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List of battles in Rajasthan

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Battle of Haldighati, fought between Mughals and Maharana Pratap.

Several significant battles are recorded to have taken place in what is now known as Rajasthan.

Against the Arabs

Against tribal rulers

Against the Ghurids

Against the Sultanates of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa

  • Siege of Ranthambore (1226) – Iltutmish captured the Ranthambore fort in 1226 CE.[12]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1236) – Vagbhata Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore during the reign of the Delhi ruler Razia.[12]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1248) – Vagabhata Chauhan successfully defended the fort against Nasiruddin Mahmud.[12]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1253) – Vagbhata Chauhan repelled another invasion from the Mamluks.[12]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1259) – Nasiruddin Mahmud captured Ranthambore from Jetra Singh Chauhan.
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1283) – Shakti Dev Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore from the Mamluks.
  • Battle of Ranthambore (1290) – Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji attacked Hammir Dev because of his rising power. Jalaludin's forces were defeated by Hammir.
  • Siege of Jaisalmer (1294–1295) – Alauddin Khalji commanded the Khilji army under Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji and plundered Jaisalmer after a siege that lasted for a year. For some years afterwards Jaisalmer remained abandoned before the surviving Rajputs reoccupied it.[13]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1301) – Hammiradeva defeated Alauddin Khalji's generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan; later, Alauddin defeated Hamira dev.
  • Siege of Chittor (1303) – Alauddin Khalji defeated Rawal Ratan Singh.
  • Siege of Siwana (1308) – Malik Kamaluddin a general of Alauddin Khalji defeated Sheetal Deo.
  • Battle of Jalore (1310–11) – Alauddin Khalji defeated Kanhad Dev after a long and bloody war it was a pyrrhic victory.[14]
  • Battle of Chittor (1321) – Rana Hammir Singh defeated Maldev Songara, a vassal of the Tughlaq dynasty and recovered Mewar.[15]
  • Battle of Singoli (1336) – Rana Hammir Singh defeated and imprisoned Muhammad bin Tughluq and annexed Ajmer, Ranthambhore Fort, Nagaur and Shivapuri.[16][17]
  • Battle of Mallani ( 1374 ) - Rawal Mallinath Rathore with the help of Firoz Shah Tughlaq Defeated Tribhuvanshi[18]
  • Battle of Mallani (1378) – Rawal Mallinath Rathore defeated thirteen division of Mohamadan army of Nijjamudin of Malwa and Firoz Shah Tughlaq.[19][20]
  • Battle of Mandore (1394) – Rawal Mallinath Rathore sent a contingent under his nephew Rao Chunda to annex Mandore. Rao Chunda defeated Muslim force and annexed Mandore.[21]
  • Battle of Mandore (1396) – Rao Chunda Rathore successfully defended Mandore against a Tughlaq army and captured Sambhar, Didwana, Khatu and Ajmer from them.[22]
  • Battle of Nagaur (1399) – Rao Chunda Rathore defeated Jalal Khan Khokhar of Nagaur and annexed Nagaur[19]
  • Battle of Mallani (1399) – Kunwar Jagmal Singh Mahecha Rawal of Malani defeated Hathi Khan general of Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada and married Muslim princces Gindoli.[23][20]
  • Battle of Badnore (1415) – Rana Lakha defeated sultan of Delhi at Badnore and further took the war to Gaya in Bihar and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visit there.[24] [25]
  • Battle of Mandore (1421) – Rao Chunda Re-captured Nagaur from Firozkhan.[26]
  • Battle of Sirohi (1434) – Rao Ranmal defeated Rao Sahasmal Deora and captured Basantgarh, Bhula and areas of Abu.[27]
  • Siege of Mandalgarh (1435-6) – Rao Ranmal Rathore captured Mandalgarh fort from Rao Bairisal Hada.[28]
  • Battle of Sarangpur (1437) – Rao Ranmal Rathore defeated and imprisoned Mahmud Khalji.
  • Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas (1442-1446) – A series of battles that took place between Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and Rana Kumbha of Mewar. Bloodied by these engagements the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years.[29][30]
  • Siege of Gagron (1444) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Gagron fort which belonged to Palhan Singh Khichi. Rana Kumbha had sent reinforcements under his commander Dahir, but Dahir died in battle and Palhan was killed by bhils while fleeing from the fort.[31]
  • Siege of Mandore (1454) – Rao Jodha Rathore recaptured Mandore from Rana Kumbha.[32]
  • Battle of Abu (1455) – Qutbuddin sent Imadul Mulk to invade Mewar through Abu, but Imadul suffered heavy losses against the Mewari soldiers posted on the hills and was immediately called back.[33]
  • Battle of Nagaur (1456) – Rana Kumbha defeated the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin (Sultan of Gujarat) and captured Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and shakambhari.[34]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1456) – Sultan Mahmud attacked Mandalgarh, he sent seven detachments to attack the Rana Kumbha from multiple directions. The Malwa forces under Taj Khan and Ali Khan suffered heavy losses in battle against Rana Kumbha after which Mahmud retreated the next morning.[35]
  • Siege of Mandalgarh (1456–57) – In December Rana Kumbha was forced to move north to confront the sultan of Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud once again attacked Mandalgarh and captured it after a siege.[36]
  • Siege of Kumbhalgarh (1458-9) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Kumbalgarh fort but finding the fort too strong he retreated back to Mandu.[37]
  • Siege of Nagaur (1466) – Rao Jodha defeated Fatankhan of Nagaur. Fatankhan was forced to flee to Jhunjhunu.[38]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1467) – Sultan Mahmud invaded Mewar and fought a battle with Rana Kumbha, but retreated after defeated & taking heavy losses.[37]
  • Battle of Chappar-Dronpur (1474) – Rao Jodha defeated Bahlol Khan and Hussian Shah of Jaunpur Sultanat.[39]
  • Siege of Chittorgarh (1475) – After the death of Udai Singh I The sultan of Mandu helped Surajmal and Shahasmal. He started with a large army to assist Surajmal and Shashasmal to the throne of Mewar and arrived near Chittor. Rana Raimal issued from the fortress and attacked Ghiyath Shah who being utterly defeated, fled to Mandu.[40]
  • Battle of Sambhar (1486) - Rao Jodha Rathore Defeated invading army of Raja chandrasen of Amber[41]
  • Battle of Shiv (1486) - Rao Jodha Rathore Defeated Rawal Devidas of Jaisalmer and re-occupied Shiv[41]
  • Battle of Peepar (1492) – Rao Satal Rathore defeated Gudhla Khan, an Afghan general and rescued 140 Maidens that had been captured. Rao Satal himself died that night of the wounds received in the battle.[42]
  • Capture of Ajmer (1495) – Prithviraj Sisodia defeated afgans at Taragarh fort and slayed afgan Governor Mallu Khan [43]
  • Battle of Bikaner (1513) – Muhammad Khan of Nagaur invaded Rathor kingdom of Bikaner but was defeated by Lunkaran Rathore.
  • Battle of Jaisalmer ( 1513 ) – Lunkaran Rathore defeated Rawal Jaitsi.
  • Battle of Khatoli (1518) – Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.
  • Battle of Dholpur (1519) – Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi second time.
  • Battle of Gagron (1519) – Rana Sanga defeated Mahmud Khalji of Malwa.
  • Rana Sanga conquest of Gujarat (1520) - In 1520 Rana Sanga led a coalition of Rajput armies to invade Gujarat. He reinstated Raimal as the Rao of Idar and defeated the Gujarat Sultanate forces under the command of Nizam Khan. Rana Sanga drove the army of Muzaffar II deep into Gujarat and chased them up to Ahmedabad.[44] The Sultan of Gujarat was forced to flee to Muhammadabad.[45][46]
  • Siege of Mandsaur (1520) – Sultan Muzaffar Shah II sent an army under Malik Ayaz but failed and retreated to Gujarat.[47]
  • Battle of Sevaki (1529) – Rao Ganga and Rao Jaitsi defeated Shekha and Daulat Khan of Nagaur.
  • Battle of Hirabadi (1533) – Rao Maldeo defeated Daulat Khan of Nagaur. Daulat Khan was forced to flee to AAjmer
  • Siege of Jaisalmer (1537) – Rao Maldeo besieged Jaisalmer. Rawal Lunkaran sued for peace.

Against Sur Empire

  • Battle of Sammel (1544) – Afghan victory against Rao Maldeo force led by Rao Jaita and Rao Kumpa Marwar kingdom
  • Battle of Jodhpur (1545)– Rao Maldeo Rathore defeated the Afghan garrison in Marwar and reoccupied his lost territories .[48]

Against the Sikhs

Against the Mughal Empires

  • Battle of Bayana (1527) – Mughal advance guard was defeated by Rana Sanga.[51]
  • Battle of Khanwa (1527) – Rana Sanga led the Rajput armies against Babur of Ferghana.
  • Siege of Bikaner (1534) – Rao Jaitsi Rathore defeated Mughal force under Kamran brother of emperor Humayun.[52]
  • Battle of Harmada (1557) – Rao Maldeo Rathore defeated Udai Singh II and captured Merta.[53][54]
  • Battle of Ajmer (1559) – Akbar's general Qasim Khan annexed Ajmer from Maldeo Rathore.[55]
  • Battle of Merta (1562) – Akbar with the help of ruler of Bikaner and Amer defeated Rao Chandra Sen Rathore and captured Merta.
  • Battle of Lohawat (1562) – Rao Chandra Sen defeated Udai Singh.
  • Battle of Nadol (1563) – Rao Chandra Sen defeated Ramchandra Rathore. Ramchandra fled to Nagaur.
  • First Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1562-1583) – Akbar invaded Marwar and occupied Jodhpur. The ruler Rao Chandra Sen continued his struggle until his death in 1581 after which Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583.[56]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1567) – Akbar advanced by Dholpur route taking the forts of Sivapura and Kota, he dispatched a Mughal army under Asaf khan to take surrounding forts. Mandalgarh was the first to be attacked but Asaf khan was repulsed by the faithful commander Ballu Sinhji, a Solanki Rajput. Later Asaf khan and Wazir khan conquered Mandalgarh by defeating the Solanki contingent of the fort.[57]
  • Siege of Chittorgarh (1567) – Akbar defeated Rao Jaimal and Patta Sisodia (Udai Singh II escaped with his family to Aravali hills)
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1568) – A successful siege by Akbar causes the Rajput leader Rao Surjan Hada to surrender Ranthambore Fort.
  • Siege of Siwana (1572) – Mughal force under General Udai Singh Rathore defeated Kalyanmal Singh Rathore and Kalyandas Rathore and annexed powerful fort of Siwana which served as Rao Chandra Sen's capital was captured by the Mughals after a siege of 8 months.[58]
  • Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Battle between Man Singh I and Pratap Singh I.[59][60]
  • Battle of Mohi (1577) - When the imperial commanders were establishing order in the rebel areas Akbar in order to personally supervise the reduction of the Rana’s power personally left Ajmer for Gogunda on October 11,1576 A. D. Then the emperor moved further in the north-easterly direction and put Majahad Beg, Ghazi Khan Badakhshi, Sarif Khan Atka etc., with 3,000 horsemen at Mohi(near Nathdwara). Here he remained for some time. But when the protecting armies of Man Singh and his colleagues had withdrawn from the neighbourhood, Pratap’s soldiers fell upon him and Majahad Beg was killed in the skirmish that followed. Mohi was taken by the Rajputs in September, 1577, and the Emperor made no attempt to re-occupy the place for some time.[61][62][63][64]
  • Battle of Dewair (1582) – Maharana Pr]atap fought against Mughal governor of Dewair Sultan Khan and defeated him and 36 Mughal posts were dissolved.[65]
  • Battle of Dattani (1583) – Rao Surtan Deora Chauhan of Sirohi defeated Mughal force.
  • Siege of Kumbhalgarh (1583) - Maharana Pratap recaptured Kumbhalgarh fort from Mughals.[66]
  • Siege of Ontala (1599) - Rana Amar Singh defeated and killed Mughal general Kayum Khan to capture Ontala fort.[67]
  • Battle of Dewair (1606) – Fought in a valley 40 km from Kumbalgarh. Rana Amar Singh defeated, the Mughal prince Muhammad Parviz fled from the battlefield with his commander Asaf Khan III.[68][69]
  • Battle Of Ranakpur (1611) - Rana Amar Singh defeated mughal forces under Abdullah Khan rendering his Mewar expedition as total failure.[70]
  • Rajput War (1679–1707) also known as Rathore Rebellion – Aurangzeb took Marwar under his direct control after the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh. The Rathore army under Veer Durgadas Rathore carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb, Veer Durgadas defeated the local Mughal force and reoccupied Jodhpur and their lost territories.[71]
  • Battle of Khetasar (1680) – Durgadas Rathore defeated Rao Indar Singh.
  • Battle of Udaipur (1680) – Aurangzeb attacked Mewar and plundered Udaipur, the citizens were safely escorted to Panarwa a hilly region by Rana Raj Singh but 63 temples in and around Udaipur were plundered and many villages were burned down by Aurangzeb's general Taj Khan. The Mughal army was eventually starved because of the scorched earth techniques and guerrilla warfare used by the Rana. Aurangzeb after a failed campaign left Mewar to his son Akbar and retreated to Ajmer.[72]
  • Battle of Aravalli hills (1680) – In the second half of 1680, after several months of such setbacks, Aurangzeb decided on an all-out offensive. Niccolao Manucci, an Italian gunner in the Mughal army, says: "for this campaign, Aurangzeb put in pledge the whole of his kingdom." Three separate armies, under Aurangzeb's sons Akbar, Azam and Muazzam, penetrated the Aravalli hills from different directions. However, their artillery lost its effectiveness while being dragged around the rugged hills and the Prince Akbar rebelled against Aurangzeb . Aurangzeb later complied to the demands of Rana Raj Singh and Mewar was left alone.[73]
  • Battle of Khanana (1681-1687) – Rathore rebels under Veer Durgadas Rathore defeated Mughal force. This battle resulted in major victory for Rathores. Kumpawats captured Siwana town from Mughals. Mughal commander Purdil Khan was killed in this battle.[74]
  • Battle of Ajmer (1690) – Durgadas Rathore defeated Safi Khan.
  • Battle of Jodhpur (1707) – Durgadas Rathore took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying Mughal force out of Marwar.[75]
  • Annexation of Amer (1708) – Bahadur Shah I marched with a large army and annexed Amer without a war. Raja Sawai Jai Singh was forced to retreat with his army. Amber was named 'Mominabad' by the Mughal emperor.[76]
  • Battle of Merta (1708) – Bahadur Shah I's general Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh of Marwar. The Mughal emperor was advised to stay in Ajmer as the Mughals were wary of the guerrilla tactics of Veer Durgadas. Ajit Singh however went against the advice of Durgadas Rathore and directly confronted the large Mughal army. The Mughals bombarded the Rathor horsemen with cannons and rockets and forced them to retreat after heavy losses. Jodhpur was once again occupied by the Mughals.[77]
  • Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 – The three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha in the "Battle of Sambhar (1709)". Ajit Singh also attacked Ajmer and forced its governor to pay tribute. Sayyid Hidayatullah, the governor of Ranthambor was also defeated, bringing a danger to the Mughal capital itself. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas (1710).[78]
  • Siege of Jodhpur and Jaipur (1708) – Jai Singh and Ajit Singh storm Amber and Jodhpur and retake their capitals from the Mughal garrisons.[79]
  • Battle of Sambhar (1708) - Sayyid Hussain Barha of Mewat and Churaman Jat defeated near Sambhar by the Rathore-Kachwaha army. Barha shot dead with his two brothers.[79]
  • Battle of Javli (1710) – Mir Khan of Narnaul with 7000 Mughal troops and Churaman Jat with 6000 Jats effectively checked by Gaj Singh Naruka at Javli.[79]
  • Battle of Tonk (24 March 1710) – Muhammad Khan of Tonk defeated by the Rathore-Kachwaha army.[79]
  • Battle of Kama (1708) (October 4–7, 1708) – Ajit Singh Kachwaha, the zamindar of Kama defeated combined armies of Mughals and Jats. The Mughal-Jat army numbered 18,000 while the Kachwahas had 10,000 horsemen. After a bitter fight the Mughal faujdar Raza Bahadur was killed and the injured Jat leader Churaman was forced to retreat to Thun.[80][81][82]
  • Battle of Bandanwara (1711) – Maharana Sangram Singh - II defeated Mughal force under Mir Bakshi and Zulfikar Khan.[83]
  • Jai Singh II's campaign against the Jats (1718-1722) – The Jats under Churaman had been actively looting and plundering in the Agra district due to which the Mughals had to close the roads to Delhi and Agra for the safety of the traders. In 1718 Sawai Jai Singh II was appointed by the Mughal emperor to destroy the Jat stronghold of Thun. Jai Singh surrounded the fort and was about to breach it when the Sayyid brothers, who were rivals of the Jaipur raja, made a separate peace with the Jats on behalf of the emperor. Jai Singh was forced to withdraw in disgust. Two years later Churaman died and his son Mokham Singh succeeded him. Mokhams first step as a ruler was to imprison his cousin Badan Singh. Badan asked for help from Sawai Jai Singh II. Jai Singh readily set upon Thun and captured it after a six-month siege. Mokham was forced to flee and Badan Singh was made the Raja of Deeg on the condition that he pays tribute.[84]

Post-Mughal Battles

See also

References

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  97. ^ a b Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 694. ISBN 9788129115010. in a pitched battle at Mandan, both sides suffered heavily. Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled the field, leaving the Shekhawat chiefs victorious.
  98. ^ Melia Belli Bose (2015). Royal Umbrellas of Stone. Brill. p. 96. ISBN 9789004300569. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  99. ^ Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 134 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library.
  100. ^ Tikkiwal, Harish Chandra (1974). Jaipur and the Later Mughals (1707-1803 A.D.): A Study in Political Relations
  101. ^ History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar pg. 355
  102. ^ Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.). Sarup & Sons. p. 261. ISBN 978-81-7625-841-8.
  103. ^ Sinh, Raghubir. A History Of Jaipur. pp. 310–313
  104. ^ thirty decisive battles of jaipur - Rao Bahadur Thakur Narendra Singh, Mansabdar of Jobner, Education Minister, Jaipur State - Pg 204
  105. ^ The Central India Campaign Archived 4 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine. "Khushal Singh, the Thakur of Awah, who was in rebellion against the British. On 8 September the Legion defeated a force of Jodhpur's loyal Raja's local levies."
  106. ^ Political Awakening and Indian Freedom Movement with Special Reference to Rajasthan pg 28-35

Sources

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