ Novita, Masniari. (2006). Facial, upper facial, and orbital index in Batak, Klaten, and Flores students of Jember University. Dent. J. (Maj. Ked. Gigi), Vol. 39. No. 3 116–119
  68. ^ Blakesley, D. &, Hoogeveen, J. (2011). Writing: A Manual for the Digital Age, Brief (2nd ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 431. ISBN 978-0495833376
  69. ^ Rotzell, W.E. (1900). Man: an introduction to anthropology. Philadelphia: Edward Stern & Co., Inc. Page 76. Google Books link.
  70. ^ İşcan, M.Y. (1988). Rise of Forensic Anthropology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 31(59). Pages 203, & 209. Link.
  71. ^ Lahr M. M. (1995). "Patterns of modern human diversification: Implications for Amerindian origins". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 38: 163–198. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330380609.
  72. ^ Taylor, K.T. (2001). Forensic Art and Illustration. CRC Press LLC. pp. 60 ISBN 0-8493-8118-5
  73. ^ Aurore Schmitt, Eugénia Maria Guedes Pinto Antunes da Cunha, and João Pinheiro. (2006). Forensic Anthropology and Medicine: Complementary Sciences from Recovery to Cause of Death. Humana Press. ISBN 1-59745-099-5
  74. ^ Kyung Ran Jun, Sung-Eun Choi, Choong-Hwan Cha, Heung-Bum Oh, corresponding author Yong-Seok Heo, Hong-Yup Ahn, and Kwan-Jeh Lee. J Korean Med Sci. Meta-analysis of the Association between HLA-DRB1 Allele and Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility in Asian Populations. 2007 December; 22(6): 973–980.
  75. ^ Pickering, R. & Bachman, D. (2009). The Use of Forensic Anthropology (2nd ed.). USA: CRC Press. Pages 104 & 105.
  76. ^ Ishii, Clyde H. (2014). "Current Update in Asian Rhinoplasty". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open. 2 (4): e133. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000000081. PMC 4174207. PMID 25289326.
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