Wind power in Turkey
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wind_turbines_in_Imbros.jpg/280px-Wind_turbines_in_Imbros.jpg)
Wind power generates about 10% of Turkey's electricity, mainly in the west in the Aegean and Marmara regions, and is gradually becoming a larger share of renewable energy in the country. As of 2023[update], Turkey has 11 gigawatts (GW) of wind turbines. The Energy Ministry plans to have almost 30 GW by 2035.[1]
The state-owned Electricity Generation Company (EÜAŞ) has about 20% of the market,[2] and there are many private companies.[3] The highest ever daily share of wind power was 25%, in 2022.[4]
Building new wind farms is cheaper than running existing coal plants which depend on imported coal.[5] According to modelling by Carbon Tracker, new wind will be cheaper than all existing coal plants by 2027.[6][7]
History
![Round stone building with a circle of triangular sails, and in the distance a red flag with white crescent and star](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bodrum_historic_windmill.jpg/220px-Bodrum_historic_windmill.jpg)
![Small wind turbine with lighthouse in the background](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/G%C3%BCnbat%C4%B1m%C4%B1nda_Polente_Feneri%CC%87_ve_R%C3%BCzgarg%C3%BCl%C3%BC_2008_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-G%C3%BCnbat%C4%B1m%C4%B1nda_Polente_Feneri%CC%87_ve_R%C3%BCzgarg%C3%BCl%C3%BC_2008_-_panoramio.jpg)
Some of the earliest windmills were built 400 years ago out of stone.[8] Using wind from the Aegean Sea,[9] these mills were used to grind wheat into flour until the 1970s. On windy days a mill could grind 20 sacks of wheat (about 320 kg) in an hour, and corn and barley were also milled.[10] Such historic windmills on the Bodrum Peninsula are being restored for tourism.[11][10] Likewise, on Bozcaada, two derelict mills have been reconstructed and are used for tourist demonstrations.[12]
The first wind farm was built in Izmir in 1998.[13] While the installed capacity of wind power was 19 megawatts (MW) in 2006, it grew to 140 MW by 2007, and to over 1,600 MW by 2011. In the 2010s some windpower was used for carbon offsets.[14]
A wind turbine factory was completed in 2019, also in İzmir.[15]: 57 In 2020 1.6 billion euros were invested in wind power.[16] Hybrid generation became more popular in the early 2020s.[17]
Wind farms
There are about 300 wind farms in Turkey, all onshore,[18] totalling about 4,000 wind turbines.[19] In 2022 total installed capacity passed 11 GW,[20] and capacity factor is high[21] at around 40%.[22]: 68 The company with the most wind power (nine wind farms as of 2022) is Borusan EnBW Enerji, a joint venture between Borusan and Germany power utility Energie Baden-Wurttemberg.[23] The maximum power of unlicensed installations is 5 MW.[21] One billion euros was invested in 2021 and 1.4 GW built: average power rating was over 5 GW, which was higher than other European countries onshore.[24]: 24 As of 2021[update] the largest wind farm in the country is Soma, followed by Karaburun.[25]
Aliağa Wind Farm
Aliağa Wind Farm is an onshore wind power plant in Aliağa district of İzmir Province in western Turkey.
The wind farm consists of four fields operated by different companies. A total of 83 wind turbines have an installed output power of 193 MW generating about 480 GWh a year.[26]Bahçe Wind Farm
Bahçe Wind Farm or Gökçedağ Wind Farm is an onshore wind power plant in the Bahçe district of Osmaniye Province, in the eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Consisting of 54 wind turbines with an installed output power of 135 MW in total, the wind farm was the country's largest one when it was commissioned in 2009.[27][28]
The licence for the wind farm was obtained in 2003 and will expire in 2033. Construction works at the site began in 2008.[29] It was constructed on Gökçedağ, a mountain between Bahçe and Hasanbeyli, south of the Osmaniye-Gaziantep highway D.400. It is operated by Rotor Co., a subsidiary of Zorlu Holding. The wind farm cost €200 million.[27]Çanta Wind Farm
Çanta Wind Farm is a 2014 wind power plant consisting of 19 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 47.5 MW. The wind farm is in Çanta in the Silivri district of Istanbul Province, northwestern Turkey.
The wind farm was initially projected by Bora Wind Energy Company in 2011. After Boydak Energy Company took over Bora Co., construction began in 2012. The farm went into production in May 2014 with six turbines, each with a capacity to generate 2.5 MW. By the end of June 2014, eight more turbines were in service, increasing the total installed capacity to 35 MW.[30][31]Dağpazarı Wind Farm
Mut Wind Farm
Şamlı Wind Farm
Şamlı Wind Farm is an onshore wind power plant in Şamlı in Balıkesir Province in western Turkey.
The wind farm consists of three fields operated by different companies. A total of 91 wind turbines have an installed output power of 150 MW and generate about 375 GWh a year.[35]Soma Wind Farm
Soma Wind Farm is an onshore wind power plant in Soma in Manisa Province in the northwestern Aegean Region of Turkey. Built in two phases and consisting of 119 wind turbines with an installed output power of 140 MW in total, it is one of Turkey's largest wind farms.[36]
The wind farm, distributed over a large mountainous terrain, extends over a land area of 123 km2 (47 sq mi).[36] The wind farm was constructed and is operated by Polat Energy, a joint venture company of Polat Holding, which is owned by former Galatasaray S.K. president Adnan Polat, and the French company EDF Energies Nouvelles.[36][37]Planned and under construction
In 2022 contracts for 20 wind farms totalling 850 MW were auctioned at prices from 408 lira (USD 24/EUR 22) to 778 lira per MWh.[38] However the government target of 20 GW by 2023 was not met.[21] The government published a long-term National Energy Plan in 2023 which targets almost 30 GW by 2035.[1][39]
Onshore wind potential
The Energy Ministry estimates onshore potential as 48 GW at 50 m altitude in places with wind speed over 7.5 m/s: the estimate assumes 5 MW capacity turbines.[40] The north-west is the windiest, averaging about 7 m/s at 50 m high, and has the most wind farms.[21] Mountain ranges in the west run at right angles to the coast, so wind flows easily inland.[41]: 182 Also, the north-west uses a lot of energy, so there are only a few wind farms in other parts of the country.[21]
A high-voltage direct current link from the windy islands of Bozcaada and Gokceada to Istanbul has been suggested.[42] For an off-grid zero-energy house, an islanded hybrid system with solar and battery has been suggested.[43]
The politics of electricity generation are almost all about its price, not about wind power specifically.[44] In general public opinion supports wind power,[45] although sometimes locals complain of insufficient consultation.[46]
Offshore wind potential
Technical potential is 12 GW fixed and 63 GW floating turbines.[15]: 61 There is collaboration with Denmark to plan offshore wind power:[47] the Marmara Sea is considered most suitable,[48] but the Black Sea is also a possible location,[49] as is the Aegean near Çanakkale.[50] Floating turbines have been modelled because off many coasts depths increase quickly.[51] A 2022 study suggested that the grid code needed improvements, specifically that "active power control and frequency regulation, reactive power control and voltage regulation, and voltage ride-through capabilities should be clarified in detail".[52]
Environmental impact
Wind farms are prohibited on globally important bird migration routes (including critical migration bottlenecks such as İstanbul Strait, Çanakkale Strait, Belen in Hatay, Borçka in Artvin), some of which are high wind speed areas.[53][21] On average one or two birds are estimated to be killed by each turbine each year, mostly small- and medium-size birds.[54] However, the study found that the number of fatalities was not related to the number of birds or flights near the turbine.[54] Environmental impact reports are more stringent for wind farms over 50 MW.[53]
As the wind farms are relatively new and are assumed to operate for 25 years, their lifecycle environmental impact, such as what percentage of various metals will be recycled, is not yet known exactly.[55] However, as their electricity is substituting that of coal and gas-fired power stations, it is certain that they are an overall good for the environment by helping to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by Turkey.[56] Lifecycle GHG emissions have been estimated at 15 g CO2eq/kWh (whereas fossil fuel power emits hundreds of g CO2 eq./kWh).[57]
Economics
The Turkish Wind Energy Association said in 2021 that over 20 thousand people were directly employed by the sector.[58] According to a May 2022 report from think tank Ember, wind and solar saved 7 billion dollars on gas imports in the preceding 12 months.[59]
Feed-in tariff
From 2005, there was a feed-in tariff in Turkish lira which met with poor market uptake.[21] After being denominated in dollars from 2011 to 2020, the tariff reverted to lira with new rules.[21] The feed-in tariff applies for 10 years.[21] There are extra payments for domestic content.[16]
Auctions
![Graph of electricity generation by source since 2015 showing that electricity generation by wind is much less than coal, gas and hydro but increasing slowly](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Electricity_Turkey.svg/220px-Electricity_Turkey.svg.png)
In 2017, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources launched a US$1 billion wind power investment project, and issued a request for tender. The project, titled YEKA, was for wind farms in five different regions in the country with a total power capacity of 1 GW and at least 3 TWh energy generated annually,[60] an extra 1% of electricity in Turkey.
The German-Turkish consortium of Siemens-Türkerler-Kalyon bid lowest at US$34.8 per MWh. The consortium is carrying out research and development, for ten years, on wind turbine blades, generator design, material technologies and production techniques, software and innovative gearboxes. The R&D is done by fifty technical personnel, 80% of whom are Turkish engineers, with a budget of US$5 million per year.[60]
In 2019, the second 1 GW tender was won for four equal capacity projects in Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Aydın and Muğla, which are all provinces on the west coast.[61] The same year the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development invested US$100 million in wind and solar power in Turkey.[62] As of 2020[update] auction prices were around US$40 per MWh.[63] Think tank Ember say that energy policy should be changed to auction for far more solar and wind power.[59]
Since April 2022 low-cost generators such as wind have had their wholesale prices capped (this does not affect unlicensed and FiT): this can be considered a type of windfall tax.[59] As of 2022[update] it is unclear whether the money will be a general tax or will be used to subsidise high-cost generators such as gas.[59]
Merchant projects have won licences with negative bids (meaning the companies pay the government for licences) and are expected to come online in the mid-2020s.[64]
Manufacturing
Nacelles are manufactured locally by Siemens,[65] but most wind turbines are imported.[21] Over half of the supply chain is local, from about 80 companies.[16] It has been estimated that there is potential for about 240 million tons of green hydrogen to be produced by electrolysis of water by wind power.[66]
See also
External links
References
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- ^ a b "Türkiye Ulusal Enerji Planı açıklandı: Güneş hedefi güçlü ama kömürden çıkış yok" [Türkiye National Energy Plan announced: Solar target is strong but no exit from coal]. BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ Carmine Difiglio, Prof; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020). Turkey Energy Outlook 2020. Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate. ISBN 978-605-70031-9-5. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021.
- ^ "Turkey's wind power capacity exceeds 10,000 MW threshold". Hürriyet Daily News. 11 August 2021. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ "Turkey's daily wind power generation hits all-time high". reve. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "Turkey: New wind and solar power now cheaper than running existing coal plants relying on imports". Ember. 27 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ "Wind vs Coal Power in Turkey" (PDF). Carbon Tracker. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Global Coal Power Economics Model Methodology (PDF). Carbon Tracker (Technical report). March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ "Turkey's historic windmills to be rotated for tourism". Hürriyet Daily News. 25 August 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Windmills Park, Alaçatı, Turkey". Topos Magazine. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ a b Bozkurt, Tolga (April 2009). "The Windmills of Bodrum Peninsula". SOMA 2009: Proceedings of the XIII Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology. Selcuk University of Konya.
- ^ "Bodrum Windmills, a must-see landmark with your Bodrum holiday". bodrumturkeytravel.com. 18 July 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Bozcaada reunites with its millennial windmills". Hürriyet Daily News. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Rüzgar Enerji Santralleri" [Wind farms] (in Turkish). Enerji Atlası. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ "GSF Registry". registry.goldstandard.org. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ a b Overview of the Turkish Electricity Market (Report). PricewaterhouseCoopers. October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ a b c Wind Energy Market in Turkey (PDF). Trade Council of Denmark in Istanbul (Report). 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ Todorović, Igor (8 March 2022). "Hybrid power plants dominate Turkey's new 2.8 GW grid capacity allocation". Balkan Green Energy News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ Kılıç, Uğur; Kekezoğlu, Bedri (1 September 2022). "A review of solar photovoltaic incentives and Policy: Selected countries and Turkey". Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 13 (5): 101669. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2021.101669. ISSN 2090-4479. S2CID 246212766.
- ^ "Turkey strikes energy milestone as wind power output surges". TRT World. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ Todorović, Igor (20 June 2022). "Domestic share of wind turbine production in Turkey reaches 72%". Balkan Green Energy News. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gönül, Ömer; Duman, A. Can; Deveci, Kaan; Güler, Önder (1 December 2021). "An assessment of wind energy status, incentive mechanisms and market in Turkey". Engineering Science and Technology. 24 (6): 1383–1395. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2021.03.016. ISSN 2215-0986. S2CID 234865588. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021". /publications/2022/Jul/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ Petrova, Aleksia (19 January 2022). "EBRD, FMO lending $80 mln to Turkey's Borusan EnBW Enerji". seenews.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ "Financing and investment trends 2021". WindEurope. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ "Wind energy in Turkey, Enercon wind turbines for Soma and Karaburun wind farms". reve. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Aliaga windfarm (Turkey)". The Wind Power. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Zorlu'nun rüzgar santrali üretimde..." Kent Haber (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Bahçe windfarm (Turkey)". The Windpower. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Rotor lektirk Üretim A.Ş." (in Turkish). Zorlu Enerji Grubu. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Boydak Enerji" (in Turkish). Boydak. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ "Çanta Rüzgar Enerji Santrali (RES)" (in Turkish). Enerji Atlası. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ "Enerjisa,dağpazarı,res,rüzgar,enerji". Yörem (in Turkish). 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
- ^ "Enerjisa Dağpazarı Rüzgar Santralı üretime başlandı" (in Turkish). PetroTürk. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
- ^ "Ağaoğlu, rüzgarı neden satıyor?" (in Turkish). Patronlar Dünyası. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
- ^ "Samli windfarm (Turkey)". The Wind Power. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ^ a b c "'Rüzgar'da en büyük olacak". Vatan (in Turkish). 2 November 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "EDF Energies Nouvelles commissions a 79.2 MW wind farm in Turkey". Regulacion Eolica con Vehiculos Electricos. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Turkey awards 850 MW of wind power in latest tender". Renewablesnow.com. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "Türkiye to increase energy investments with zero emission target". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Wind". Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey). Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ "Wind Farm and Installed Wind Power Analyses of Turkey".
- ^ Acaroğlu, Hakan; García Márquez, Fausto Pedro (15 June 2022). "High voltage direct current systems through submarine cables for offshore wind farms: A life-cycle cost analysis with voltage source converters for bulk power transmission". Energy. 249: 123713. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.123713. ISSN 0360-5442. S2CID 247460927.
- ^ Yazdi, Mohammadreza Shaterzadeh; Karkani, Sholeh Bagherzadeh; Erturk, Ercan (September 2021). "Sizing of an Islanded Wind-Solar-Battery Hybrid Power System for a Zero-Energy House in Afyon Turkey". International Journal of Renewable Energy Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ Uyanik, Sirri; Sucu, M.; Zaimoglu, Bi̇nnaz (2021). "The factors shaping Public Opinion about Paying for and using Renewable Energy Sources: a Case Study from Turkey". Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 30 (2). ISSN 1018-4619.
- ^ Ediger, Volkan Ş; Kirkil, Gokhan; Çelebi, Emre; Ucal, Meltem; Kentmen-Çin, Çiğdem (2018). "Turkish public preferences for energy". Energy Policy. 120 (C): 492–502. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.043. S2CID 158197152.
- ^ "Local community raises concerns around wind energy project in Turkey; incl. company responses". Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Roadmap for Offshore Wind in Turkey" (PDF). Danish Energy Agency. August 2019.
- ^ Genç, Mustafa Serdar; Karipoğlu, Fatih; Koca, Kemal; Azgın, Şükrü Taner (1 September 2021). "Suitable site selection for offshore wind farms in Turkey's seas: GIS-MCDM based approach". Earth Science Informatics. 14 (3): 1213–1225. Bibcode:2021EScIn..14.1213G. doi:10.1007/s12145-021-00632-3. ISSN 1865-0481. S2CID 235259722. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ Akdağ, Ozan; Yeroglu, Celaleddin (2020). "An evaluation of an offshore energy installation for the Black Sea region of Turkey and the effects on a regional decrease in greenhouse gas emissions". Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology. 10 (3): 531–544. doi:10.1002/ghg.1963. ISSN 2152-3878. S2CID 214410486.
- ^ Kabak, Mehmet; Akalın, Sinem (30 August 2021). "A model proposal for selecting the installation location of offshore wind energy turbines". International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. 13 (1): 121–134. doi:10.1007/s40095-021-00421-0. ISSN 2251-6832. S2CID 239716158. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ "Turkey carries out the first floating wind farm modeling". Conexio Consulting. 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Çelik, Özgür; Yalman, Yunus; Tan, Adnan; Bayındır, Kamil Çağatay; Çetinkaya, Ümit; Akdeniz, Mevlüt; Chaudhary, Sanjay K.; Høyer, Majbrit; Guerrero, Josep M. (1 August 2022). "Grid code requirements – A case study on the assessment for integration of offshore wind power plants in Turkey". Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 52: 102137. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2022.102137. ISSN 2213-1388. S2CID 247396540.
- ^ a b "Wind energy: Possible threats to an endangered natural habitat in Izmir". Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. December 2019.
- ^ a b Turan, Levent; Arıkan, Kalender (1 January 2017). "Estimation of Bird Fatalities caused by Wind Turbines in Turkey". Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 26 (11): 6543–6550.
- ^ Bayindir, Buse; Elginoz, Nilay; Germirli Babuna, Fatos (26 June 2019). "Environmental impacts of a renewable energy source: The case of a Turkish wind farm".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Bi̇çen, Tuğba; Ayhan Arslan, Aslı; Vardar, Ali (15 April 2022). "Regional solar and wind energy characteristics and it's energy potential in northwest of Turkey". Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 12 (2): 527–538. doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.898023. ISSN 2146-538X. S2CID 247276399.
- ^ Küçükkaraca, Buket; Barutcu, Burak (30 July 2022). "Life Cycle Assessment of Wind Turbine in Turkey". Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 10 (3): 230–236. doi:10.17694/bajece.1032172. ISSN 2147-284X. S2CID 250082700.
- ^ "Turkey breaks record in wind power generation". Hürriyet Daily News. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Turkey: Wind and solar saved $7 bn in 12 months". Ember. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ a b "YEKA ihalesi sonuçlandı! İşte kazanan grup" [YEKA tender result! This is the winning group]. Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ Petrova, Veselina (31 May 2019). "Enercon, Enerjisa win 1-GW onshore wind tender in Turkey". Renewablesnow.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- ^ "EBRD invests USD 100 million in renewable arm of Turkey's IC Holding". Balkan Green Energy News. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
- ^ "Sabancı Holding investing USD 450 million in wind farms in Turkey". Balkan Green Energy News. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "UK's RES divests wind project in Turkey to Dost Enerji". Power Technology. 26 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ Djunisic, Sladjana (8 November 2019). "Siemens Gamesa to soon start nacelle production in Turkish factory". Renewablesnow.com. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
- ^ Karayel, G. Kubilay; Javani, Nader; Dincer, Ibrahim (10 February 2022). "Green hydrogen production potential in Turkey with wind power". International Journal of Green Energy. 20 (2): 129–138. doi:10.1080/15435075.2021.2023882. ISSN 1543-5075. S2CID 246769179.